China phone factory - assembly workshops. Appointment and classification of telephones Appointment and classification of telephones

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Manufacturers of communication equipment, telephone equipment in Russia cannot yet compete equally with foreign ones, although the products are much better adapted to the Russian cable infrastructure.

Fiber-optic networks occupy a significant market volume. For 2013 Production optical cables increased from 7110 thousand km. up to 8366 thousand km. Russian factories of modern communication equipment develop, manufacture, implement and service their products independently.

Among the first is ZAO NPK POTEK, specializing in the creation and implementation of multi-service geographically distributed communication and television and radio broadcasting networks. The plant manufactures over 50 models of equipment and occupies a leading position in Russia and neighboring countries.

Zelax is a Russian developer and manufacturer, has been cooperating with largest enterprises strategic sectors of the Russian economy and government agencies... Russian customers of Zelax, for whom equipment reliability is paramount: FSB, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Defense, FSO, Gazprom, Russian Railways, Rostelecom, AvtoVAZ. The products are certified and comply with GOST.

For 14 years he has been working with telecommunications in Russia and the CIS countries "First Russian Telephone Company" from idea to implementation, implementing it independently. The company develops and produces solutions for communications and telecommunications, which are used in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Armenia.

Broadband radio access systems are another area of ​​the market where Russian developers have achieved success: 60% of wireless networks in the country use routers. Russian manufacturer InfiNet Wireless.

If you are interested in the goods of manufacturers presented in the catalog, you can contact the factory directly using the indicated contacts, become a dealer or wholesale partner in my city.

TOPIC №6

Telephone sets

Lesson number 1

Purpose, classification, characteristics and parameters of telephones

QUESTIONS:

Appointment and classification of telephones.

Main parameters and characteristics of TA.

First study question

Purpose and classification of telephones

A telephone set (TA) is designed to transmit and receive called and spoken signals and contains called, spoken and switching devices.

The called devices include ringing and dialing devices (inductor, dialer and call receivers (bells, acoustic signaling devices)).

For conversational devices - a microphone and a telephone, mounted microtelephone handsets, a telephone transformer.

In some types of devices, talking devices are supplemented with amplifying devices.

The telephone transformer is used to create the conversational circuit of the telephone, match its output resistance with the input resistance of the line, and also to separate the power supply circuits of the microphone and the telephone.

Switching devices: lever contact switch and in some types of special devices, for example, for operational - technological communication railway transport(buttons and microphone valves).

TA classification:

1) By appointment:

General use, these include conventional TA

Special-purpose devices for operational technological communication (OTS) field, etc.

2) By the way the microphones are powered:

Local Battery System TA (MB);

Central battery (CB);

Battery-free.

3) By the type of station, for inclusion in which they are intended:

Manual telephone exchanges

Automatic telephone exchanges

4) By the method of turning on the conversational devices:

TA with a constant circuit for switching on conversational devices (Fig. 6.1.1a), which does not change when switching from voice transmission to reception and vice versa (public TA used on networks in the local telephone connection).

Fig. 6.1.1. Schemes for the inclusion of conversational devices in TA

TA with variable circuit switching on of conversational devices (Fig. 6.1.1b), characterized by the fact that when transmitting speech, the BM microphone circuit is connected to the device's circuit, and when receiving, the BF telephone circuit is connected. These switchings are carried out by the SP valve (PTT) - this is used in the operational process communication (OTS).

5) According to the method of switching on the ringing devices, they differ:

a) with the inclusion of ringing devices (VP) in the subscriber line L (Fig. 6.1.2a), while the VP are separated from the conversational devices (PR) by the contacts of the SA lever switch (used for telephone communication of the MB and Central Bank systems).

Fig. 6.1.1. Schemes for the inclusion of calling and talking devices in TA

b) with the organization of the airspace circuit using the PV call receiver when a call signal arrives (it is used in the OTN, as well as in the TA with an acoustic tone call).

6) By the type of received call signals gnalov:

With a call with alternating current with a frequency of 25-50 Hz. Most common for general use and used in CPU systems

With DC challenge. Used in MB systems, used in OTS

7) By design:

Stationary (desktop, wall-mounted, combined)

Portable

Telephones can be classified depending on their use of a particular type of communication (Figure 6.1.3).

Fig. 6.1.3. Classification of TA by the type of communication used

On a circuit-switched network, the simplest analog telephones are predominantly used, in which speech signals are received and transmitted in analog form. These networks are also used for digital ISDN telephones, which receive and transmit voice signals in digital form. In packet-switched networks, users are equipped with IP telephones, which also provide digital information transfer. The considered devices are characterized by the fact that they are installed in the place where the subscriber line ends. In mobile networks, telephones can change location within the range of the network and can be used on the move. This became possible due to the fact that instead of a wired subscriber line, a radio channel appeared here.

The telephone set must be powered from a constant current source of various devices: a microphone, amplifiers, microcircuits. Telephones can be powered by the central battery system (CB) or local battery (MB).

In the power supply system of the central bank, telephones are powered from a common source located at the telephone exchange and called the central battery. At the automatic telephone exchange, the common DC power supply has a voltage of 48 V (foreign standard) or 60 V (Russian standard). In a centrally powered system, the supply voltage is also used to make a call from the analogue SLT to the PBX. The power supply system of the central bank is used for all analogue SLTs and for most digital ISDN SLTs. In a packet switched network, IP phones can also be powered by the host they are plugged into.

So, we put on a robe, put on shoe covers and a hat, set off on a journey to the inside of a Chinese economic miracle.

First work shift - 8 am

All workers are divided into teams of 10-20 people, they have their own commander, who is a little god in charge of his people. The structure completely copies the army - there are no strong and weak. Achievements are judged solely on how the entire team has done their job. As a work plan, a certain number of actions are set for each person - that is, formally, you can make your own thousand details and be free. In practice, the conveyor for assembling phones is designed in such a way that the production depends not only on your work, but also on what your comrades do - they give you parts of the phone after their manipulations. This deceptive maneuver serves to increase labor productivity, if the team can mobilize all workers, then their productivity will increase - but no one can leave the workplace separately.

This is another part of the story that is often forgotten or overlooked. In Asia, historically, there are prerequisites for each nationality to create classes within - in India, these are the Kshatriya stories, remembered in the school course, as well as untouchables and others, in Japan - modern caste system belonging to a particular corporation, company. In China, factories have adopted approximately the same approach, but here the unit of the universe is a working team. An individual worker is a cog in a large machine who is not too interested in this machine and should not influence it, his task is only to be a part of the whole. An absolutely army approach, in which a specific worker cannot prove himself in any way, is the task of the collective - that is, the brigade. It is safe to say that on the social ladder, factory workers are somewhere at the very bottom. Sometimes the smartest, those who can organize the work of other workers, turn out to be foremen, a kind of sergeants of the working world. It is not the speed of a particular person that is appreciated, but how quickly the team manages its work. Individuality fades into the background.

The normal working day starts at 8 am. At this time, workers come to the workshops, which are located on several floors, and are being built together with the foreman. Each team appears at the time strictly allotted to it - the gap between their exit is about 5 minutes, this is done in order not to create a crush. Therefore, the time 8 o'clock can be regarded as a certain conditional milestone - the factory works around the clock, but on the night shift, if there is no force majeure, the number of workers is less.

Sleep is the most valuable thing a Chinese worker has, and he treasures it very much - the one who does not get enough sleep threatens the well-being of his comrades. The workload of the entire team may suffer, which means that the working day from 10 hours will turn into 11 hours, or even more. By law, the maximum working day is 10.5 hours. The best brigades manage 9.5 hours, but most do 10 hours. Gaining half an hour of time is given at the cost of great efforts, people become squeezed out like lemons, they only have the strength to get to bed. And the factory leadership can raise output for the Stakhanovites by forcing others to work in the same way. Everyone is well aware of this, so they try to fit into typical norms - only sometimes, in connection with some festivities, the brigades can accelerate.

It is curious that it is customary here to celebrate birthdays or other events of workers. The dining room has separate rooms with round tables and the ability to seat one team. It costs nothing to occupy such a room, the same food is served as for everyone, but people can celebrate something of their own in an intimate setting. It somehow reminds me of everyday life in the army, where your unit becomes everything to you - exactly the same role for a brigade in a Chinese factory - it should become a home for the worker.

The transition from one brigade to another is possible, sometimes it happens, but this is not encouraged - it is easier to work with those whom you know well. The foreman is not at all a white-handed, he works on an equal basis with the others, although he has some privileges. Curiously, the foreman has to master more operations in order to train newcomers if no one else can do it.

A China factory is a sweatshop where workers work hard. In the morning they have no time for breakfast, so at 11 o'clock what is called lunch happens. In fact, this is the first meal of the day for most workers. The second meal takes place after 3-4 o'clock in the afternoon, the ritual of taking workers out of the workshop is repeated.

The foreman leads everyone through a metal detector, and workers can also be searched on special pedestals in search of parts that they could take out. From the point of view of theft, each factory seeks to protect itself and creates conditions under which it is impossible or extremely difficult to endure something. In some factories, a paranoid level of secrecy is introduced, when not only players, telephones or something else are prohibited inside the production, but the finished product is closed in opaque boxes, which are moved to other workshops.

There is little secret, with the help of which it is possible to determine how serious measures for the safety of production and what is happening on it are being taken at the factory. You just need to look at whether the girls who are behind the assembly line have headphones. Having your own players clearly means that there is an opportunity to bring something of your own and take it back. As a rule, this is not possible in most industries.

Let's go back to the standard food for a Chinese worker. The two meals that take place in the factory are almost all the food a worker consumes during the day. There is a small shop on the territory of the factory with a very modest selection of cookies, sweets and other nonsense to kill the worm. The diet isn't full of variety, and if you look into your dorm room, you'll find foods such as tea, concentrated juices, soda, cookies, and chocolate. Families can cook food, but they do it almost exclusively because of the children who do not eat in the factory cafeteria.

The scarcity of food ten years ago was fantastic, I'm not sure what they fed in concentration camps. Some factories amazed me with the lack of not just a balanced diet, it was a cup of rice and some vegetables with tea. This sight always impressed the Europeans, but did not touch the Chinese themselves - they explained this by the fact that in the villages the food of their workers was even more scarce. There is no reason not to believe these people, I think that it was so. But even then, there were no emaciated people at the factories, those who gave the impression of being sick or infirm. It is possible that the reason for this lies in the Chinese organization of labor - as soon as the worker stops fulfilling his quota, he is refused and he is forced to leave the factory. Rough but extremely efficient system, which is focused only on the result. About any social protection there are no workers that would allow them to pay money when their work deteriorates. The most that a Chinese worker can count on is payments from production if he gets a disability due to the fault of the factory. The amount of such payments is very small and cannot in any way cover the lack of work or ensure a decent standard of living.

Another interesting question is the size of the pension in China and why the villagers are so eager to go to factories. The explanation should be sought in the fact that in China there are no pensions for peasants and villagers, they don't exist at all. Government officials have a pension a prerequisite is work for at least 15 years. The law also states that at enterprises, including private ones, employees must receive a pension upon reaching a certain length of service. The size of this pension ranges from 750 to 1200 yuan (3,800-6,000 rubles). As a rule, it is very difficult to fulfill all the conditions for receiving a pension. But this is an additional incentive to connect your life with the factory, since the pension guarantees life in old age. Historically, in China, parents relied on children to support them in old age - the more children, the better the parents lived. Government program"One family - one child" summed up this concept with a time bomb, parents of children born since 1980 can no longer count on support - one child is not able to feed two adults. The alternative is to work for the state, which, like a vacuum cleaner, picks up the most gifted and capable children, or, in the absence of education, a trip to factories. This government regulation economy, which de facto creates and enlarges classes - employees and workers.

Sometimes I come across reports about how Chinese workers live, or discussions about their difficult working conditions, as well as life. Some Western publications call it slave labor, which, of course, is not. But the fact that in China the state has created all the conditions for the country's residents to be busy is beyond doubt. Segregation is taking place in the country based on the qualities of people, and those who do not want to work have no place in this social structure - most people have to work to provide themselves with food. Much and hard.

The working class in China is not privileged, on the contrary, they are the people on whose shoulders the economic miracle is built, and they are one of its component parts... Cheap labor of workers, multiplied by a long working day, gigantic output and low wages, create the economy of this fairy tale.

Conveyor - Japanese version of production

Each factory fights for greater production efficiency, it is not about a multiple increase in product yields, but about percentages. Factory managers are willing and quick to adapt innovations that take place in manufacturing, especially if they are not costly.

Usually the conveyor on which the phone is assembled is a straight line with assembly tables. On each such table, a certain operation is done - first, a board is inserted, then other parts are mounted, and so on. At the end of the conveyor, there is a primary inspection of the resulting product or semi-finished product, at separate stages there is a quality check (both instrumental and eyes). In Europe, in such factories, you can see chairs, and tables are low, adapted for seated people. In Asia, all industries, or almost all, are for standing people (imagine 10 hours on their feet, in almost one position and at a narrow table? This explains the fatigue of people after the shift). The choice in favor of people standing during production is explained by physiology - pressure does not drop, concentration on details is higher and longer. The payback for this is more time for rest, sleep. For factories, this is beneficial in that the workers do not have time for walks or something else, they either sleep or work.

At the Oppo factory, a slightly different type of conveyor was used, it was not delivered in one line, but with the letter P. This innovation was applied in Japan about a year ago, as they say, this option allows you to save space and speed up work by the same percent. Workers stand on the inside of the letter P and pass blanks to each other.

The Oppo factory employs 1,700 people on a day shift and has 40 conveyor belts that assemble telephones. The plant is capable of producing up to 50,000 devices per day, but the actual production volume is slightly less, it is regulated by the night shift, which is not so numerous.

The conveyors described above are typical for any factory, whether it is located in China or any other corner of the world. In fact, we can say that most of the devices are assembled by hand, and this applies equally to both Oppo phones and the Apple iPhone coming out of Foxconn factories. The share of manual labor in each apparatus remains maximum, and the idea of ​​ordinary people that all this is assembled by robots is as far from the truth as the number of such industries (they exist, but almost never produce goods for the mass market, the cost is too high, cheaper to use working hands).

Full-cycle factories also have their own SMT lines, where boards for phones are assembled. Almost always, when they want to talk about the fact that production is modern and innovative, they show an SMT line as a picture, on which machines lined up in a row string small parts onto a board, picking them up from bobbins. Robots skillfully and efficiently assemble boards, which then undergo primary quality control.

The cost of one SMT line for the production of boards for phones is about $ 10-12 million. There are five such lines at the Oppo factory, it is planned to buy two new ones with improved equipment. In fact, for each production, the maximum production volume depends not only on the number of workers and assembly lines, but on the number of SMT lines. Usually the ratio is 1 to 5, that is, five conveyors with workers are opened per SMT line. This clearly shows the difference in the performance of machines and humans.

The economics of production and conveyors are approximately the same for all companies, that is, here we can say that the equipment differs, the cost of labor and the thoroughness of intermediate testing at all stages of assembly. But the main difference in price between different factories lies in other aspects of the work, we will talk about them.

Testing of components and finished products

If in the shops an experienced eye can see many things, evaluate the quality of work organization, roughly estimate the cost of a product, then he will not be able to identify the main thing - how good or bad the final product is. Quality control is responsible for this, and it is not concentrated in industrial premises, this is a separate laboratory. In factories where quality is given the main role, there are two laboratories - one is engaged in testing its own, finished product, and the second checks all purchased components, plus considers components from new suppliers. In the case of Oppo, there are both labs. On the test benches there were models that have not yet been officially announced, so I will not be able to show you all the devices and machines for testing. But in general terms I will tell you what is happening outside the walls of these rooms. Let's start with a laboratory for testing components.

Each factory independently purchases a variety of components - from plastic and screws to stickers on phone screens, displays, material for printed circuit boards. It takes two hundred items to assemble one phone, and the performance and quality of the final product can directly depend on any of the components. Therefore, input quality control is very important, and it starts with the simplest tests - the weight and size of the components. The supplier has specifications to which he makes, for example, screws. They must be of a specific size, weight and color. All of this is checked for each batch that is delivered to the plant - there is a spot check. If the supplier is new or the component has never been delivered before, then the check is carried out on all possible machines - resistance to aggressive environments, humidity, strength characteristics, and so on. Whether a component passes these tests or not depends on whether the factory will buy it or not. Components of several companies are often tested at the same time and the best ones are selected.

In the photo below, you can see how the laboratory tests the oleophobic coating of the display by a drop of liquid placed on it.

This laboratory has X-ray installations to detect hidden defects in small parts, circuit boards, and so on. That is, it is a full-fledged quality control of all components. Accessories, such as headphones, are checked in the same way. After testing, they are cut so that they do not fall into the products by mistake, weighty bags with cut off ears and connectors can be found in different places.

There is a separate room with test tables for cameras, modules are tested here - even before they are installed into phones, you can also check the final devices and how the software works.

The laboratory looks shabby, it is not brand new, which better than any words says that life is in full swing in it and work is constantly going on. This is one of the most interesting places in the factory. As a rule, outsiders are not allowed into these laboratories, since the equipment does not make an overwhelming impression, moreover, it is very difficult to explain its wear and tear, and such explanations can be taken as excuses.

Several times I was unlucky enough to get on press tours to factories, where we were taken to specially created production facilities, in particular, they demonstrated perfectly clean laboratories of input quality. When I asked how long ago the laboratory was built, I found the answers very amusing - a year ago, several years. Such laboratories cannot always be tidy - they are clean, but the wear and tear of the equipment, scratches on it arise due to the fact that it is used. But if they do not use it, then nothing of this is there.

In the test laboratory, where ready-made phones are tested, there are several rooms, each of them is designed to test devices in different conditions... I'll start with the climate laboratory, which has large metal cabinets - a certain temperature and humidity can be created inside each such cabinet, this is an imitation of different climatic zones.

Phones can be inside either on or off. A separate installation is responsible for the artificial aging of materials, this is, perhaps, the place from which they are trying to get away quickly, because they do not want to give out their know-how. By and large, an aging setting is a combination of machines that simulate climatic conditions - UV light is usually added to humidity and temperature and, possibly, something else. It is the testing technique that is the secret - it is important to achieve the real effect of aging for the maximum short term, which allows you to change technological process and avoid problems in the future. European engineers regard such attitudes as shamanism and condemn them, noting quite sensibly that they are not certified, are a product tied exclusively to Chinese realities and do not have a 100% guaranteed result. There is no harm from them, but a definite benefit can still be traced. I wouldn't be surprised if the Chinese end up creating something through trial and error that works and guarantees a result. So far, this direction can be perceived as promising, but by no means the main one.

For phones with an IP / IPX protection level, there are cameras in which the devices are flooded with water from different angles (the most interesting thing in such cameras is the wipers, which clean the glass from water from the inside so that you can see the device).

Household use and the durability of the apparatus are tested on other devices. The mechanical strength of the screen is tested by metal balls that fall on it from a certain height. I did not dare to put my phone under this torture machine, although I understood that it had passed exactly the same tests and should withstand everything here. Psychologically, this is the safest test a manufacturer can show - a heavy metal ball falls on the screen and leaves no traces on it.

An automatic machine works to abrade the surface with jeans put on the handles, a phone in a pocket, and the fabric rubs against the body. Approximately several hundred thousand times. In general, when I talk about strength or abrasion tests, one must understand that they pass 100-300 thousand repetitions. This is an automatic machine that checks the number of clicks on the screen in different places, and a device that takes a photo of a magazine page, immediately erases the picture and takes another picture - this is how the camera's resource is checked.

In another machine, the phone is clamped in two paws, and they begin to twist it in different directions, trying to bend it. Nearby, the apparatus grinds the plastic surface different materials- cloth, denim, leather and others. It is also a test for surface abrasion under various conditions.

Measured bangs are heard from another row, about ten telephones are raised by 10 centimeters on suction cups and then dropped onto the metal surface of the machine. Then the suction cups come down again, and everything is repeated. This happens a hundred thousand times, and the phone must pass all the tests.

There is a separate radio laboratory, where they check how the radio module of the phone works. Artificial hand worth 2,500 euros holds the phone, and inside a sealed chamber they are tested for all frequencies. There are two such cameras at the Oppo factory, unnamed Chinese manufacturers or small factories do not have them at all, this is too expensive a pleasure.

A short afterword, or to be continued

If in the first part of the report from China we talked about the place of factories in the state, about what they are, how propaganda works in production, then in this part we were able to look behind the curtains of production and see production workshops, as well as laboratories for example one pretty good factory. Behind the scenes, there was a story about the highest paid employees of the factory, the role of design and why there are so many different shells for Android and what kind of human factories are doing this in China. The third part of the report will be devoted to this. Don't miss it. I also hope that after this material, the question of why one device costs one hundred dollars, and another three hundred, and whether this is only a fee for the brand, will not arise. This report shows what affects the cost of the final product and what such rigorous testing brings, besides price increases.

Kaluga plant telegraph equipment (part of the Ruselectronics holding) today is one of the modern developing enterprises with high technical and technological capabilities capable of producing both single products of any complexity, and mass up to 1.5 million items per year.

The modern products of the plant - new generation communications, mobile hardware communications and command and staff vehicles for defense departments and the Ministry of Emergencies, telemetry equipment, automotive electronics, telecommunication cabinets and racks, differ high quality and reliability.

The use of advanced technologies and the most modern imported equipment can significantly increase labor productivity, quality, reliability, raise technical level, to minimize the time required for preparation of production and, ultimately, to increase the competitiveness of the manufactured products.

The company pays special attention to the introduction of special communication means of a new generation: complexes technical means P-166M notifications, documentary communication equipment and KShM, P-112 color facsimile machines.

1. Control room for special documentary communication K-8M. Designed for organizing communication at mobile field communication centers of control points. The equipment transport base is made on the basis of the K5350 van body on the KAMAZ-5350 chassis, which allows it to be used in the field, without being tied to the road network. The control room consists of two compartments: a compartment for the chief and a mechanic of equipment and a compartment for documentary communication operators - 4 workplaces.

The enterprise is installing automated system control of the parachute battalion of the airborne division based on the unified command vehicle (BMD-2K). The system is designed to control battalion-level control units of an airborne division in various conditions of an operational and tactical situation and provides a solution to the tasks of automating the main control processes, information and calculation tasks and information exchange.

2. Unit for the assembly of paratroopers (BUSD).

3.

BUSD provides:
- transmission of commands to the radio station R-168-K-0.5MKM for the transition to ZPCh channels and time channels;
- exchange of transmitted and received formalized messages with the radio station R-168-K-0.5MKM;
- power supply to the radio station;
- exchange of formalized messages with AWP of an automated mobile unit (APU);
- determination of the geographical coordinates of the APE according to the data of space navigation satellites and their transfer to the subscribers of the paratrooper control complex and to the APE AWS;
- input and storage of tuning parameters from AWP.

4. The display and control unit (BOU) is a part of the paratrooper gathering device and is designed to work as part of a paratrooper wearable control complex, allows you to navigate the terrain without a map, because as the user moves towards the target, the coordinates of which are entered into the memory of the ACM, the distance to the target and the direction to it are corrected.

5. The enterprise also produces fax machines for the needs of the RF Armed Forces. The P-112 fax machine combines the functions of a system printer, a scanner and a fax machine and is designed to transmit, receive and document color graphic and textual information in communication and data transmission systems of the RF Armed Forces, as well as through the public switched telephone network. Designed for installation on stationary and mobile objects.

6. JSC "KZTA" has a powerful production base required for the production of electronic and electromechanical assemblies and products.

7. Mechanical procurement production (machining high precision on automatic lathes, machining centers and CNC machines).

8. Laser cutting of metals and forming the necessary parts on high-performance pressing equipment with CNC, which allows to minimize the time required for production preparation.

9.

10. Tool production has a wide range of high-precision equipment from leading domestic and foreign firms (MAZAK, Sodik), capable of fully meeting the organization's needs in dies, molds, casting molds, cutting and measuring tools in the shortest possible time.

11.

12. Assembly and assembly production (including the installation of surface-mounted radioelements) using a screen printing machine, a PMI machine, a convection reflow oven and an automatic optical inspection system, a section for sealing printed circuit assemblies using an automated line for selective application of moisture-proof coatings with visual control quality of application.

13.

14.

The company pays special attention to supporting young specialists, a career planning system is in place for promising employees, many employees of the plant have been awarded departmental and state awards.

Today the plant is developing dynamically, new types of products are being mastered not only for the needs of the RF Ministry of Defense, the RF Ministry of Emergencies, but also for civilian use. The technical re-equipment of the enterprise is going on continuously. It is safe to say that the Kaluga Telegraph Equipment Plant is a leading enterprise not only in the Kaluga Region, but throughout Russia.