What is the main element of social control. Social control - types and main functions. Social interaction and social control

Control It can be seen that these three parts of a person are closely related to control. The Anatomy of Control - Start, Change, and Stop. The loss of control arises with the loss of pan-determinism. When someone becomes too bigoted by turning themselves firmly against

113. Social control in a modern state In philosophy, there are two concepts of law as the main regulator of relations in the system "citizen - state" .1. "No-concept", expressed by the English philosopher John Locke in the 17th century: "Everything is allowed that is not

Territorial Control As the zone of American influence in the world expanded, the importance of the federal government increased, now ready to deal with more than just American problems. The state machine of the United States during the years of World War II turned into

10.2. Up-stream control Up-stream control is the process of analyzing or controlling something for a reason. If something happens in our life that we do not understand, it means that there is a reason that acts, or - better to say - acts by us, ahead of our willpower.

Back to Social Control

Sociology distinguishes different types and forms of social control.

Internal and external control.

A person who has mastered social norms is able to independently regulate his actions, harmonizing them with the generally accepted system of values ​​and approved patterns of behavior. This is internal control (self-control), which is based on the moral principles of a person. External control is a set of social institutions that regulate people's behavior and ensure compliance with generally accepted norms and laws.

Informal and formal control.

Informal (intragroup) control is carried out by participants in a social process and is based on the approval or condemnation of an individual's actions from the inner circle (colleagues, acquaintances, friends, family members), public opinion.

Formal (institutional) control is carried out by special public institutions, control bodies, state organizations and institutions (army, court, municipal institutions, Media, political parties, etc.).

Depending on who exercises social control, the following types are distinguished:

1. Administrative social control. For its implementation, the higher authorities endow the administration of the enterprise and its subdivisions with the appropriate powers. Administrative control is based on a predetermined, legalized procedure, on existing regulatory and legal documents and uses clearly fixed means of influence.
2. Control public organizations... It is carried out mainly by trade union organizations, various commissions formed in accordance with the Charter of trade unions.
3. Group social control, which is understood as the impact of the team, individual groups on workers. Group social control has two types: official (labor collective meetings, production meetings, etc.) and unofficial, socio-psychological, expressed in spontaneous mutual reactions of collective members to behavior. The last type of social control includes refusal of contacts, ridicule, approval, friendly disposition, etc. Often such an informal collective influence is more effective than administrative.
4. The employee's self-control over his own behavior, ie, internal control associated with the assimilation by employees of the values ​​and norms of behavior accepted in society and the team. The more individual values ​​and norms coincide with general collective values, the more effective self-control is. With an increase in the level of employee motivation, the importance of internal control based on a sense of duty, professional honor, and conscience will increase.

The most effective are influences that combine external control and self-control. The combination of external control with self-control leads to the advantages of moving to a flexible (rolling) work schedule. In this case, intra-shift losses of working time due to the fault of the employee are eliminated, delays and premature departures from work are eliminated, and the loss of time due to administrative leaves is sharply reduced.

The expansion of the role of group control and self-control of socially significant actions in the world of work is associated with an increase in the amount of responsibility of the team and the employee for the final results of labor. Responsibility as a significant behavioral characteristic and acts as a means of self-control.

Strengthening in modern conditions the importance of such subjects of social control as the primary labor collective and the employee himself, presupposes the expansion of their powers, rights and obligations contributes to their implementation in practical labor activity. Participation in social control means that the primary collective and each employee becomes the subject of responsibility, including legal, economic, moral. After all, responsibility arises only when a participant in an employment relationship is endowed with rights, obligations, and independence.

Responsibility as the most important sociological category characterizes the employee's attitude to society, work, workmates and reflects the implementation of legal and moral standards, role responsibilities. The set of role responsibilities of the employee, primarily production and functional, depending on the positions he occupies in the system social relations, characterizes the scope of his responsibility. By becoming an active participant in social control, the employee is responsible for his actions and actions, first of all, to himself.

The responsibility of each employee is closely related to the degree of his independence in the world of work. The higher the production independence of an employee, expressed, in particular, in the ability to choose the methods of performing the assigned work himself, to keep records of the results of labor, the higher his initiative and sense of labor responsibility, the more responsible his behavior.

Further development of the problem of responsibility is associated with the specification of the types, conditions, limits, the mechanism for the implementation of responsibility, as well as a combination of collective and personal responsibility in the world of work.

The influence of social control largely determines the higher economic results team work versus individual work. Group mutual control in teams allows you to assess the discipline and conscientiousness of each member of the team, to form a responsible attitude to the work performed. In brigades of the new type, the number of discipline violations is significantly reduced.

For effective group peer review, it is important to establish optimal size primary team. It should not exceed an average of 7-15 employees. The large number of the primary labor collective leads to a lack of information about the contribution of each to the common cause. Under these conditions, relationships of mutual responsibility and interchangeability cause tension in interpersonal relationships, anxiety, and dissatisfaction. Mutual social control stops working. In practice, however, when the teams are formed, the sociological aspects of their functioning are underestimated, they do not attach due importance to the creation of conditions for the operation of the mechanism of mutual social control.

Marginal
Social politics
Social role
Social family
Social system
Social structure

Back | | Up

© 2009-2018 Financial Management Center. All rights reserved. Publication of materials
allowed with the obligatory indication of a link to the site.

Control in all professions goes through the same developmental stages.

§ 3. Types of social and legal control.

Leaders decide

the issue of accepting new members, regulate powers, set standards for practical

work and professional ethics, agree on different levels of monopoly on the solution. However

less, in control in social work, its own distinctive, characteristic features are manifested.

Social work are distinguished by its special ties with other professions and social

institutes. Traditionally, social workers implement linking, mediating and

protective social functions, while fulfilling its main function of providing

to individuals and families of practical social services, the expansion of the scope of which

started after 1991. Social workers today have a wide range of activities.

Gain social work was reflected in the expansion of its scope and ambiguity

professional functions.

Modern professional social work leaders not only accept but

and exploit this ambiguity.

It is probably impossible to achieve absolute clarity about

functions of employees of organizations social service... Wide range of species

activities and situations covered may partly explain why control

consider how educational process, then, how the process of management, then, how the mixing of that and

As you organize and expand social services, as you comprehend the work on

studying the living conditions of dysfunctional families and helping them in the field of control arose

individual mentoring approach, corresponding to an individual approach to each

occasion. The emphasis placed on the learning control function has also been influenced by the development of

university training of professionals. Control џ ° _____ is perceived as a means of transmission

knowledge and skills from an experienced, trained worker to an inexperienced one. And in the area

professional education - from the teacher and the head of the practice to the student.

Social workers often express dissatisfaction with the monitoring and control of their

work, especially with regard to over-dependence in the application of traditional forms. They

want to be considered practicing professionals and not be supervised.

In the early stages of professional development on the basis of the "mentor - student" model

knowledge is defined and principles are formed practical work... Until knowledge

acquire transferable, generalized forms, trainees learn by following the example of a mentor, and

B.45 Social control: forms and types.

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants are defined by the concept of "social control".

Social control- a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. V narrow sense, social control is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of the activities and behavior of people.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions- any reaction from others to the behavior of a person or group.

Views:Informal(intragroup) - based on the approval or condemnation of a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media.

Formal(institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)

In sociological science it is known 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with a reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or the unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions political activities person, satisfaction and implementation of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building the rule of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society: the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; competition between the structures that form it and different groups of people; freely forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social policy of the state; diversified economy; a large share in the middle class society. The state of civil society, his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose of the state... Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of the main spheres of its activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, possessing relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its state. This influence is usually positive, aimed at maintaining stability and progressive development of civil society. Although history knows and opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon of social power has qualitative characteristics. It is organized in the form of a state apparatus; carries out management of society through a system of functions and certain methods. Outwardly, the state is presented in various forms. State signs- its qualitative features, expressing the characteristics of the state in comparison with other organizations that exercise power and management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of exercising power, special public power, inextricable link with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

Mass consciousness- the base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk behavior(including spontaneous) is a term of political psychology, which denotes various forms of behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

Forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, pogrom, riot.

mass hysteria- a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch-hunt", post-war "cold war", trials over "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, media escalation of the threat of a "third world war" in the 1960s 70 years, mass intolerance towards representatives of other nationalities.)

gossip- a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is disseminated through informal channels.

panic- such a form of mass behavior, when people faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and injuring each other.

pogrom- a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or an individual.

riot- a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, excitement, turmoil, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

the culture Is a system of values ​​accumulated by mankind over the long history of its development.

Concept, structure and types of social control

including all forms and means of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture is also a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). The main elements of culture: language, customs, traditions, customs, laws, values.

Values- these are socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what kindness, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. It is values ​​that are the defining element of culture, its core. They act as a) the desired, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, art form, etc.; b) a criterion for assessing real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally stimulate to activity. V value system social subject may include different values:

1 ) meaningful (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal safety, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (hard work, social status, etc.); c) interpersonal communication (honesty, selflessness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to a small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).

The main types of social control.

Social control- a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals. In an ordinary sense, social control is reduced to a system of laws and sanctions, with the help of which the individual coordinates his behavior with the expectations of his neighbors and his own expectations from the surrounding social world.

Social control includes:

· Expectation - expectations of others in relation to this person;

· Social norms - patterns that prescribe what people should do in specific situations .;

· Social sanction - a measure of impact.

Forms of social control- ways of regulating human life in society, due to various social processes.

The most common forms of social control are:

v law - a set of legal acts;

v taboo - a system of prohibitions on the commission of any actions;

v customs - ways of behavior of people, common in a given society;

v traditions - such customs that have developed historically in connection with the culture of a given ethnic group;

v morality - customs associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group;

v morals - customs that characterize the forms of behavior of people in a particular social stratum;

v manners - a set of behavioral habits of a given person or social group;

v habit is an unconscious action of an automated nature;

v etiquette - a set of rules of conduct related to the external manifestation of attitudes towards people.

Social norms Are established standards of behavior from the point of view of society and specific social groups.

Most social norms are unwritten rules.

Signs of social norms:

1) general validity;

2) the possibility of applying sanctions (awards or punishments);

3) the presence of a subjective side (freedom to comply with norms);

4) interdependence (systems of norms that regulate the actions of people);

5) the scale is divided into social (customs, traditions, laws) and group (mores, manners, habits).

Social sanction- a measure of influence, the most important means of social control.

Types of sanctions: negative and positive, formal and informal.

Negative sanctions are directed against a person who has deviated from social norms.

Positive sanctions are aimed at supporting and approving a person who follows these norms.

Formal sanctions are imposed by an official, public or government agency or their representative.

Informal usually involves the reaction of group members, friends, coworkers, relatives, etc.

Positive sanctions are usually more powerful than negative ones. The strength of the impact of sanctions depends on many circumstances, the most important of which is agreement on their application.

The concept of social deviation.

Social deviation - social behavior deviating from the accepted, socially acceptable behavior in a particular society. It can be both negative (alcoholism) and positive. Negative deviant behavior leads to the application of certain formal and informal sanctions by society (isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender).

Causes of deviant behavior

· The basic premise of all theories of physical types is that certain physical traits of the personality predetermine the various deviations from the norms that it makes.

· In accordance with sociological, or cultural, theories, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they go through in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the personality.

· Deviant behavior is one of the ways of adapting culture to social changes. There is no modern society that has remained for a long time

Types of social deviations

Cultural and mental disabilities.

Social control - types and main functions

Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from cultural norms.

Individual and group deviations.

Individual, when a separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

Group, considered as the conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture

Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviation refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. Secondary deviation is called a deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.

Culturally approved deviations. Deviant behavior is always judged in terms of the culture of a given society:

Superintelligence.

Overmotivation.

Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations, manifested in the form of extraordinary achievements and activity aimed at the development of generally accepted cultural values.

The function of primary social control is the moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as responsibility and obligation in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older generation. This function is also performed primarily by women. She carries out the formation and support of legal and moral sanctions in case of violation of the norms of relations between family members. With the successful reproduction of the social structure of society in a small social group that meets the general requirements, the provision of social status to each member of the family is ensured, and conditions are created to meet individual needs for social advancement.

Leisure function - its main goal is communication, maintaining harmony in the family between its members.

This function presupposes the organization of rational leisure time with simultaneous social control, mutual enrichment. Holidays, evenings of relaxation, hiking, reading fiction and scientific literature, watching TV, listening to the radio, visiting cinema, theaters, museums, etc.

Leisure is a change of activity, excluding idle pastime. Unfortunately, this function has received little attention from parents, especially fathers. To a greater extent, a woman is aware of this, imagining that the organization of leisure is a social function, a moral duty to society, since it contributes to the moral strengthening of the family. It is especially important to support the desire of children to communicate in clubs, hikes, etc. To awaken love for nature, a sensitive attitude to it, to be able to see beauty - an extremely important moment in the educational activities of a family.

Sexual function is the appropriate control over the moral side of intimate relationships of family members (spouses) while instilling in an individual real ideas about intimate relationships. With this function, from the point of view of appropriate upbringing, parents do not cope well. Prostitution, trafficking and exploitation of women are widespread in the country. Parenting is opposed by the media, in fact, supporting this disturbing social phenomenon.

The multifunctional role of women in the modern family cannot be justified either theoretically or practically.

It is necessary to develop a national mechanism for managing social processes that determine the position of women in a small social group, and creating conditions for the practical application of the theory of equality of family rights and responsibilities in life.

Ways to strengthen the family.

One of the manifestations of the family crisis is divorce. According to statistics, a divorce case is initiated mainly at the request of a woman, since a woman in our time has become independent, she works, she can support her family and does not want to put up with her husband's shortcomings. In opinion polls, more than half of men and women would like to remarry. Only an insignificant part chose loneliness. In divorce, apart from spouses, there are also interested persons - children. The more divorces, the fewer children. This is the social harm of divorce. Divorce reduces the family's educational opportunities for children. Children suffer a lot of psychological trauma that parents often do not think about. Many people know that they cause suffering to their children, but not many understand what they can lead to, how this will affect the child in his later life.

Divorce is assessed as a blessing only if it changes to better conditions shaping the personality of the child, puts an end to the negative impact on the psyche of the child of marital conflicts.

According to some psychologists, the cause of most marital problems and divorces is the lack of love between spouses and lack of peace of mind.

Social control

In other words, the cause of such social problems as violence, treason, drug or alcohol addiction, etc. among married men and married women one must look for emotional poverty. That is why many modern thinkers are looking for ways to strengthen love between spouses.

At the state level, in order to prevent divorce, they create and expand a system for preparing young people for marriage, as well as a socio-psychological service to help families and single people.

Back in the early 70s, sociological and demographic studies and surveys of the population revealed a shift in personal values ​​towards “material fetishism”. At that time, questions about family and children were already causing endless complaints about housing and material difficulties. But children are not born purely for economic reasons. The intensive use of references to material obstacles to childbirth, called the “concept of obstacles” in sociological demography and family sociology, testifies to the universality of alienation in this area.

Pages: 1 2 3

Other materials:

Sociological science knows 4 fundamental forms of social control:

· External control;

· Internal control;

· Control through identification with the reference group;

· Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

1) The first form of control is external social control- This is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activity of the individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment.

This form is the most well-known and understandable, but in modern conditions it seems ineffective, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, and someone must also follow them.

2) The second form of control is internal social control is a self-control exercised by a person, aimed at harmonizing his own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. For this form of control to function successfully, society must have an established system of norms and values.

3) The third form is control through identification with a reference group- allows to show the actor possible and desirable for society models of behavior, seemingly without limiting the freedom of choice of the actor;

4) The fourth form - the so-called "many possibilities" - suggests that by showing the agent various possible options for achieving the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the agent's choice of those forms that are undesirable for society.

Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. His social control is carried out in the following forms:

· Compulsion, the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms

· Influence of public opinion... People in society are also controlled by public opinion or by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences adopted in this society.

· Regulation in social institutions and organizations... Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, media, administration of institutions).

· Group pressure... A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has an established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

37. Deviant behavior, its reasons.

The process of socialization (the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values ​​necessary for his successful functioning in a given society) reaches a certain degree of completion when a person reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition of an integral social status by a person (a status that determines a person's position in society). However, in the process of socialization, failures and failures are possible. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - these are various forms of negative behavior of persons, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law. It is customary to refer to the main forms of deviant behavior as delinquency, including crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for the new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which prevents him from moving forward.

Consider the different types of social deviations.

1. Cultural and mental disorders. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from cultural norms. Psychologists, on the other hand, are interested in mental deviations from the norms of personal organization: psychoses, neuroses, and so on. People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental disorders. However, personal disorganization is far from the only reason for deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms accepted in society, and, conversely, for individuals who are mentally completely normal, very serious deviations are characteristic. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.

2. Individual and group deviations.

o individual, when a separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

o group, considered as the conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture (for example, adolescents from difficult families who spend most of their lives in basements. "Basement life" seems to them normal, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes.In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, since adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture).

3. Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviation refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerant that he does not socially qualify as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a small prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Secondary deviation is called a deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.

4. Culturally Approved Deviations. Deviant behavior is always judged in terms of the culture of a given society. It should be highlighted necessary qualities and behaviors that can lead to socially acceptable deviations:

o superintelligence. Increased intelligence can be considered as a way of behavior that leads to socially approved deviations only upon reaching a limited number of social statuses .;

o special inclinations. Allow to show unique qualities in very narrow, specific areas of activity.

o overmotivation. Many sociologists believe that intense motivation often compensates for the hardships or experiences of childhood or adolescence. For example, it is believed that Napoleon was highly motivated to achieve success and power as a result of the loneliness he experienced in childhood, or Niccolo Paganini constantly strived for fame and honor as a result of the needs and ridicule of his peers transferred in childhood;

There are three types of theories in the study of the causes of deviant behavior: theories of physical types, psychoanalytic theories, and sociological or cultural theories. Let's dwell on each of them.

1. The basic premise of all theories of physical types is that certain physical traits of the personality predetermine the various deviations from the norms that it makes. Among the followers of theories of physical types can be called C. Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon. In the works of these authors, there is one basic idea: people with a certain physical constitution tend to commit social deviations, condemned by society. However, practice has shown the inconsistency of theories of physical types. Everyone knows cases when individuals with the face of cherubim committed the most serious crimes, and an individual with coarse, "criminal" features could not offend a fly.

2. The basis of psychoanalytic theories of deviant behavior is the study of conflicts occurring in the consciousness of the individual. According to the theory of Z. Freud, under the layer of active consciousness of every personality there is an area of ​​the unconscious - this is our psychic energy, in which everything natural and primitive is concentrated. A person is able to protect himself from his own natural "lawless" state by forming his own I, as well as the so-called super-I, determined exclusively by the culture of society. However, a state may arise when internal conflicts between the I and the unconscious, as well as between the super-I and the unconscious, destroy the protection and our internal content, which does not know culture, breaks out. In this case, a deviation from the cultural norms developed by the social environment of the individual can occur.

3. In accordance with sociological, or cultural, theories, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they undergo in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the individual. When the processes of socialization are successful, the individual first adapts to the cultural norms surrounding him, then perceives them in such a way that the approved norms and values ​​of the society or group become his emotional need, and the prohibitions of culture become a part of his consciousness. He perceives cultural norms in such a way that he automatically acts in the expected demeanor most of the time. The presence in everyday practice of a large number of conflicting norms, uncertainty in connection with this of the possible choice of a line of behavior can lead to a phenomenon called by E. Durkheim anomie (a state of absence of norms). According to Durkheim, anomie is a state in which a person does not have a firm sense of belonging, no reliability and stability in choosing a line of normative behavior. Robert C. Merton made some changes to Durkheim's concept of anomie. He believes that the reason for the deviation is the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved (legal or institutional) means of achieving them. For example, while a society supports the efforts of its members in striving to improve welfare and high social status, the legal means of members of society to achieve this state are very limited: when a person cannot achieve prosperity through talent and ability (legal means), he can resort to deception, forgery or theft, not approved by society.

38. Socialization. The main agents and stages of socialization.

Socialization- the formation of personality - the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to function successfully in society. Human socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. In its process, he assimilates the social experience accumulated by mankind in various spheres of life, which allows him to fulfill certain vital social roles.

Socialization agents

The most important role in how a person grows up, how his formation will take place is played by people, in direct interaction with whom his life proceeds. They are called socialization agents. At different age stages, the composition of the agents is specific. So, in relation to children and adolescents, these are parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, peers, neighbors, teachers. In adolescence or youth, the number of agents also includes a spouse, work colleagues, etc. According to their role in socialization, agents differ depending on how important they are for a person, how the interaction with them is built, in which direction and by what means they exert their influence.

Socialization levels

In sociology, there are two levels of socialization: the level of primary socialization and the level of secondary socialization. Primary socialization takes place in the field of interpersonal relationships in small groups. The immediate environment of the individual acts as the primary agents of socialization: parents, close and distant relatives, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, etc. Secondary socialization occurs at the level of large social groups and institutions. Secondary agents are formal organizations, official institutions: representatives of the administration and school, army, state, etc.

39. Public opinion: methods of study, functions, problems of truth.

Public opinion- the average and supported by the majority point of view of various social groups on any problem, taking into account the development of mass consciousness and role representations of the social group about behavior and thinking within society.

public relations In most cases, they can use the data of public opinion polls, which are constantly published in the media, and, if necessary, obtain such information from commercial organizations conducting sociological research. In Russia, for example, this is professionally dealt with by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), the Russian Internet resource "Public Library",

The main method on which the study of society is built is observation. There are three most common types of PR research:

Sociological research. Their task is to find out the attitudes and opinions of people, that is, their thoughts about certain subjects.

Communication audit conducted with the aim of analyzing inconsistencies arising from communication between the management of organizations and target groups of the public.

Informal research. These include the accumulation of facts, analysis of various information materials and others, that is, methods that do not require direct intervention in the work of the objects of research.

Consider case studies. There are two general types of sociological research:

1. Descriptive research. They provide the ability to take a snapshot of a specific situation or conditions. Public opinion polls are a typical example.

2. Problem studies. Their purpose is to explain how this or that situation has developed, why certain opinions and attitudes prevail.

Sociological research consists of four elements: sample, questionnaire (questionnaire), interview, analysis of results.

Sampling is the selection of a group of survey units, which should represent a set of people (object of research), whose opinion the researcher seeks to find out. There are two factors to consider in the sampling process:

Determination of the method of probabilistic sampling;

Compliance with the principle of objectivity.

Taking these factors into account, two main methods of selecting respondents can be used: random and non-random. The first method is more scientific, the second less formal. Random sampling gives each member of the population the opportunity to be included in the sample. There are four types of random samples.

1. Simple random sampling. A general list of the population is drawn up, and then the required number of units for the survey is selected from it, according to the principle of randomness. The size of the random sample depends on the size of the population and its homogeneity.

2. Systematized random sampling. It looks like a simple random sample. But here there is a random starting point in the general population list and a certain step of reference. The reliability of this type of sample is somewhat lower.

3. Stratified random sample. It is used to study different segments of groups (strata) of the population.

4. Sample formed by cluster selection. Cluster selection of a sample involves first dividing the population into small homogeneous subgroups (clusters), and then a corresponding representative selection of potential respondents from each of them.

Non-random selection. Such samples are divided into two types - suitable and quota.

1. Applicable samples are selected on a “take advantage of the opportunity” principle. These are mostly unstructured, unsystematic samples designed to clarify an opinion or point of view (as an example - journalistic interviews on the street).

2. Quota (target) samples provide the researcher of public opinion with the opportunity to select respondents according to certain characteristics (women, men, representatives of certain races, national minorities, property status, etc.). The quota is set in proportion to the share of each of the groups in general composition population. The advantage is the homogeneity of the sample under study, the reliability of the study.

Application form. Rules for constructing a questionnaire:

1. The questionnaire should include only those questions that will help in achieving the goal.

2. Starting to develop a questionnaire, first of all, you should write an introduction, which indicates who and for what purpose applies to him, emphasize the confidentiality of information.

3. Use structured, closed-ended questions in the questionnaire. Such questions involve similar responses such as "very satisfied", "satisfied", "not satisfied", "completely dissatisfied."

4. Questions should be formulated so that they are accessible and specific.

5. Do not formulate preconceived questions.

6. Do not combine two different questions into one.

7. Ask questions that cover the whole problem.

8. The questionnaire should always be tested. The developed questionnaire should be shown to your colleagues and carefully listened to their comments and suggestions.

Interview. There are several types of interviews: personal, telephone, group (focus groups).

Group interviews are the most common form of research work in PR practice.

Public opinion functions:

The functions of public opinion differ depending on the nature of the interaction of the opinions of certain social institutions or individuals primarily on the nature of the influence, the impact of the first on the second, on the content of the expressed opinion, on its form. The following functions are characteristic of public opinion: expressive (in a narrower sense, control); advisory; directive.

The expressive function is the broadest in meaning. Public opinion always takes a certain position in relation to any facts and events in the life of society, the actions of various institutions, leaders of the state. This feature gives this phenomenon the character of a force standing above the institutions of power, evaluating and controlling the activities of institutions and leaders of parties and the state.

The second function is advisory. Public opinion gives advice on how to resolve certain social, economic, political, ideological, interstate problems. This opinion will be fair if, of course, government institutions are interested in such responses. Listening to these advice, "leading leaders", groups, clans are forced to adjust decisions and methods of management.

And, finally, the directive function of public opinion is manifested in the fact that the public makes decisions on certain problems of social life that are imperative in nature, for example, the expression of the will of the people during elections, referendums. In these cases, the people not only give a mandate of trust to this or that leader, but also express their opinion. Imperative statements occupy a very significant place in politics.

Depending on the content of the judgments formed by the public, opinions can be evaluative, analytical, constructive and regulatory. An evaluative opinion expresses an attitude towards certain problems or facts. It has more emotions than analytical conclusions, inferences. Analytical and constructive public opinion are closely related: making a decision requires deep and comprehensive analysis, which requires elements of theoretical thinking, and sometimes intense work of thought. But in terms of content, analytical and instructive opinions do not coincide. The meaning of regulatory public opinion is that it develops and implements certain norms of social relations and operates with a whole set of norms, principles, traditions, customs, morals, etc. that are not written by law. Usually it implements the code of rules that is enshrined in moral consciousness people, groups, collectives. Public opinion can also take the form of positive or negative judgments.

truth and falsity of statements the public depend primarily on the reasoning subject himself, as well as the sources from which he draws knowledge.

the degree of truth of an opinion based on personal experience(passed through the prism personal experience), depends on the speaker's judgment... In life, quite often there are extremely maturely reasoning "youngsters" and completely "green" elders, just like those far from direct practice, but nevertheless possessing the truth "theorists" and those who fell into the grossest mistakes "from the plow ”. The nature of this phenomenon is simple: people, regardless of direct experience, are more or less literate, educated, more or less competent, capable of analysis.

40. The essence and concept of culture. Common and cultural differences.

Culture is understood as ...

· A set of material and spiritual values ​​created and created by humanity and constituting its spiritual and social being.

· A historically determined level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create. (TSB)

The total volume of creativity of mankind (Daniil Andreev)

· A complex, multilevel sign system that simulates a picture of the world in each society and determines a person's place in it.

Culture shapes the personalities of members of society, thereby largely regulating their behavior.

According to anthropologists, culture has four elements.

1. Concepts (concepts). They are found mainly in the language. Thanks to them, it becomes possible to streamline the experience of people.

2. Relationships. Cultures not only single out certain parts of the world with the help of concepts, but also reveal how these constituent parts are related to each other - in space and time, in meaning (for example, black is opposite to white), on the basis of causality (“regret the rod - spoil child ”). Our language has words for earth and sun, and we are sure that the earth revolves around the sun. But before Copernicus, people believed the opposite was true. Cultures often interpret relationships in different ways.

Each culture forms certain ideas about the relationship between concepts related to the sphere the real world and to the realm of the supernatural.

3. Values. Values ​​are generally accepted beliefs about goals that a person should strive for. They form the basis of moral principles.

Different cultures may favor different values ​​(heroism on the battlefield, artistic creativity, asceticism), and each social order establishes what is value and what is not.

4. Rules. These elements (including norms) regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values ​​of a particular culture. For example, our legal system includes many laws that prohibit killing, injuring, or threatening others. These laws reflect how highly we value the life and well-being of an individual. Likewise, we have dozens of laws prohibiting burglary, appropriation of other people's property, damage to property, etc. They reflect our desire to protect personal property.

How important culture is for the functioning of the individual and society can be judged by the behavior of people who are not covered by socialization. The uncontrolled, or infantile, behavior of the so-called jungle children, who were completely deprived of communication with people, testifies to the fact that without socialization, people are not able to assimilate an orderly lifestyle, master the language and learn to earn a livelihood.

Each society has carried out its own selection of cultural forms. Each society, from the point of view of the other, neglects the main thing and is engaged in unimportant matters. In one culture, material values ​​are barely recognized; in another, they have a decisive influence on people's behavior. In one society, technology is treated with incredible disdain, even in areas necessary for human survival; in another similar society, constantly improving technology meets the requirements of the times. But each society creates a huge cultural superstructure that covers the entire life of a person - both youth and death, and the memory of him after death.

As a result of this selection, past and present cultures are completely different. In some societies, war was considered the most noble human activity. In others, they hated her, and the representatives of the third had no idea about her. In one culture, a woman had the right to marry her relative. The norms of another culture strongly prohibit this.

Even a cursory encounter with two or more cultures convinces that the differences between them are endless. We and They travel on different sides, They speak a different language. We have different opinions about which behavior is insane and which is normal; we have different concepts of a virtuous life. It is much more difficult to define the common features common to all cultures — cultural universals.

Sociologists identify more than 60 cultural universals. These include sports, body decoration, teamwork, dancing, education, funeral rituals, gift-giving, hospitality, incest prohibitions, jokes, language, religious practices, tool making, and attempts to influence the weather.

However, different cultures may have different sports, jewelry, etc. The environment is one of the factors causing these differences. In addition, all cultural characteristics are due to the history of a particular society and are formed as a result of a unique development of events. On the basis of different types of cultures, different sports, prohibitions on blood marriages and languages ​​have arisen, but most importantly, they are in one form or another in every culture.

There is a tendency in society to judge other cultures in terms of the superiority of its own. This tendency is called entocentrism. The principles of ethnocentrism are clearly expressed in the activities of missionaries who seek to convert “barbarians” to their faith. Ethnocentrism is associated with xenophobia - fear and dislike for other people's views and customs.

41. Interaction of culture and economy.

Traditionally, culture has been the subject of research in philosophy, sociology, art history, history, literary criticism, and other disciplines, and the economic sphere of culture has practically not been studied.

At the initial stages of the development of human society, the term "culture" was identified with the main type economic activity of that time - agriculture.

At the initial stages of the study of economic culture, it can be defined through the most general economic category " mode of production»,

The economic culture should include not only relations of production, but also the whole set of social relations that affect technological way production, material production, per person as his main agent. Thus, in a broad sense, economic culture is a combination of material and spiritual socially developed means of activity, with the help of which the material and production life of people is carried out.

In the structure of economic culture, it is necessary to highlight the main structure-forming factor. Such a factor is a person's labor activity.

any labor activity is associated with the disclosure of the creative abilities of the manufacturer, but the degree of development of creative moments in the labor process is different. The more creative work is, the richer the cultural activity of a person, the higher the level of work culture.

The culture of work includes the skills of using tools of labor, conscious management of the process of creating material and spiritual wealth, the free use of one's abilities, the use of the achievements of science and technology in labor activity.

There is a general trend towards an increase in the economic cultural level. This is reflected in the use of the latest technology and technological processes, advanced methods and forms of labor organization, the introduction of progressive forms of management and planning, development, science, knowledge in raising the education of workers.

For a long time, the state of economic culture was "described" in the strict framework of the praise of socialism. However, as the main tendency of all economic indicators to decline (growth rates of production and investment, labor productivity, budget deficit, etc.) became apparent, the inoperability became apparent. economic system socialism. This made us rethink our reality in a new way and start looking for answers to many questions. Practical steps are being taken towards the market, democratization of property relations, development of entrepreneurship, which, undoubtedly, is evidence of the emergence of qualitatively new features of the economic culture of modern society.

42. Forms of culture. Problems of mass culture.

Culture - a set of material and spiritual values ​​created and created by humanity and constituting its spiritual and social being.

In most modern societies, culture exists in
the following basic forms:

1) high, or elite culture - fine art,
classical music and literature created and consumed by the elite;

2) folk culture - fairy tales, songs, folklore, myths, traditions,
customs;

3) mass culture - a culture that has developed with the development of means
mass media created for the mass and consumed by the mass.

There is a point of view that mass culture is a product of the mass itself. The owners of the media only study the needs of the masses and give what the masses want.

Another point of view is that popular culture
product of the intelligentsia hired by the owners of the media
information. It is a means of manipulating the masses, imposing on them
their values ​​and living standards.

World culture Is a synthesis of the best achievements of all national cultures of the peoples inhabiting our planet.
National culture - the highest form of development of ethnic culture, which is characterized not only by the presence of a kind of cultural system based on social solidarity and the experience of living together in a certain territory, but also by the presence of a high professional level of culture and world significance

Popular culture can be international and national. As a rule, it has less artistic value than elite or folk art. But unlike elite mass culture, it has a larger audience, and in comparison with folk culture it is always author's.

43. Types of sociological research. Stages of sociological research.

sociological research can be defined as a system of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, interconnected by a common goal: to obtain reliable data about the studied phenomenon or process, about the tendencies and contradictions of their development, so that these data can be used in the practice of managing social life ...

Sociological research includes four successive stages: research preparation; collection of primary sociological information; preparation of the collected information for processing and its processing; analysis of the information received, summing up the research results, formulating conclusions and recommendations.

The specific type of sociological research is determined by the nature of the goals and objectives set in it. It is in accordance with them that three main types of sociological research are distinguished: intelligence, descriptive and analytical.

Intelligence research solves tasks that are very limited in their content. It covers, as a rule, small survey populations and is based on a simplified program and a compressed toolbox.

Intelligence research is used for preliminary examination a certain process or phenomena. The need for such a preliminary stage, as a rule, arises when the problem is either little or not studied at all.

Descriptive research is more complex sociological analysis, which allows you to form a relatively holistic idea of ​​the studied phenomenon, its structural elements. Comprehension, consideration of such comprehensive information helps to better understand the situation, more deeply substantiate the choice of means, forms and methods of managing social processes.

A descriptive study is carried out according to a complete, sufficiently detailed program and on the basis of a methodically approved toolkit. Its methodological and methodological equipment makes it possible to group and classify elements according to those characteristics that are highlighted as essential in connection with the problem under study.

Descriptive research is usually used when the object is a relatively large community of people with different characteristics. It could be a team large enterprise where people of different professions and age categories work, with different work experience, educational level, marital status, etc., or the population of a city, district, region, region. In such situations, the allocation of relatively homogeneous groups in the structure of the object makes it possible to carry out an alternate assessment, comparison and comparison of the characteristics of interest to the researcher, and in addition, to identify the presence or absence of connections between them.

Social control

Social control- a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals. In an ordinary sense, social control is reduced to a system of laws and sanctions, with the help of which the individual coordinates his behavior with the expectations of his neighbors and his own expectations from the surrounding social world.

Sociology and psychology have always sought to reveal the mechanism of internal social control.

Types of social control

There are two types of social control processes:

• processes that induce individuals to internalize existing social norms, the processes of socialization of family and school education, during which the internal requirements of society - social prescriptions occur;
• processes organizing the social experience of individuals, lack of publicity in society, publicity is a form of society's control over the behavior of ruling strata and groups;

Deviance

Social behavior that does not comply with the norm, considered by the majority of members of society as reprehensible and unacceptable, is called deviant, or deviant. Deviance should not be understood as a quality of specific behavior.

In the narrow sense, deviant behavior means such behavioral deviations that do not entail criminal punishment.

Social interaction and social control

The starting point for the emergence social connection is the interaction of individuals or groups of individuals to meet certain needs.

Interaction is any behavior of an individual or a group of individuals that is important for other individuals and groups of individuals or society as a whole at the moment and in the future. The category "interaction" expresses the nature of the content of relations between people. And also by social groups as permanent carriers of qualitatively different types of activity, differing in social positions (statuses) and roles (functions). Regardless of in which sphere of society's life the interaction takes place, it is always social in nature, since it expresses connections between individuals and groups of individuals; links mediated by the goals that each of the interacting parties pursues.

Social interaction has an objective and subjective side.
Objective side of interaction- these are connections that are independent of individuals, but mediate and control the content and nature of their interaction.
Subjective side of interaction- This is a conscious attitude of individuals towards each other, based on mutual expectations of appropriate behavior. it interpersonal relationships, which represent direct connections and relationships between individuals, developing in specific conditions of place and time.

The mechanism of social interaction includes:

• individuals (performing actions);
• changes in the outside world caused by these actions;
• the impact of these changes on other individuals;
• feedback from affected individuals.

Under the influence of P. A. Sorokin and G. Simmel, interaction in his subjective interpretation was accepted as the initial concept of group theory, and then became the initial concept of American sociology. “The main thing in social interaction is the content side. It all depends on the individual and social properties and qualities of the interacting parties. "

Everyday experience, symbols and meanings that guide the interacting individuals give their interaction a certain quality. But in this case, the main qualitative aspect of interaction is left aside, real social processes and phenomena that appear for people in the form of symbols, meanings, and everyday experience.

The way an individual interacts with other individuals and the social environment as a whole determines the "refraction" of social norms and values ​​through the individual's consciousness and his real actions based on understanding these norms and values.

The way of interaction includes six aspects:

• Transfer of information;
• Receiving the information;
• Reaction to the information received;
• Revised information;
• Obtaining processed information;
• Reaction to this information.

Social control- a system of processes and mechanisms that ensure the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and the functioning of the social system as a whole. Social control:

• carried out through regulation human behavior; and
• ensures adherence to social norms.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Velimir
• Zeven Convention

See what "Social control" is in other dictionaries:

SOCIAL CONTROL Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Social control- a mechanism by which society and its subdivisions (groups, organizations) ensure compliance with the system of restrictions (conditions), the violation of which is detrimental to the functioning of the social system; organic control. Main ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

SOCIAL CONTROL- The control that society exercises over individuals within it. The forms of such control, first of all, are the processes of socialization and the resulting internapization of the norms and values ​​of society. This term is not usually used for ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

Social control- One of the disciplines of social psychology. studying the impact of the social environment on human behavior. The possibilities (at least in theory) seem almost limitless. Using the methods of forgery, persuasion and propaganda ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia

SOCIAL CONTROL- a set of processes in a social system (society, social group, organization, etc.), through which the adherence to the definition is ensured. "Models" of activity, as well as compliance with restrictions in behavior, the violation of which ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

SOCIAL CONTROL- the mechanism of self-regulation of the system, which ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative regulation. As part of common system coordination of the interaction of individuals and society, primary S.K. given by ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

social control- a mechanism by which society and its subdivisions (groups, organizations) ensure compliance with the system of restrictions (conditions), the violation of which is detrimental to the functioning of the social system; organic control. Main ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

SOCIAL CONTROL- (SOCIAL CONTROL) According to most sociologists, social control is achieved through a combination of obedience, coercion and adherence to social values. For example, T. Parsons (1951) defined social control as ... ... Sociological Dictionary

Social control- a mechanism by which society and its subdivisions (groups, organizations) ensure compliance with certain restrictions (conditions), the violation of which is detrimental to the functioning of the social system. As such restrictions ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Social control- (see Social control) ... Human ecology

Books

• Criminology. Theory, history, empirical base, social control. Author's course, Gilinsky Yakov Ilyich. The proposed book is the fourth, revised, significantly enlarged and revised monographic edition of the famous scientist, which can serve as a textbook of criminology for ...