Social protection of the population. Organizational and legal forms of social security Types of social security and organization of social security

Social Security: What Is It?

Definition 1

Social security acts as a system provided for by the legislative authorities, which is necessary for organizing material support and subsequent services for citizens who have reached a certain age (old age), as well as in the event of their illness, partial or complete loss, to implement labor activities, in case of loss of a breadwinner. Families with children are also included in the framework of social security, but there is no way to ensure their full-fledged existence (large families, orphans).

Social security law is a separate branch of Russian law. It is a whole set of norms, as well as legal statuses and institutions that regulate relations in material support at the expense of funds stored in state targeted off-budget social funds. In other words, social security is one of the widespread targeted forms of distribution of material wealth. The main goal is to satisfy the most vital personal needs:

1. Physical - supporting physical health, helping to provide health services;
2. Social - free education, services in various budgetary organizations;
3. Intellectual - ensuring the availability of education at every stage of a person's development and learning.

These needs are inherent in almost everyone - the elderly, people with disabilities, children, dependents and forced migrants, the unemployed. But it is worth noting that everyone has the right to receive help and be provided for in order to restore health and for the subsequent correct reproduction of the labor force at the expense of special funds. Social security is an expression of work within the framework of the social policy of the state at this stage of its development and activity.

Thus, social security is a form of expression of the properties and actions of the state's social policy. It is aimed at providing material support for specific categories of citizens (old people, disabled people, orphans, dependents, large families) from the state budget, as well as specially allocated extra-budgetary state funds. This happens in the event of the occurrence of such events in a person's life that can undermine his social position and harm his life as a whole. The main characteristic of social security is its targeting, since before giving consent to applications submitted to the social security authorities, it is necessary to carry out checks on this issue and reveal the reality of the situation of the person who asked for help.

Organization of social security in modern Russia

Social security of citizens is carried out in accordance with the measures provided for in the framework of the legislation, as well as in the framework of the social policy of our country. Today in Russia all types of pension payments and benefits, allowances, compensation payments must be referred to the social security system. This also includes the following elements of social security:

• Social services for citizens who need it most;
• Medical assistance to categories of citizens, financing of expensive drugs or operations from the state budget, or funds of extra-budgetary organizations;
• Spa treatment for citizens who are in great need of this on medical indications(sluggish chronic diseases, postoperative rehabilitation);
• Benefits for certain categories of citizens (payments of subsidies and benefits to citizens who need it most).

Social security can vary in its forms. At the same time, the forms in general mean the organizational and legal ways of implementing social security in modern conditions. The rather specific features of the forms of social security include such as the system of bodies that carry out direct social security; a way of accumulating funds that are used in order to provide social security to special categories of citizens in need. Thirdly, one cannot fail to note the circle of subjects who receive assistance and are provided at the expense of funds allocated by a certain financial source. In addition, here the researchers take into account the types of security produced at the expense of a specific source for a specific range of social security objects.

Forms are constantly changing, as both the social security system and the policy course in this regard are subject to change. Therefore, today, when it comes to centralized forms of social security, they should be subdivided into such as:

1. Compulsory social insurance of citizens and special categories of the population;
2. Social security at the expense of budgetary funds - in this case, it is provided only to special categories of citizens who officially confirm their difficult material and social situation;
3. A mixed form of social security, which is accepted for certain social subjects. This means financing and related funds, social assistance in organizing medical services, assistance in obtaining additional services or financial support (benefits, subsidies, pension payments and additional payments to them).

Currently, there are several funds operating in Russia as independent credit and financial systems. These include the Pension Fund Russian Federation, The Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as some compulsory health insurance funds.

Remark 1

The main income for these funds is insurance premiums. A person can apply to them and, in accordance with the legal system, receive the necessary assistance, having confirmed before this documentary his social status.

SOCIAL SECURITY

the state system of material support and services for citizens of the Russian Federation in old age, with complete or partial disability, loss of a breadwinner, in case of illness, as well as families with children.

The right to S.o. enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 7 which proclaimed that the Russian Federation is a social state. In the development of this provision, Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees each S.O. by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. The law also establishes state pensions and social benefits. Voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social insurance are encouraged. and charity. The guarantees of S.O., enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. comply with the provisions of the main international legal acts: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Convention on the Rights of the Child.

S.o. carried out in various organizational and legal forms, the main of which is state social insurance. S.o. can also be carried out at the expense of direct allocations from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The main types of S.o. in the Russian Federation are: provision of citizens of the Russian Federation with various types of benefits for temporary disability (in case of illness or injury, caring for a sick family member, spa treatment, etc.), as well as women with benefits for pregnancy and childbirth; state pension provision; maintenance and service of elderly and disabled citizens in specially created boarding houses; provision of disabled persons with prosthetic and orthopedic products and means of transportation (wheelchairs, cars); maintenance and upbringing of children in orphanages, boarding schools and other institutions; social and labor rehabilitation of disabled people; health resort and medicinal provision of the population; social services at home, etc.

At present, the principles of S.o. are: a) universality; b) availability; c) the versatility and variety of types, in sizes corresponding to the prevailing level of the economy; d) implementation of S. at the expense of special funds.

Functions according to S.o. carried out by various state bodies, ministries, departments, individual institutions and organizations. State bodies S.o. pay pensions and benefits, they are in charge of various institutions of the S.O. (boarding houses, educational institutions for the disabled, medical and social expert commissions, services social assistance and others), prosthetic industry. Separate functions according to S.O. perform: special ministries (departments) and their bodies, organizations and institutions on the ground for vocational training and employment of disabled people, the creation of special jobs for them; health care and education authorities for the maintenance and upbringing of children, etc. Trade unions, as representative bodies of workers, also have certain functions in the sphere of social security. (the right to participate in the formation of social programs aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development of a person; the right to participate in the development of measures for the social protection of workers, determining the main criteria for living standards, the size of the indexation of wages, pensions, benefits. and compensations depending on changes in the price index: monitoring compliance with legislation in the field of social protection of workers) and some others (Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 12, 1996 No. 10-FZ "On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of activity") (see (See also Old Age Pension, Disability Pension, Survivor's Pension).

In foreign countries, S.O., as a rule, is represented by three systems:

social insurance, government assistance and a system of "universal" security. Social insurance as the most widespread system of S.O. consists in withholding (compulsory) insurance premiums from the wages of employees and in granting the right to a pension and benefit, regardless of the financial situation of the family of the insured, subject to the necessary insurance experience, age and some other conditions. State assistance is paid from the state budget and only to workers who have lost their earnings due to disability or unemployment and who have no means of subsistence.

A "universal" system, mainly in the area of ​​pensions. operates in the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Iceland), as well as in Canada and Finland. All citizens who have reached retirement age, become disabled or have lost their breadwinner have the right to a pension. In Sweden, this system exists in a slightly modified form, since citizens receive a pension from at least three different sources (national basic pension, which is granted based on residence in a given country; national supplementary pension and contractual retirement pension, based on the principle of compensation for loss income). The retirement age is 65 and is the same for men and women. A phased retirement method is applied, i.e. gradual transition of workers aged 60-64 from full employment to termination of employment. Contributions to the vast majority of types of social insurance, including national pensions, are paid by the employer. Contribution rates for different types of pensions are calculated separately.

Lit .: Suleimanova G.V. Social security and social insurance. Expert Bureau, 1997; Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. M., 1996; Social security in foreign countries. M. 1989; Sta1berg A-C. Pension reform in Sweden. Scand. J. Soc. Welfare, 1995.

Shcherbakov \ "I" .I.

Lawyer's Encyclopedia. 2005 .

See what "SOCIAL SECURITY" is in other dictionaries:

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SOCIAL SECURITY- SOCIAL SECURITY, in the USSR state. a system of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children; carried out at the expense of public consumption funds. The right of the Sov. citizens on the north of the lake ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Books

• The legal foundations of the mechanism for the implementation of the constitutional right to social security in the Russian Federation, Pavel N. Baimatov. The monograph is a study of theoretical and practical problems associated with the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to social security. Are fully covered ...

Social Security- 1) one of the ways to distribute part of GDP by providing citizens with material benefits in order to equalize them personal income in cases of the onset of social risks at the expense of targeted financial sources in the amount and on conditions strictly regulated by society, the state, in order to maintain their full-fledged social status; 2) a system of material support and services for citizens due to age, illness, disability, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, raising children and in other cases established by law.

Social security is a system of socio-economic measures that guarantee (Table 2.1):

• - material support of citizens in old age, during a period of temporary disability, in the event of the loss of a breadwinner in the family;
• - the provision of benefits and the provision of benefits to women mothers, families with relatively low per capita incomes, etc.

Characteristics of social security in Russia

Component
Social security goals	Alignment of the social status of certain categories of citizens with the rest of society. Equalization of personal incomes in the event of social risks. Prevention, mitigation or elimination of adverse consequences of the onset of social risks
Principles social securing	The universality of social security. The general availability of social security. Establishment of the level of social security, guaranteeing a decent human life, free personal development. The variety of grounds, forms and types of social security. Differentiation of the conditions and procedure for the presentation of social security by subjects of public relations. Intended use of funds
social securing	Economic. Protective. Political. Social rehabilitation. Demographic. Production
social securing	Administrative and legal. Civil law
social securing	Material support of citizens in old age, during a period of temporary disability, with the loss of a breadwinner in the family. Providing benefits and providing benefits to women-mothers, families with relatively low average per capita incomes, etc.
Main types of insurance coverage	Cash payments (pensions, benefits, compensation and natural species assistance (food, belongings, medicines, transport and technical means for disabled people, etc.). Social services and benefits (social services for the elderly, disabled, children, medical assistance, spa treatment, etc.). 1) payment to a medical institution of the costs associated with providing the insured person with the necessary medical care; 2) old-age pension; 3) disability pension; 4) survivor's pension; 5) allowance for temporary incapacity for work; 6) benefit in connection with work injury and occupational disease; 7) maternity allowance; 8) monthly allowance for caring for a child until he reaches the age of one and a half years;

Component	9) unemployment benefit; 10) a one-time allowance for women registered with medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy; 11) a lump sum for the birth of a child; 12) allowance for spa treatment; 13) social allowance for burial; 14) payment of vouchers for sanatorium treatment and health improvement of employees and their families
Organizational and legal forms of social security	Social insurance system. Pension system. The system of payment of benefits and compensations. The system of social services for senior citizens, disabled people, families with children and unemployed citizens
social service	One-shot. Indefinite
social securing	State, municipal (or other) bodies of social protection of the population. Employment authorities (for unemployment benefits). Social Insurance Fund (FSS). Educational authorities in charge of children's institutions. Pension bodies of ministries and departments (defense, internal affairs, etc.). Employers, etc. The ITU Bureau establishing the fact of disability, its causes and time of onset. The court establishing the facts of the unknown absence and death of the missing person. Medical institutions that establish the fact of temporary incapacity for work, etc.
Grounds for legal relations on social security	Objective basis for providing (birth of a child, disability, reaching a certain age, low income, orphanhood, etc.). The will of a citizen to receive one or another type of social security (personal statement or statement of legal representatives - guardians, trustees). The act of the relevant authority on the provision (refusal to provide) a specific type of social security

The main types of social security include:

• old age, disability, survivor, seniority, social pensions;
• benefits for unemployment, temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, large and single mothers, children, disabled from childhood, etc .;
• maintenance and service of children, the elderly and the disabled in stationary institutions;
• vocational training, employment of disabled people, prosthetic and orthopedic and medical and social assistance, benefits and benefits for disabled people, medical and social examination and rehabilitation, etc.

Social Security Law - a set of legal norms that regulate social relations with a specific method regarding the distribution of a part of the gross domestic product by providing the population by the competent authorities in the manner of social insurance and social security of cash payments, medical and drug assistance, social services or benefits according to the norms and in the manner determined by the legislation, and also relations on the implementation, protection and restoration of the constitutional right of citizens to social security.

There are two different protective phenomena in social security:

• 1) protection of social rights;
• 2) protection of social rights.

Wherein protection of social rights - a set of various interrelated measures carried out by public authorities, bodies local government and public associations aimed at preventing violations of social human rights or eliminating obstacles that are not offenses to the exercise of his rights.

Under protection of social rights means a compulsory legal method for the obligated person to restore the violated human rights either by the authorized person himself or by the competent authorities.

Social guarantees - obligatory for the state social rights, i.e. such a relationship that cannot fail to take place. Social guarantees are declared social rights secured by existing state resources.

Social guarantees - social rights in action, realized social rights. In this regard, social guarantees can be viewed in the same way as the possible right of citizens to dispose of the resources that are at the disposal of the state. Therefore, for the state in its socio-political activity, it is an important problem to determine the circle of persons who are entitled to a part of the state's income, and thereby to some benefits.

Social benefit- an attitude in society in which an individual or a group of individuals is endowed with a product from public funds due to his or their need. The principle of need is the basis for citizens' receiving social benefits.

Need - temporary or permanent under-consumption by a person of food, durable goods and services that are widespread in society.

Need- such a state of individuals, which arises from the inability of the individual himself to satisfy his needs, and therefore, to be limited to enter into relationships that are significant for society as a whole.

This inability arises from a number of biological, economic, political and social constraints. Biological limitations are subdivided into physiological and psychological limitations that do not allow an individual, either because of early age and old age, or because of disability and illness, to work, and therefore enter into a relationship of a universal nature.

The essence of the social policy of the state is to maintain relations between social groups and within them, providing conditions for increasing the welfare, living standards of members of society, creating social guarantees in the formation of economic incentives for participation in social production. It should be noted that the social policy of the state, which acts as an integral part of the measures carried out by the state in order to regulate the conditions of social production as a whole, is closely linked with the general economic situation in the country.

By their economic essence, relations in the field of social security are distributive relations.

By lifetime in time, legal relations in the field of social security are divided into three groups:

• - legal relations terminated by a one-time performance of duties (for example, legal relations regarding one-time benefits - on the occasion of the birth of a child; for burial, etc.);
• - legal relationship with an absolutely established period of existence in time. The peculiarity of this type of legal relationship is that from the moment of their occurrence it is known in advance when they will be terminated. This group of legal relationships includes, for example, the legal relationship for the payment of benefits for the time of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years; legal relationship for the payment of a disability pension established for a certain period, etc .;
• - legal relations with a relatively indefinite period of existence in time (for example, legal relations regarding the payment of an old-age pension; legal relations with regard to social services for the elderly living in a stationary social service institution, etc.).

By types social security, depending on the source of funds, the following types of legal relationships can be distinguished:

• - to ensure at the expense of budgets of all levels, as well as off-budget state social funds;
• - for provision from non-state funds (non-state pension funds, charitable foundations, funds of individual legal entities or individuals, etc.).

By forms state social security can be classified as follows:

• - legal relations but state social security;
• - legal relations on state social insurance, including legal relations on the provision of state social assistance.

Derivatives from the listed types of social relations and included in the subject of social security law are procedural and procedural legal relations.

Procedural legal relations arise on occasion) ":

• - the appointment of all types of social security;
• - establishing legal facts that are important for the provision of certain types of social security.

For example, for the appointment of a disability pension, it is necessary to establish the fact of disability, and for the appointment of a temporary disability benefit, it is necessary to establish the fact of disability, etc.

Procedural legal relations included in the subject of social security law are associated with the consideration of disputes arising in this area. These disputes can arise on various issues: refusal to appoint a particular type of social security or the determination of its amount in monetary form; establishing the cause of disability; determination of the right to benefits, etc. Depending on the nature of the dispute, it can be resolved by a higher authority in the order of subordination or in court. Like all legal relations, legal relations in the sphere of action of the social security law consists of such elements as the subject, object, content, grounds of origin, change and termination.

The legal relationship in the field of social security is bilateral.

One of the subjects of such legal relations is always an individual citizen, and in some cases, a family. So, in the legal relationship regarding the pension on the occasion of the loss of the breadwinner, the subject is the family. Depending on the type of social security, the subject of the legal relationship under consideration may be a minor teenager, an orphan child, a disabled person, an unemployed, a disabled person, a refugee, a forced migrant, an elderly person, as well as persons who have suffered from radiation accidents or natural disasters (earthquakes, floods) and etc.

Foreign citizens and stateless persons who are on the territory of Russia, according to general rule, in the field of social security have the same rights as citizens of the Russian Federation.

In procedural legal relations for the consideration of disputes over a particular type of social security, the subject of the legal relationship is a higher authority or court.

The content of the relationship is the mutual rights and obligations of the parties. The peculiarity of the content of legal relations on social security is that one party - an individual - has the right to demand the provision of one or another type of security, and the other party to which this requirement is addressed, in the presence of all the conditions provided for by law, is obliged to fulfill this requirement.

The basis for the emergence, change or termination of a legal relationship in the field of social security are various legal facts, both events (disability, temporary disability, death) and actions. A feature of legal relations in social security is a mandatory declarative procedure in the implementation of the right to get or another type of social security. Until the person himself (or his legal representative) writes an application with a request to assign him a pension, benefit or other type of social security, no payments, services, etc. he will not be provided, which means that an appropriate legal relationship in social security will not arise. Therefore, often the legal relationship on social security arises (changes, stops) on the basis of not one legal fact, but whole group facts, which is usually called a complex legal factual composition.

The absence of at least one of the named elements of a complex legal factual composition leads to the impossibility of the emergence (change, termination) of a legal relationship in the field of social security.

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INTRODUCTION

Social security is a form of expression of the state's social policy aimed at material support of a certain category of citizens from the state budget and special extra-budgetary funds in the event of events recognized by the state as socially significant (at this stage of its development) in order to equalize the social status of citizens in comparison with the rest of society.

The need for social security appeared simultaneously with the emergence of human society. In any society, regardless of its economic and political structure, there are always people who, due to natural reasons beyond their control, cannot by their own efforts acquire a source of means of their existence. These people include, first of all, children and the elderly. In addition, the ranks of the disabled can be replenished by every person who has lost the ability to work temporarily or permanently due to a health disorder.

As society develops and social ties become more complex, the reasons for a person's need for social assistance are also added to those that are due to the nature of economic relations prevailing in society, which give rise to unemployment, inflation, and poverty. Social security as a certain form of life support for people has specific organizational and legal forms, types and functions.

The aim of the course work is to consider the organizational and legal forms, types and functions of social security.

The goal determined the solution of the following tasks:

1) Formulate the concept and consider the functions of social security.

2) Describe the organizational and legal forms of social security at the present stage.

3) Consider the types of social security.

1. CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN RUSSIA

1.1 Social security signs

To date, there is no specific concept of social security in the legislation. Therefore, to begin with, let's define the signs of social security.

Having traced the main trends in the formation of social security systems in different countries, the essential features of social security at the present stage include:

First, the state nature of the organizational legal ways distribution of the aggregate social product through the social security system;

Secondly, the legislative consolidation of the list of social risks recognized by the state as grounds for the provision of certain types of social security;

Third, the consolidation in the norms of law or in treaties sanctioned by the state, the circle of persons subject to security;

Fourth, the state rationing of the social standard of security, below which it cannot be, by legislative consolidation of the types of security, its level and conditions for provision.

1.2 Social security concept

Having singled out the signs of social security, it would seem that it is not at all difficult to define it.

However, an unambiguous concept of this phenomenon has not yet been developed.

Thus, we can give the following general concept social security as a phenomenon in the life of any society and state.

Social security is one of the ways to distribute part of the gross domestic product by providing citizens with material benefits in order to equalize their personal incomes in cases of social risks at the expense of targeted financial sources in the amount and on conditions strictly standardized by society, the state, to maintain their full value social status.

Consequently, state social insurance is a compulsory social security system for the employee.

The provision, addressed to a person by society, by the state, in cases when he, due to circumstances beyond his control, needs support, guarantees a certain social comfort, restores the status of a full-fledged member of society.

The essence of social insurance is to distribute the social risk of loss or decrease in earnings due to circumstances beyond the control of the employee to employers and employees themselves, who are forced to deduct insurance payments to targeted social insurance funds. At the same time, the classical systems of state social insurance guarantee the provision of material benefits (pensions, benefits, other services) to the insured on the principle of commensurate with the amounts paid to insurance funds.

Recently, such a term as social protection of the population has become increasingly popular both at the international level and domestically.

In our country, this term has become widespread in connection with the renaming of the system of social security bodies into the system of bodies of social protection of the population (1992). The Concept of Social Protection of Pensioners, Disabled People, Families with Children and Other Groups of the Population in Need of Social Support, developed by the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia with the participation of other interested ministries, provides the following concept of social protection: “Social protection is a set of additional measures for material assistance to the least protected groups of the population (the elderly, the disabled, low-income families with children, students, people without means of subsistence), as well as to prevent the collapse of the social protection system, to maintain the level of social services. This set of measures is carried out both at the expense of the federal and local budgets, and at the expense of specially created funds for social support of the population. "

However, even after eight years, it is premature to talk about the development of the social security system in Russia into a system of social protection of the population, since the state constantly demonstrates its economic inconsistency to the population.

As already mentioned, there is currently no legislatively formalized system of social protection of the population in Russia. Social security functions as a separate, internally organized systemic education with a complex structure. The phenomenon of such a complex systemic formation lies in the fact that each of the elements of the system, in turn, represents a relatively isolated system, consisting of elements of a lower level, which also form a system that has its own internal organization. Consequently, at the present stage, social security as a systemic education of a higher order consists of two elements - the state and non-state social security system.

The state social security system is legislatively enshrined and functions within a certain legal framework through the implementation by the subjects of the relevant legal relations of their rights and obligations. Thus, this system is primarily a multilevel legal entity. At the highest level, it consists of legally enshrined systems: a) financing of social security; b) management; c) material security and social services for the population.

There is also an intra-industry level in the social security legal system.

So, in financial law, one can distinguish subsystems for financing social security costs through: centralized off-budget credit and financial systems (the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation, compulsory medical insurance funds); at the expense of the federal budget; at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; at the expense of local budgets and funds of organizations; at the expense of funds for social support of the population.

In the system of material security and social services for citizens, enshrined in the norms of social security law, the following subsystems are relatively independent: pension provision; providing citizens with benefits and compensations, medical care and treatment, social services, benefits.

The importance of social security in the life of society is determined by what functions it performs, what basic problems of society it allows to solve.

1.3 Social security functions

1) The economic function of social security. Its essence lies in the fact that the state uses social security as one of the ways to distribute part of the gross domestic product, thereby exerting a certain impact on the equalization of personal incomes of citizens by providing material benefits (pensions, benefits, compensations, social services, etc.) instead of lost earnings or along with it in the event of social risks specified in the laws. The implementation of the economic function is specifically embodied in the redistribution of the gross domestic product through the accumulation financial resources in targeted sources (in off-budget social insurance funds, in the federal budget, in the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, funds for social support of the population).

2) The production function of social security. Social security is associated with social production, affects it. It is expressed in the fact that the right to many types of social security is conditioned by work, and the level of security often depends on its nature and the amount of remuneration for work. As the principles of social insurance are increasingly implemented, this impact will increase, as the stimulating importance of social security for improving the productivity and professional skill of workers will increase. Social security also contributes to the timely withdrawal from social production of an aging workforce and persons who have lost the ability to work.

3) The social (social and rehabilitation) function of social security contributes to the maintenance of the social status of citizens in the event of various social risks (illness, disability, old age, death of the breadwinner, unemployment, poverty) by providing various types of material support, social services, benefits in order to maintain a decent living standards and, preventing impoverishment.

With the help of the social function, the rehabilitation direction of social security is carried out, the purpose of which is to restore (in whole or in part) a full-fledged life activity of a person, which allows him to study, work, communicate with other people, serve himself independently, etc.

4) The political function allows the state to implement the main directions of social policy using means specific for social security. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Art. 7) establishes the provision that Russia is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, state support for families, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and the elderly is provided, a system of social services is developing, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established. The state of social peace in society depends on how effectively social security fulfills its political function. Social tension in society at the present stage indicates that the state Russian system social security does not meet the needs of the population.

5) The demographic function is realized through the impact of the social security system on many demographic processes - on the life expectancy of the population, population reproduction, birth rate stimulation, etc. ... The lack of an effective system of social assistance to families with children will undoubtedly entail a significant decrease in the birth rate in the country, etc.

6) the spiritual and ideological function of social security, in which he distinguishes: ideological, moral and socio-psychological subfunctions.

2. ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS, TYPES OF SOCIAL SECURITY AT THE MODERN STAGE

2.1 Organizational and legal forms of social security

The main organizational and legal form of social security is state social insurance. Its essence lies in the division of the social risk of losing earnings, reducing incomes below the subsistence level, the need for medical care and other social services between the state and the workers themselves, which are subject to compulsory social insurance.

The monetary resources of federal extra-budgetary funds are state property and cannot be spent on any other purposes, except for those for the financing of which they were created. In accordance with Art. 13 BC, the state off-budget fund is a fund of funds formed outside the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and intended for the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to pensions, social insurance, social security in case of unemployment, health care and medical assistance.

In connection with the introduction of part two of the Tax Code and the establishment of a unified social tax (contribution), the procedure for crediting payments to state social extra-budgetary funds has changed.

These funds include:

Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation;

Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

Federal Compulsory Health Insurance Fund.

Another organizational and legal form of social security is a direct allocation (pensions of civil servants, military personnel, social services for the elderly, etc.) from the federal budget.

Non-state social security. In addition, recently, along with centralized forms, non-state social security has also become widespread.

1. Municipal social services. The Moscow government implements a social policy aimed at improving the life of Muscovites of all social strata and categories. The actions of the Moscow Government are primarily aimed at protecting the elderly, disabled people, families with children and other low-income categories of the population. So, according to the decree of the Moscow Government dated January 16, 2001 No. 31-PP, a comprehensive program of social protection measures for Moscow residents for 2001 was approved, according to which it was provided:

monthly compensation payments to former military personnel with disabilities, parents of military personnel who died in peacetime;

an increase in the amount of subsidies for urgently needed students;

allowances to pensions in excess of the social norm and other payments.

2. Non-state pension funds. They operate on the basis of Federal Law No. 75-FZ dated 07.05.1998 “On Non-State Pension Funds”. This is a special organizational and legal form non-profit organization social security, the exclusive type of activity of which is non-state pension provision of fund participants on the basis of relevant agreements between the population and contributors in favor of the fund participants.

The fund's activities for non-state pension provision of the population include the accumulation of pension contributions, the placement of pension reserves, accounting for the fund's pension obligations and the payment of non-state pensions to the fund participants.

3. Charitable activities of citizens and legal entities. Legal regulation of charitable activities is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law of 11.08.1995 No. 135-F3 "On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations", the Law of the City of Moscow of 05.07.1995 No. 11-46 "On Charitable Activities".

Charitable activities are voluntary activities of citizens and legal entities for disinterested (gratuitous or preferential terms) transfer to citizens or legal entities property, including money, disinterested performance of work, provision of services, provision of other assistance for the purpose of social support and protection of citizens, including improving the financial situation of the poor, social rehabilitation of the unemployed, disabled people and other persons who, due to their physical or intellectual characteristics, as well as other circumstances, they are not able to independently exercise their rights and legitimate interests.

4. Benefits and compensation provided to employees by enterprises, institutions, organizations at the expense of profits. An example of such social security is the provision of extra days of rest for certain categories of workers.

2.2 Types of social security

The types of social security in the Russian Federation include:

labor and social pensions;

insurance benefits (for unemployment, temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, citizens with children, etc.);

services in the field of social services for the elderly and disabled;

provision of free medical care under compulsory health insurance programs; and etc.

This is a way of providing material assistance or a way by which the state assists a citizen in meeting a particular need.

It is customary to talk about such types of social security as pensions, benefits of various types, benefits, social services and benefits in kind.

Pensions are the most significant type of security, both in terms of the number of funds provided and the amount of funds spent.

The literal translation of the word "pension" is payment. This is one of the forms of cash payments, which is carried out by the state through specially designated bodies and is made from a certain pension fund. The subject of this type of security is a person who is recognized as disabled due to reaching a certain age, according to recognition as disabled by medical criteria (disability), or because of the fulfillment of any social functions(caring for a disabled person of the 1st degree, a disabled child, the elderly, etc.).

An important feature of a pension is its connection with the pensioner's former labor activity and with the amount of previously received wages, its mandatory nature. The purpose of the pension is material security of citizens, providing them with the only or basic means of subsistence. There is a point of view that a pension is a remuneration for work deferred for a while.

Thus, a pension is a state payment made from the pension fund with the aim of providing material support to disabled citizens in connection with their past labor and other socially useful activities in amounts, as a rule, commensurate with the amount of past earnings.

This type of social security is not monolithic, it is subject to differentiation, which is based on normative legal acts - the law "On Pensions for Servicemen", "On State Pensions in the RSFSR", etc. Pensions are sometimes accompanied by another type of security - social services, i.e. provision of a number of services at the expense of the society free of charge. The goal is to provide those in need with additional assistance in the form of household actions. Social services, as a type of social security, includes services for sanatorium-resort treatment, housing in boarding houses, labor rehabilitation and employment of disabled people, some health services, educational services, for keeping children in preschool and out-of-school and institutions.

The next type of social security, which is widespread, are benefits - a number of types of social security, differing in goals, sources of payments, subjects.

The first type of this group consists of the so-called labor benefits, which are paid to persons who are in labor relations with an enterprise (state, municipal, cooperative, etc.) and who have temporarily lost their wages due to disability. They are paid at the expense of social insurance funds. The presence of labor relations between the subject of the provision of benefits and the insured, in the role of which is an enterprise or other similar object, is mandatory. The purpose of labor allowances is full or partial compensation for lost earnings, with which their size is commensurate, that is, during the period of incapacity for work, a person, without performing any actions in favor of the enterprise, receives money from him.

Labor benefits include, for example, maternity benefits.

The second group is social benefits. They differ from the first group in that they are not related to work. These benefits are characterized by the absence of socially useful activities of the recipient or the presence of it in an amount that does not give the right to other types of security. The goal is to provide funds that would be a source of livelihood or material support. They are paid in fixed amounts established by law. For persons released from duties working (invalids of the 1st group, invalids of the 1st and 2nd groups), these benefits are equal to the minimum retirement pension. For others, their size is such as to ensure that only a small range of vital needs are met. Social benefits are an expression of society's concern for people who have been left without a livelihood for some reason. Their establishment should be considered as a manifestation of the humanism of society. The source of payment of these benefits is the state budget. Thus, social benefits are monthly cash payments from special state funds in cases established by law for disabled persons who do not work and are not entitled to labor pensions and other cash benefits (except for family benefits).

These include social pensions. The attribution of social benefits to pensions in the legislation is caused by the established world legal practice.

The third group is family benefits. Families are the subjects of their receipt. The main social purpose of family benefits is the provision of state material assistance to families incurring additional costs in connection with the upbringing and maintenance of minor children and in some other cases. They are paid as additional assistance regardless of other family income from the state budget in amounts determined based on the amount of the minimum wage established by the current legislation.

These include pensions for disabled children, benefits for caring for young children, single mothers, for children of low-income families, on the occasion of the birth of a child, for burial, etc.

The next type of security is the provision of benefits that alleviate the financial situation of certain categories of persons as a result of the fact that society takes on part of the necessary monetary spending. This type of collateral is widely used. This includes partial payments for medicines and utilities, payment of the partial cost of vouchers for the recreation of children in sanatoriums and camps, the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, etc.

Another type of security is provision in kind, that is, the transfer of ownership or use to certain categories of citizens material values... We are talking about the free provision of prosthetic and orthopedic products, means of transportation, medicines for some groups of disabled people, about the provision of housing at the expense of the state housing stock.

The distribution of these types of social protection should be in broad compliance with the normative legal acts adopted both at the level of the Russian Federation and at the level of the subjects of the federation.

3. PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN MODERN RUSSIA AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

social security russia charitable

Using shock techniques market transformations, discovered the most acute problems not only in the economy, but also in the social sphere, the living conditions of the entire population. This has caused the objective need for a greater social orientation of reforms, the definition of social priorities, the social "price" of the transition to a market economy and clarification of the very concept of its social orientation. Social orientation presupposes the choice of social priorities, targeted stimulation of certain spheres and areas of activity, and the implementation of environmental programs.

One of the most difficult philosophical and moral questions is the question of the combination of the market and social justice. In addition to the obvious connection between social development and the achievement of social justice, it is equally important when analyzing social problems to proceed from the real state of the country's modern economy, which continues to deteriorate. The decline in production and investment activity has not been overcome, there are no structural changes, the purchasing power of enterprises and the population is decreasing. Retail turnover, including services, is more than two times higher than the output of consumer goods, which indicates an unprecedented overestimation of distribution costs and does not contribute to the formation of a competitive pricing mechanism. The latter not only complicates the implementation of large-scale programs for the reconstruction of the national economy, but directly affects social development, the state of affairs in commodity-producing industries, and the standard of living of the employed and non-working population.

Even taking into account the inflationary increase retail turnover the total volume of final consumption of consumer goods and services of the population is 38-40% of the GNP. This indicates an underconsumption of goods and services, which means the impossibility of normal reproduction of labor. Underconsumption in no way means that free resources are channeled into the investment sector. On the contrary, the discrepancy between the accumulation potential and real accumulation remains extremely high.

From the point of view of the social consequences of the indicated phenomena, it is especially important to understand that if the underinvestment in the economy is reflected primarily in the structure of activity, employment, etc .;

That underconsumption affects life expectancy, health of the population. There is also concern about the fact that, on average, in Russia, an increase in cash income due to an increase in wages in sectors of the economy occurs at a slower pace than due to other sources. In many regions, the problem of non-payments and delayed wages remains an acute problem. The average wage of workers increases much less than the official increase in the minimum wage. The standard of living of various groups of the population did not change in accordance with labor input, but depending on the degree of approach to the upper levels in the hierarchy of power. There is a substitution of the system of values ​​in the public consciousness: conscientious, creative work becomes less and less preferable: it is not stimulated accordingly, but more and more prestigious - property, wealth, regardless of what means they are acquired. On the other hand, conscientious and honest work becomes in the mass consciousness something unnecessary, superfluous; and the paradox of the current situation is also manifested in the fact that their own potential (knowledge, abilities, skills and experience) at the place of their main work is not used enough. The problems of social development are directly related not only to the decline in the standard of living of the working people and the stratification of the population in terms of income, but also to the problems of employment. Employment is not only a problem of labor relations or social development of business entities, it is, first of all, a complex problem, the solution of which depends on the general economic situation, budgetary and credit policy of the state, in which employment is a determining factor. Thus, the analysis of modern problems of social development shows that in order to solve it, it is necessary to form an integral socio-economic policy, both at the regional level and on the scale of the state as a whole; providing financial and credit aid regions. This is one of the most important tasks of the federal government, which has not yet been fulfilled.

Correcting the situation requires a number of measures.

First, federal social policy should be shaped on the basis of socio-economic expediency, not political ambitions. The problems of federalism should not become the center of the intertwining of politics and economics. Today, during the distribution federal taxes and subsidies, some regions bear the main burden of securing the federal budget, while others have become the main “consumers” of this budget.

Secondly, the successful solution of social problems facing society is possible only with a clear delineation management activities, both in terms of objects of influence, and in terms of "problems", without which, in principle, it is impossible to determine the limits of control.

Thirdly, the task of managing social development is to concretize the general target settings, taking into account the existing system of public administration, local self-government, as well as socio-economic conditions and restrictions of a different nature.

At present, in conditions of economic, structural, social (partly psychological) environmental crisis phenomena, these tasks can be grouped as follows:

An active policy to improve the standard of living, social support of the population, create conditions for the realization of its capabilities to independently ensure their well-being.

Effective measures in the labor market to optimize the structure of employment and reduce unemployment.

Formation of a mechanism for social protection of socially disadvantaged and socially vulnerable categories of the population, social security for the disabled population.

Development of an effective system for protecting the civil rights of the individual and ensuring security.

Institutional transformations in the social infrastructure and the social and cultural sphere in order to expand the opportunities for the population to receive appropriate services, improve the quality of services, ensure accessibility for each minimum set of free services in education, healthcare, etc.

CONCLUSION

Based on the materials studied, we can talk about the versatility of the approach to the very concept of social security. Lawyers and legal scholars believe that the purpose of social security is to protect the right to life. Politicians often use social security as a political slogan. Economists understand social security as a redistribution of income.

Taking into account these trends, the concept of social security can be defined as follows: Social security in a narrow sense means that the state, with the goal of social policy to ensure a minimum standard of living of society, guarantees every person from the main dangers that threaten the loss of livelihood - such as disease , industrial accident, old age, unemployment, poverty; in a broad sense, social security means a system that, through the state and public organizations provides resources for living and services to those in need, so that a person lives like a human, and through the redistribution of income strives for social equality and full equilibrium development.

The most important function of the social security system is, of course, to ensure an acceptable standard of living for the population. The structure of such a system is as follows: social assistance is provided to the disabled; able-bodied people are provided with the possibility of social insurance; those in need of social support are supported by social services.

The second most important function can be called the function of income redistribution. A typical example of income redistribution in social security is social assistance, which can be said to effect "vertical income redistribution". Another structural area that performs the function of "vertical redistribution" is social services. The functions of "horizontal distribution" are performed by social insurance.

The third main function of social security is the function of economic stabilization.

Since, the social security system by skillful regulation of the proportions of social contributions and taxes can achieve economic stabilization, thereby preventing such social dangers as inflation and financial problems of the state.

The social security system of each country has its own characteristics due to specific socio-economic conditions. The right to social security is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative measures.

Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of disabled and low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas - social security and social assistance.

Forms of social security are understood as organizational and legal methods of its implementation. It is customary to refer to specific features of forms of social security: 1) the way of accumulating funds in financial sources, at the expense of which social security is provided; 2) the range of subjects provided at the expense of a certain financial source; 3) types of security at the expense of a given source of a specific circle of subjects; 4) the system of bodies carrying out social security.

The forms of social security are constantly transforming. The importance of organizational and legal methods of implementing social security lies in the fact that they allow the state and society to most rationally distribute the gross gross product through the social security system, basing this distribution on the principles of social justice.

The forms of social security used in Russia at the present stage can be classified according to the degree of their centralization into centralized, regional, as well as local, local.

Centralized forms, in turn, are subdivided into: compulsory social insurance; social security at the expense of budgetary funds; a mixed form of social security applied to certain special subjects.

Since the renewing Russia is a full member of the world community and accepts the already existing the international system views and actions in solving social problems, such a social security system should be based on a conceptual framework consistent with the UN goal of creating a "society for all people". This approach considers social problems and life difficulties not as negative phenomena, but as factors that, given their fair and rational solution, contribute to sustainable social development.

The implementation of this concept in Russia will require very significant efforts, since an analysis of the demographic situation indicates the presence and deepening of many individual and group problems, which, in addition to their complexity, are also of a long-term nature.

As a result, the role of social security authorities increases, which, having a clear understanding of the capabilities and resources of the state to resolve social issues, can and should proactively act as spokesmen for the interests and aspirations of the population, and promptly inform the authorities about the existing and projected needs of citizens, as well as make proposals for their satisfaction.

Improving social assistance and service systems for those in need, developing and expanding self-help are not only not mutually exclusive, but from a psychological and moral-ethical point of view and from the standpoint of self-affirmation is more effective and progressive than a simple dependence on the social security system.

In addition, social services are obliged to provide assistance in mastering skills, rebuilding their life cycle, taking into account changes in the resource base and socio-economic conditions. Best conditions for functioning new system represents the expansion of local self-government, as well as social activities for local and municipal social programs.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. Moscow: Legal Literature, 1993.62 p.

2. the federal law"On the basics of compulsory social insurance" dated July 16, 1999 (as amended in 2002)

3. Federal Law "On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation" dated December 15, 2001 (as amended on December 31, 2002)

4. Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995 (as amended on January 10, 2003)

5. Topical issues of the development of compulsory social insurance in the Russian Federation and its legislative support / Analytical bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. -2004. -No. 5

6. Buyanova M.O., Kondratyeva Z.A., Kobzeva S.I. Social Security Law: Tutorial... M., 2002.

7. Valeev R.F. Social Security Law: Educational and Methodological Complex. M., 2002.

8. Zakharov M.L., Tuchkova E.G. Social Security Law of the Russian Federation: Textbook. M., 2002.

9. Machulskaya E.E. Social Security Law: Study Guide M., 2001.

10. Catalog of software products with technological characteristics. Reviews of changes in legislation. Search for regional information centers. http://www.consultant.ru/

11. News of the legislation of the Russian Federation, analytical materials, legal advice, infographics, etc. Legislation ( full texts documents) with comments: laws, codes, regulations, orders. http://www.garant.ru/

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Concept, subject of research of social security. The main forms and types of social security. Types of social assistance for certain groups of the population. Forms and means of protecting the rights of citizens in the field of social security.

The concept of social security is closely linked with the concept of social protection, which is understood as a specific social policy of the state, seeking by legal measures to ensure a satisfactory or comfortable existence for those groups of the population that are in a particularly difficult financial situation and are unable to improve it without external support. The relationship between social protection and social security is more objectively revealed on the basis of international experience legal regulation of both of these social categories.

There is a big difference between these concepts.

1) Social security is a form of distribution that guarantees citizens in the event of unfavorable situations, government support in the form of pensions, benefits and social services. The social protection system, on the other hand, performs a preventive function, which should not allow unfavorable situations.

2) Social security is covered by social protection, which makes it possible to implement its security function, that is, within the framework of social security, protection is carried out against those unfavorable situations that have already been implemented.

Classification of forms of social protection:

1. Depending on the role of the recipient subject. Social protection can be active or passive. Active social protection presupposes an active position of the recipient subject, for example, in the form of employment. If it is not possible to find a job for a person, then unemployment benefit is assigned.

2. By subject composition: state, municipal, corporate, social partnership and public, carried out through public associations, charitable organizations.

3. Depending on the basis for granting: contractual and non-contractual forms of social protection, the latter arise by virtue of law.

4. Depending on the degree of coverage of recipient entities: general (applies to all citizens without exception, for example, protection from emergency situations); special (categorical, they are provided to certain categories of the population, which are distinguished by professional, territorial or other characteristics); exceptional (provided on the basis of special regulations to those categories of the population that find themselves in extraordinary circumstances requiring exceptional measures, for example, protection of Chernobyl victims, protection of refugees, internally displaced persons, etc.).

Thus, the concept of "social protection" is much broader than the concept of "social security", since the latter is included in the category of the former.

In this paper, we would like to examine in more detail such an institution as "social security", since it more clearly reflects the constitutional and legal foundations of social relations and helps to determine by what means is achieved to smooth out social inequality in society.

A developed social security system is an indispensable element of a welfare state. According to article 7 of the Constitution, Russia is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure worthy of life and human development. The norms prescribed in the constitution are norms of direct action and must be followed.

Social progress requires the state to pay more attention to solving the problems of social security, and the more consistent this attention becomes, the more stable the socio-political situation in Russia, the stronger the social security of citizens, the more comfortable their life, the more comfortable psychological well-being - this will improve the level and quality of life. population of the Russian Federation.

The right of Russian citizens to social security is specified in Art. 39 of the Constitution. It says that every citizen of the Russian Federation is guaranteed social security by age, in the event of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Social security is an expression of the social policy of the state at this stage of its development.

Social security is a form of expression of the state's social policy aimed at providing material support for certain categories of citizens from the state budget and special off-budget state funds in the event of events recognized by the state as socially significant, in order to equalize the social status of these citizens in comparison with other members of society.

In the legal literature, you can find a number of other definitions of this concept.

State social security is a guaranteed system of material support for citizens (in cash and in kind) upon reaching a certain age, in case of disability, loss of a breadwinner, temporary incapacity for work, raising children, loss of earnings or income and in other cases specially stipulated by law, and also protection of their health, carried out at the expense of specially created extra-budgetary funds of compulsory social insurance, formed at the expense of insurance contributions and appropriations from the state budget of the Russian Federation by authorized bodies in the manner prescribed by law.

K.N. Gusov and M.O.Buyanova propose to understand social security as “a form of expression of the state's social policy aimed at providing material support for certain categories of citizens from the state budget and special off-budget state funds in the event of events recognized by the state at this stage of its development of socially significant, in order to equalize the social status of these citizens in comparison with other members of society. "

After analyzing these definitions, we can highlight the essential features of social security at the present stage:

1) the state nature of the organizational and legal methods of distribution of the aggregate social product established in society through the social security system;

2) legislative consolidation of the list of social risks recognized by the state as grounds for the provision of various types of social security;

3) enshrining in the norms of law or in treaties sanctioned by the state, the circle of persons subject to security;

4) rationing by the state of the social security standard, below which it cannot be, by legislative consolidation of the types of security, its level and conditions for provision.

The main functions of social security include:

1) the economic function of social security, the essence of which is that the state uses social security as one of the ways to distribute part of the gross domestic product, thereby exerting a certain impact on the equalization of personal incomes of citizens by providing material benefits instead of lost earnings or along with it upon the occurrence of social risks specified in the laws;

2) production function, which is expressed in the fact that the right to many types of social security is due to work, and the level of security often depends on its nature and the amount of remuneration for work;

3) the social (social-rehabilitation) function of social security helps to maintain the social status of citizens in the event of various social risks by providing various types of material support, social services in order to maintain a decent standard of living and prevent impoverishment;

4) the political function allows the state to implement the main directions of social policy using means specific for social security. Social policy as a purposeful impact of the state on the living conditions of people in order to implement constitutional provisions is carried out mainly through the social security system. The state of social peace in society depends on how effectively social security fulfills its political function.

5) the protective function lies in the fact that society provides social security in order to protect citizens in a difficult situation.

Social security is carried out at the expense of funds intended for these purposes. Depending on the source of funds, there are 2 types of social security:

1) state social security;

2) non-state social security.

The Constitution enshrines the legal status of citizens in the field of social security: everyone is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law (Art. 39); the right to health protection and medical care, which in state and municipal institutions health care is provided to citizens free of charge (Article 41); the right to protection from unemployment (art. 37); motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state (Art. 38).

Legal framework for social security in the Russian Federation.

Table # 1.

Federal laws governing social security relations	Categories of persons	Provided types of social security
"On state pension provision in the Russian Federation"	Federal civil servants, military personnel, participants in the Second World War, citizens affected by radiation disasters, disabled	Old age, disability, social, seniority pensions
"On labor pensions in the Russian Federation"	Insured citizens	Old-age, disability, survivor's pensions
"On the pension provision of persons doing military service, service in the internal affairs bodies, the state fire service, institutions and bodies of the penal system and their families"	Categories of Citizens Listed in the Law	Seniority, disability, survivor pensions
"On state benefits to citizens with children"	Citizens with children	Maternity allowance, a one-time allowance for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy, a one-time allowance at the birth of a child, monthly for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of 1.5 years, monthly per child.
"On employment in the Russian Federation"	Unemployed Citizens	Unemployment benefits
"On burial and funeral business"	Citizens of the Russian Federation	Social allowance for burial
"About refugees"	Citizens with refugee status	One-time cash benefit
"On state social assistance"	Citizens whose per capita income is below the subsistence level	Benefits, subsidies, social services
"On additional guarantees for the social protection of orphans and children left without parental care"	Orphans and children left without parental care	Benefits, social services
"On the status of military personnel"	Military personnel dismissed from military service without the right to retire	Manual
"On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation"	Citizens in need of social services	Social services at home, semi-inpatient and inpatient services in institutions, medical consulting assistance, urgent social services
"On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people"	Elderly citizens and people with disabilities	The same species

As can be seen from the table, regardless of the source of funds, state social security is carried out in various forms: pensions, benefits, compensation, social services.

Definitions of these concepts should be given.

Pension is a regular cash payment provided in order to reimburse citizens for wages or other income, which is made in the manner prescribed by law to certain categories of persons from special funds intended for these purposes.

Depending on the circumstances for which the right to a pension is granted, the following types of pensions are distinguished:

State pension provision;

Labor pension.

Scheme No. 1.

State pension provision is a monthly state monetary payment, the right to receive which is determined in accordance with the conditions and norms established by federal law, and which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for income lost in connection with the termination public service upon reaching the length of service established by law upon retirement on an old age (disability) retirement pension, or in order to compensate for harm caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the legal age , or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.3

Scheme No. 2.

Retirement pension is a monthly cash payment that is made in order to compensate citizens for wages or other income that the insured received before the establishment of a retirement pension or were lost by disabled family members of insured persons in connection with the death of these persons, the right to which is determined in accordance with conditions and norms established by federal law.4

The allowance is a cash payment (one-time or periodic), which is assigned to certain categories of citizens in the manner and amount established by law, in order to provide additional material assistance, and are additional to other permanent and main source of livelihood.

Compensations are cash payments addressed to people in need of social support due to circumstances beyond the control of the recipient. Among them are the following types of compensation: mothers caring for a child until they reach one and a half years of age, students on academic leave for medical reasons, etc.

Social services are the activities of social services to support, provide social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, carry out social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. The main types of social services include: social services at home, social services in inpatient institutions, temporary shelter, day stay in social service institutions, counseling, rehabilitation services.

Thus, social security is a complex, multifunctional phenomenon. Social security performs various functions that determine the purpose of social security for the population. The state determines the main directions of activity in this area. The set of guarantees provided to citizens in various situations depends on the capabilities of the state.

For example, government spending on social security in the Russian Federation in 2003 amounted to 1252.1 billion rubles, which amounted to 6.1% of the total federal budget expenditure. For example, in the United States, this percentage of the total federal budget expenditure was 22.9.

The main directions of payments go to the sphere of pensions (in 2003 they amounted to 878.6 billion rubles), the amount of funds for the payment of benefits amounted to 140.9 billion rubles. However, social tension in society at the present stage indicates that the state of the Russian social security system does not meet the needs of the population.

Shamova L.G. Welfare state. History. Modernity with. 387 // Russia: the path to a social state / Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference (Moscow, June 6, 2008). - M .: Scientific expert, 2008 .-- 1008 p.

David Jerry, Julia Jerry. A large explanatory sociological dictionary. - M .: Veche. Ast., 1999. - Vol. 1: A-O. - C 139-140.

Volodin A.G. Political economic democracy. - M .: Humanitarian, 2008.S. 119.

Goncharov P.K. Welfare state: essence and principles // Bulletin Russian University Friendship between nations. - Ser .: Political Science. - 2000. - No. 2 - P. 8

The Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by a popular vote on December 12, 1993, Article 7 // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", December 25, 1993 No. 237

L.S.Mamut. Social state from the point of view of law // State and Law, 2001. No. 7, p.4-15

See: Part 2 of Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Constitutional Law of Russia: Textbook - 3rd ed. - M .: Jurist, 2003 .-- p. 182-183

Federal Law of October 24, 1997 "On the cost of living in the Russian Federation" Part 1. Article 2 // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", No. 210, 29.10.1997

Federal Law of December 10, 1995 "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" Article 1 // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", No. 243, 19.12.1995

Federal Law of December 10, 1995 "On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" Article 4 // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", No. 243, 19.12.1995

Dolzhenkova G. D. Social security law: lecture notes // M., Yurayt-Izdat, 2007. p. 11

Dolzhenkova G. D. Social security law: lecture notes // M., Yurayt-Izdat, 2007. p.8

Sharin V. "Social security" - a concept that requires clarification // Sots. security. 2005. - No. 6. - p.37.

Buyanova M.O., Gusov K.N. Social Security Law in Russia: Textbook. // M.: TK Velbi, Prospect Publishing House, 2004. - p. 11

3 Federal Law "On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation" dated 15.12.2001 №166-ФЗ Article 2 // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation 2001 №51. Article 4831