What is the difference between the life of a rural resident and a town-dweller. Characteristics of urban and rural social media What is characteristic of a rural lifestyle
Social environment has a huge impact on adolescents. However, the social environment includes not only such components as a school, family, peers, but also a place of residence - in the city or countryside. Urban and rural residents have significant differences in lifestyle and value orientations. Therefore, we will give a characteristic of rural and urban settlements, characterize the features of the lifestyle of their inhabitants.
Rural settlements. Features of the rural lifestyle are associated with the peculiarities of there and the life of residents: labor subordination to rhythms and cycles of the year; heavier than usual in the city, working conditions; low opportunities for the labor mobility of residents; a large luminarity of labor and life, indisputability and labor-intensity of labor in home and subsidiary farms; A set of lessons in your free time is pretty limited. In the lifeguard of rural settlements, elements of the traditional neighbor community have been preserved. They have a fairly stable composition of the inhabitants, the weak of its socio-professional and cultural differentiation, typical of close related and neighboring connections.
In general, modern villages and villages retain many traditional features of a rural lifestyle, rhythm is dimensional, leisurely, retains elements of nature appearance. The time is not always considered by a rural resident as fast going as social value.
For the village, the "openness" of communication is characteristic. The absence of large social and cultural differences between residents, the few of the real and possible contacts make chatting of the village fairly close and covering all parties to life. Friendship and friendship are weakly differentiated, and therefore the emotional depth and intensity of communication with various partners rarely have serious differences. The smaller the village, the inclusion of its inhabitants is inclusive.
These circumstances as presence or lack of school, club, mail, medical club, as well as proximity to the city and large or small, the presence of good roads and transport routes are important.
The rural type of settlement affects the socialization of children, adolescents, young men, almost syncretically (absentful), that is, it is almost uniformly to track their influence in the process of spontaneous, relatively sent and relatively socio-controlled socialization.
In rural settlements is very strong social control human behavior. Constantly social control in many rural settlements is determined by a specific socio-psychological atmosphere. Today, it is characterized by the alienation of the inhabitants from the sense of the owner of the Earth, on which they live, drunkenness and alcoholism.
Rural school, due to her close integration in rural life, affects the education of the younger generations is significantly less than the city.
A rural family (in which children identify themselves with their parents to a much greater extent than in the city family) affects the socialization of their members mainly in the same direction as the village as a microsocium is often independent of the socio-professional position and educational level of parents.
A special role in the socialization of rural residents is playing the ever-growing influence of the city on the village. It produces a certain reorienting of life values \u200b\u200bbetween the real, available in the conditions of the village, and those inherent in the city and can be for rural resident Only a benchmark, a dream.
City settlements. For the city are characteristic: the concentration of a large number of residents and the high density of the population in a limited territory; high degree of diversity of human livelihoods (both in labor and outproduction of spheres); Differentiated socio-professional and often ethnic population structure.
The city has a number of features that create special conditions Socialization of its inhabitants, especially the younger generations.
The modern city objectively - the focus of culture: material (architecture, industry, transport, monuments of material culture), spiritual (educationalness of residents, cultural institutions, educational institutions, monuments of spiritual culture, etc.). Due to this, as well as the number and diversity of layers and population groups, the city is a focus of information potentially affordable to its inhabitants.
At the same time, the city is the focus of criminogenic factors, criminal structures and groups, as well as all the type of deviating behavior. In the city, the number of disadvantaged families with criminogenic potential; There is a more or less large number of drug and toxic consumers (especially among young people); There are informal groups and associations with an antisocial orientation; The passion for gambling is common, there is more or less mass acquisition of various groups of residents to small commerce, really or potentially criminalized, there are sustainable criminal groups involving young people and teenagers in their scope.
The city is also characterized by a historically established urban lifestyle, which includes the following main signs:
· The predominance of anonymous, business, short-term, partial and surface contacts in interpersonal communication, but at the same time, a high measure of selectivity in emotional affections;
· A small importance of the territorial community of residents, mostly underdeveloped, electoral and, as a rule, functionally due to neighboring relationships (cooperation of families with young children or old people to supervise them, "Automotive" communications, etc.);
· High subjective-emotional significance of the family for its members, but at the same time the prevalence of intensive fees;
· Diversity of life styles, cultural stereotypes, value orientations;
· The instability of the social status of the citizen, big social mobility;
· Weak human behavior control and a significant role of self-controls due to the presence of various social relations and anonymity.
The above characteristics make the city with a powerful factor of human socialization, for creating conditions for children, adolescents, young men to make the choice and manifestation of mobility.
The city creates for the mobility of its inhabitants in various aspects of their livelihoods. The most elementary of them is territorial mobility.
Firstly, with age, the person is expanding perceived, learned and mastered living space. This extension goes from the courtyard from preschoolers across the street, a quarter from younger schoolchildren, a microdistrict in adolescents to other parts of the city and even the city as a whole in his youth.
Secondly, with age, an orientation appears to carry out a part of time in public places, the intensity of which, as a rule, reaches a peak in his youth, and then, too, as a rule, it is declining.
Third, in adolescent or youthful age, many citizens appear subjectively significant and intimate areas and places with which the most important spheres Life, and later - memories.
Fourthly, citizens have potential to change the place of residence within the city.
For the socialization of the citizen, the main importance is that the city creates conditions for social mobility, both horizontal (change in the type of classes and membership groups in the framework of one social layer) and vertical (transitions from one social layer to another - up or down the social staircase ).
Depending on how teenagers are implementing possibilities for mobility, they are more or less prepared for the use of new forms and ways of activity, knowledge, skill and careful communication, prepared for surprises in everyday contacts, are focused in the surrounding reality; Tell risk and non-standard answers to life challenges. All this largely determines the readiness, preparedness and striving of children, adolescents to the implementation of the choice.
Anyone carries out numerous elections throughout their lives, showing its subjectivity and subjectivity, more or less consciously assessing the alternatives that have been self-determining in relation to them.
The city as a focus of culture, as well as promial, asocial and antisocial phenomena, the urban lifestyle as a whole provides every large number of various alternatives to each of its residents. This creates potential opportunities for individual selection in various spheres of vital activity. We note only some of them most essential for the socialization of the younger generations.
First, the city provides a huge amount of alternatives, being a kind of "node" of information and information field. The carriers of the information are the architecture, and the layout of the city, and transport, and advertising, and the flow of people, and individual people.
Secondly, a person interacts in the city and communicates with a large number of real partners, and also has the opportunity to search for interaction, buddies, friends, loved ones even more potential partners. In general, the city provides a wide selection of circles and communication groups.
Thirdly, the city is essentially differentiated interactions and relationships. Here, the approved and humored behavior of adults and young people is significantly different. Communication between adults and younger as children are growing, as a rule, become less intense and open.
Communication with peers has clearly expressed age features. It is usually in groups arising in the classroom in the courtyard. However, the older the child becomes, the more often it can search and find partners outside the class, school, yard.
Fourth, the socio-cultural differentiation of the urban population, on the one hand, and on the other, the rather close territorial neighborhood of the layers lead to the fact that the city resident not only sees and knows various styles of life and value aspirations, but also has the ability to "try" They are on themselves.
In general, the role of the city in the socialization of children, adolescents, young men is determined by the fact that it provides every citizen the potentially wide possibilities of choosing the circles of communication, systems of values, lifelong styles, and therefore the possibilities of self-realization and self-affirmation.
Thus, based on the above above, it is possible to submit a conclusion in the form of a table, in which you briefly denote the main differences in the lifestyle of urban and rural residents.
Table. Comparative characteristics Lifestyle in urban and rural settlements
| Village | City |
| Low density of the population in a limited territory. Rhythm of life is dimensionless, leisurely. | Concentration of a large number of residents and high population density in a limited territory. It is characterized by the rapid rhythm of life. |
| The openness of communication, the inability to preserve the principle of "confidentiality" in communication (everyone knows everything about each other). | The predominance of anonymous, business, short-term, partial and surface contacts in interpersonal communication, but at the same time, a high measure of selectivity in emotional affections |
| Low degree of variety of human life. Small opportunities for labor mobility. Small development of a system of leisure institutions (circles, sections). | High degree of diversity of human livelihoods (both in labor and in the extensive spheres) |
| Stores of the traditional rural community are preserved. | A small importance of the territorial communities of residents, mostly underdeveloped, electoral and, as a rule, functionally determined neighboring relationships (cooperation of families with small children or old people to supervise them, "Automotive" communications, etc.) |
| Styles of life, cultural stereotypes and value orientations remain the same for a long time without changing. | Diversity of Lifting Style, Cultural Stereotypes, Value Orientations |
| Social status is sufficiently stable, small social mobility. | Instability of the social status of the citizen, great social mobility |
| High control of human behavior and the role of self-control. | Weak human behavior control and a significant role of self-control due to the presence of a variety of social relations and anonymity |
| Rural school, due to her close integrity in rural life, affects the education of the younger generations is significantly less than the city | The school is significantly influenced by children. |
| Alternatives to the life arrangement of predictable and are not distinguished by a large variety. | The city provides a huge amount of alternatives to life arrangement, being a kind of "node" of information and information field |
| The possibility of interaction with a limited circle of persons and groups (relatives, friends, familiar concrete settlements). | The possibility of interaction with a large and varied circle of persons and groups (not only relatives, friends and acquaintances, but people who have fame and others). |
| Life styles and value aspirations of most rural residents are very similar. It is impossible to try on other styles of life (in interest, informal, etc.) in mind the condemnation of those. | Urban resident not only sees and knows various styles of life and value aspirations, but also has the opportunity to "try on" their |
| The village provides a narrow circle of selection of communication, valuables, does not allow fully disclosed their interests and abilities. | The city provides every citizen potentially wide opportunities to choose the circles of communication, valuables, lifelong styles, and consequently, the possibilities of self-realization and self-affirmation. |
Consequently, it can be said that the city has great potential for the development and self-realization of a person than the village.
Despite many decades of migration of rural residents in the city, 27% of the population of our country lives in rural areas (according to the 2002 census - about 39 million. This mainly coincides with the situation in developed countries). It is very numerous in the southern regions of Russia. On the contrary, in Siberia and the European North of Russia - its relatively little.
IN general The following types of rural settlements can be called, differing in the number of residents and some other features:
aul- Mountain selection in the North Caucasus region with a different number of residents usually mono-ethnic composition;
village -a small settlement with a small number of inhabitants (historically did not have a temple), typical of the North-West and Ural regions;
village -a major settlement (sometimes with several thousand inhabitants), often an economic and cultural center for the nearest villages and farms, and sometimes the administrative center (historically had the temple), in recent decades, not always with the mono-ethnic population; typically for the Central, Volga and Siberian Regions;
stanitsa -a large settlement (historically Cossack) in the North Caucasus region, the number of inhabitants can reach several tens of thousands, the composition of the population is often polyeth ethnic chen; Economic, cultural, and often an administrative center for nearby smaller settlements;
farm -settlement out of villages and villages in the North Caucasus region, a separate land plot with the owner's estate in various regions (in Siberia it can be called borrowing);
foundation- the becoming nomads of Siberia; A settling settlement of small peoples of Amuria and Sakhalin.
For rural settlements, the relatively small population density and its stability are characterized; Small degree of diversity of species labor activity; poorly developed public service; Almost complete absence of cultural institutions and extremely limited opportunities for leisure activities (with the exception of the villages and part of large villages).
So, according to the population of 1989, in Russian Federation there were almost 17 thousand rural settlements with the number of residents to 6 people, 13.2 thousand - from 6 to 10 people, and all the villages with the number of residents up to 50 people - 74.8 thousand in such villages there is no store, nor club nor branch of communication, nor a paramedic-obstetric point. In them, as a rule, the initial small schools are functioning.
According to 1999, 34% of rural settlements are not related to roads with a solid coverage with a network of public relations, and is also constantly decreasing and not very developed transport service rural residents. This, along with the growth of transportation costs and other circumstances, leads to a general decrease in the sociocultural mobility of the village and the increase in the importance of intra-dealed space.
Actually existing rural settlements today can be viewed as a mesofactor of socialization of a large part of the population of Russia, because with all the diversity (small villages, large villages, crowded stages) they have a near t-person characteristics, which in general can be called a rural way of life.
First, the peculiarities of housing, utensils, features of social interaction are dependent on the originality of natural factors, the agricultural calendar, on the basis of which a festive cycle is being formed. Family cycles, which are in close relationship with calendar ritual, thus also turn out to be natural. Features of roads and waterways given by geographic conditions, organize a communicative and economic and economic space with other villages and regions (A.S.obukhov).
Secondly, the rhythm of the life of rural residents is sufficiently measured, leisurely (except for the periods of sowing, cleaning, etc.), preserves elements of naturalness. Time is usually not considered by them as social value.
Thirdly, rural labor has its own characteristics: subordination to rhythm and cycles of nature and uneven employment during the year; heavier than in the city, working conditions; Small opportunities for professional mobility of residents; Large luggage and life, indisputability and labor-intensiveness of labor in home and subsidiary farms (as well as work on household farms, in the garden, garden occupies from rural residents, according to the latest research, literally half aim - on average 181 day per year).
In the city, the life of Selian is largely "public", i.e., available for neighbors, and "privacy", i.e. Capacity and intimacy, cause condemnation and even aggression around.
Fifth, for the village, the "openness" of communication is characteristic, there is no anonymity here. Relative proximity in relations, the absence of large social and cultural differences between residents, the few of the real and potential contacts makes the relationship of the village with quite close and covering all parties to life. Friendship and friendship are weakly differentiated, and therefore the emotional depth and intensity of communication with various partners rarely have serious differences. The smaller the village, the inclusion of its inhabitants is inclusive.
The stability of the composition of residents of rural settlements, as a rule, ethnic homogeneity, weak social and professional and cultural differentiation, typical close related and neighboring relationships contribute to the preservation of the village elements of the traditional lifestyle of the neighbor community in the vital structure.
Naturally, everything that was discussed can have more or less significant differences depending on the "individual" features of the rural settlement. One thing is a small village, typical of the Russian north or non-black earth, the other is a large village, Stagnia Stavropol, Kuban. Such circumstances as presence or lack of school, club, mail, medical clubs, etc., as well as proximity to the city are large or small, the presence of good roads and transport routes.
Country Lifestyle and Socialization
Villages and villages as a kind of settlement affect the socialization of their inhabitants almost syncretically (absentful). That is, it is practically unlikely to differentiate their influence in the process of spontaneous, relatively sent and relatively socially controlled socialization.
This is the most clearly this can be traced in rural settlements typical of the Central and North-West regions of Russia. Thus, studies conducted in the villages of the Russian North allowed A.S.obukhov to draw the following conclusions. In the modern Russian village, the principle of transmission of culture through interpersonal interactions ("from the mouth of the mouth") continues to prevail, but in the first place of general, popular consciousness, and not personal, individual, and non-personal communication and interaction. Identity of generations is formed and strengthened in the process of assimilation of a particular culture. The prevalence of family, generic, commonly expensive "we" over the individual "I" is preserved, which also allows culture to be more stable. In the system of traditional standards in the village, the manifestation of individuality and personal feature is not approved. The awareness and expression in the context of the traditionally established system of relations supports social community in stability. Inter-flow conflicts in the villages are weakly pronounced, as they are regulated by the framework of relations between older, medium and younger generations, which are defined by the tradition. In the villages, the preservation of traditions is value, and their violation entails social condemnation.
The result of this is that social monitoring of human behavior is very strong in rural settlements. Since the inhabitants are a bit, the relationship between them is quite close, there everyone knows all about all about everyone, an anonymous existence of a person is almost impossible, every episode of his life can be an object for assessing the environment.
At the same time, the smaller the village or the village, the closer and inclusion of the elders with the younger. As a result, the differences in the norms of the behavior of elder and younger (approved and indispensable) are quite insignificant. Free time is made in a rural club or elsewhere where all residents are gather or only young people. In conversations or games, children and young people can also participate regardless of gender and age.
Constantly social control in many rural settlements is determined by a specific socio-psychological atmosphere. It is characteristic, according to the researcher of the modern village V. G. Vinogradsky, the fact that the fancy economy life of many villages generates a combination of conscience and unscrupiance, "deft" and "sullen thrift and even abnormalism", "Total borders".
The rural residents themselves, according to G. Syllast, noted the prevalence of such negative phenomena as drunkenness (92% of respondents), theft (72%), domestic hooliganism (43%). In villages located predominantly on the tracks, new troubles appeared: addiction (noted 17% of the surveyed rural parents and 24% of teachers), children's care (14 and 35%), prostitution (12 and 20%).
Due to the territorial limitations, homogeneity of the cultural level of residents, close related and neighboring relations, all these negative phenomena affect the socialization of all residents. This atmosphere determines the largest and socializing role of the family and school in rural settlements.
A rural family plays a significantly greater and somewhat different role in the life and socialization of their members than the city, since labor, and rest and most significant and most significant are also focused. social ties man. So, according to the available data, rural guys identify themselves with their parents much more than city schoolchildren. This is obviously due to the fact that in the village not only the circle of communication, but also people entering it are not much different from each other in socio-cultural characteristics. The influence of the family is usually in the same direction as the village (villages) as a whole, regardless of the socio-professional situation and the educational level of its members.
The school, closely integrated into rural life, affects the education of the younger generations mainly in the direction of the values \u200b\u200badopted in the rural society. In the life of his students, she can play a more significant role than the city - its own (although there is a significant and qualitatively, this role can be quite primitive). This is due to the fact that if it is not always the only center of cultural life, it is almost always the only educational institution in the settlement.
It should be especially noted that schoolchildren living in small villages usually arise a kind of feeling of "local patriotism", the withdrawal towards the guys from other villages. In schools where children from different villages are studying, as a rule, rather weak contacts between students in classes; Much more important is the inter-serrated contacts of those living in one village. Moreover, the local norms are often prescribed to the confrontation of schoolchildren from different villages, which is periodically poured into open clashes, conflicts, fights, when the principle of "bouts!".
A special role in the socialization of rural residents is playing the ever-growing influence of the city on the village. First, the mass communication tools due to the wide penetration into the life of the Radio, Cinema, movies, television demonstrate samples of the urban lifestyle, advertise long-term items, fashion standards and other elements and traits of life in the city.
The influence of the city goes and as a result of migration processes. For decades, several million people moved to the city annually, but their relatives remained in the village, whom they visit, who ride them to visit (so, for the summer they take relatives-citizens to 70% of the surveyed VTsioms Sellian). In the last decade, as a result of the collapse of the USSR and other cataclysms in rural settlements, several millions of citizens were settled, according to some reports.
Part of the residents of villages and villages located near the cities, they work in them, although they continue to live in the village and do not plan to change the place of residence. The impact goes through the rural youth, which left for study or work in nearby cities, but on weekends and holidays coming home.
All this affects the social and psychological atmosphere of the village, affects the formation life standards and aspirations of rural children, teenagers, boys, girls, as well as adults, on their horizons, norms, values. There is a certain rehabilitation of life values \u200b\u200bbetween real values, available for sale in the conditions of the village, and values \u200b\u200binherent in the city, which can be for a rural resident only with a standard value, dream value, and can become incentive to move to the city.
In modern rural settlements, under the influence of the conditions for the socialization, there was a question above, relatively speaking, two types of personality are formed (R.V. Slap):
Personality focused on a rural lifestyle and having a positive attitude towards the village. Obviously, this type can be attributed to those who need to "if you could choose where would you prefer to live?" They answer "in the village" (such 62% of the respondents in 1996), and certainly those who want their children to live in the village (28%);
Personality, urbanistically oriented, with a negative attitude towards the village and a rural lifestyle. These are those who, if possible, would prefer to live in the city (mainly in a small - 22% and only 8% - in large), as well as those who would like their children to live in the city (and again mainly in a small one - 29% and only 15% - in large).
Extremely interesting changes can occur in the process of socializing rural residents in connection with the spread of private ownership of land.
Lifestyle of the rural population
Russia is traditionally peasant country and therefore the events of the XX century. And intensive urbanization did not have time to displace the Russians from the mass consciousness of Russians, even those that now live in cities, traditions, habits and elements of a rustic lifestyle.
The scope of labor, life and leisure of the rural population modern Russia In many ways, differs from the conditions of the past, but certain traditions and skills have been preserved so far from the older generation of villagers. The main feature of the lifestyle of the peasant is a permanent physical work on any day of the week, especially during Seva, the rest, the harvest, exhausting, from dawn to dawn.
Based on the analysis of labor activities, the consumption of social and domestic service services and the use of free time can be described different kinds Lifestyle population in rural areas.
It should be noted that in a rural lifestyle certain changes Recreational activity of citizens contributes. In many rural settlements in summer time, and sometimes most of the year in own homes Or relatives live citizens. In most cases, especially in relation to distant small settlements, they carry out the role of mediators between the city and the countryside, supplying the village of the city, drugs, providing repairs household appliances etc. To a certain extent, they demonstrate samples of urban behavior, urban culture to which rural youth is especially susceptible.
Currently, you can talk about the lifestyle in independent farms, which in our country is completely not studied. Farmers families who choose a rural lifestyle at the same time are largely focused on urban values. For them, high mechanization of agricultural production and household, the presence of own vehicles, the consumption of elements of urban culture is radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books.
Factors adversely affecting the health of the villagers
Life, life, leisure of people in rural areas has a number of features associated with the residence region and the type of activity. It is a closer contact with the natural environment compared to citizens, and a large dependence on natural conditions, natural phenomena, droughts, forest fires, blizzards, etc.
Work on agricultural enterprises is characterized by a number of specific features. These include double employment of the working-age population (in the public sector and personal subsidiary farming), uneven distribution of labor in public production by season of the year.
In addition, uneven participation in the public labor of individual categories and groups of employees (weak employment of some and excessive employment of others), a large duration of the cumulative population of the population in the city.
Labor mode in agriculture is less favorable than in industry, in transport and other urban activities. In addition to the "torn" working day (for example, milking milkers in connection with the peculiarities of production in the southern regions due to the inability to work in the middle of the day) worker agriculture Do not have regular weekends of OLC full vacations.
For Russian agriculture, which in the recent past was almost almost completely collective and stateous importance acquired personal subsidiary farm. With it, it is satisfied with the main part of the needs of the rural population in food. But personal subsidiary economy requires high costs physical Labor and time. This circumstance in a certain extent prevents the development of the human personality due to the reduction of free time.
The activities of people employed in the most massive agricultural professions are related to the long-lasting stay in the open air, which determines the constant impact on the body of weather factors.
Almost everywhere, a significant number of rural residents is constantly in contact with agricultural animals. This imposes a certain imprint on their lifestyle and can threaten their health, especially when contacting patients with animals. There are such severe diseases among livestock breakers and veterinary workers as brucellosis, an increased incidence in recent years has been marked in Eastern Siberia and the Volga region.
The incidence of tuberculosis is recorded, some forms of which are transmitted by agricultural animals. Registration of patients with leptospirosis continues. Other diseases associated with animal husbandry are noted.
A visit to the territories with the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis, tereler, tick-borne rickettsiosis, rabies and other zooanthroposis leads to the incidence of people. In recent years, these diseases are observed in citizens employed by work on their garden sites.
In modern agriculture, various machines and mechanisms are widely used. At the same time, many operations are preserved at which heavy manual work is dominated with high energy costs, - manual savage, weeding, manual milking, etc.
The most popular work in agriculture is toolness and animal husbandry. In pool all types of work (plowing, sowing, harvest, etc.) are performed in the outdoors, and workplace Most mechanisters - Cabins of tractors, combines, cars. Agricultural work in transitional periods of the year - in spring and autumn - are performed at low temperatures, sometimes in the rain. Therefore, neuralgia, Malgia, rheumatism and other diseases are often recorded among the villagers, the cause of which is cooling the body, especially with physical tension.
In summer, high air temperatures in the southern regions of Russia are observed in combination with increased insolation. At the same time, the air temperature in closed and exhaust gases can be increased to 35 - 37 ° C, even if the outdoor temperature does not exceed 25 ° C. In such conditions, it is possible to overheat the organism, the occurrence of thermal and solar strikes. Professional harm to the mechanisters cause dustiness and gas supply of the workplace, the impact of noise and vibration. The influence of each of these factors individually and especially their combination has an extremely negative impact on the human body and often lead to a decrease in health.
The listed factors should add injuries, which is very large among the rural population, in particular mechanizers. In Russia, among the causes of mortality, men's working age injury is stably ranked first, it is noticeably ahead of such reasons as cardiovascular pathology. Loss of ability to work and death as a result of injury in everyday life and in production is very sensible due to drunkenness and alcoholism.
The work of animals is also associated with a number of harmful factors: air pollution by biogenic gases (hydrogen sulfide and ammonia), a significant proportion of manual labor when cleaning the premises, animal care, manual milking. Professional Diseases include neuromiosis, tendovaginitis, periatritis, etc.
Adversely affect the environment and the health of the population of Yadohimikati (pesticides), which are widely used in agriculture. They fall through the air, with food and water, as well as through the skin and mucous membranes in the body and have a harmful effect on it. It is proved that harmless pesticides does not exist.
It is hygienically significantly the receipt of pesticides through the respiratory tract. The rapid suction of pesticides in blood contributes to the elevated temperature and humidity of the air, as well as a significant area of \u200b\u200b(90 m2) of the respiratory surface of the lungs.
The effect of poisons entering the body through the respiratory tract is much more significant than when suction from the gastrointestinal tract. This is due to the fact that, with inhalation entering the body, the hepatic barrier passes. At the same time, acute and chronic poisoning may occur, which can affect the next generations.
The harmful effects of pesticides are possible when they are stored, packaging, transportation, introduction into the soil, the dranglation of seeds, pollination and spraying plants. Poisoning is possible in the random presence of a person in the zone of making pesticides, as well as with wind transfer of poisonous substances sprayed using ground mechanisms or aviation.
Pesticides penetration into the human body causes an increase in the overall morbidity, the development of pathologies of pregnancy, innate physiological and anatomical defects, the inhibition of physical development of children, is the cause of mental depression, memory violations and the ability to think.
In addition, pesticides have a pronounced carcinogenic effect.
In the territories where pesticide loads are more than 5 kg / ha, an increased content of pesticides is detected in environment and food. In these territories, in the analysis of biological media (urine) of pregnant women and milk mothers, 90% were identified chlororganic pesticides and various concentrations of heavy metals salts (mercury, copper, zinc, lead).
The study of the incidence in the areas of the high pesticide load revealed in children a large number of respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal tract, as well as low physical development indicators, especially during puberty.
Conclusion. The modern city dweller seeks to be closer to nature. This desire is satisfied with the construction of country houses and country cottages, moving from the city center for the city, as well as collecting medicinal and vitamin-bearing plants, mushrooms, berries, fishing and sports hunting. health rural animal husband harmful
Modern communications, computer technology and transport communications allow people living beyond the city, work in cities, which significantly changes and assess the living conditions in the village.
The lifestyle is a totality of various aspects of people's vital activity, their behavior in everyday practice. Ultimately, the lifestyle is determined by the specific socio-economic conditions of this society, the level of development of the productive forces and the nature of social relations. Therefore, lifestyle in various historical era of unequal. In addition, the lifestyle reflects the national traditions, the customs of this people, its mentality, in general, spiritual culture, as well as the property position of a person, its economic status. In this regard, the lifestyle of public classes, nations, individual social layers and groups is varied in its content. Significant features differ from each other, the lifestyle of people living in different territories and in of different types settlements. These features are due to the nature of labor, its technical and technological content, territorial parameters of the vital activity of the population. We are interested in a city lifestyle in this case. It is based on the content of industrial labor, the territorial-spatial nature of the urban environment, population density and other factors inherent in the city as a type of settlement (infrastructure development, concentration of organs state power etc.). All this is reflected on the content of the city lifestyle, all of its parties: labor, life of the population, the form of use of free time, satisfying material and spiritual needs, participation in political and public life, norms and rules of conduct.
Any phenomenon is deeper, systematic is a comparison with other single-order phenomena, through the disclosure of their common and special. Consideration of the urban lifestyle We will lead by comparing it with the lifestyle of the rural population, as well as comparing the lifestyle of large and small cities.
What is characteristic today for the lifestyle of the population of a big city?
First, the sepidation of the place of employment and place of residence. In rural areas, man lives, and works in the same small space, within the boundaries of the fields belonging to this village. This is especially characteristic of farms for farms: the farmer land is usually around his house. The separation of place of work and the residence is not so felt in small cities. The distances between them are small, people often do not use public transportYes, and it is developed in such cities weakly. In a major city, this problem is very acute. For example, in Moscow, time travel time and back often is two or three hours. This provision adversely affects the life of a working person; The road in the crowded transport isolating its strength, unpleasant situations, sometimes folding in the salons vehicle, injured the nervous system. With the arrival of home in humans no longer remains nor the time on household, maintaining cleanliness in the apartment, not to mention reading, watching television programs, classes with children. In general, transport in Moscow works well compared to other cities, but it does not cope with the requirements of it. The discovery of new land routes and the subway lines lags behind the increase in the population of the city. Transport problems large cities worldwide. Thus, the day of the working person in the big city disintegrate into three parts: work, finding in transport and sleep. There are almost no time to other types of life. Free time is only weekends.
Secondly, for the urban lifestyle, the individual family, the focus of the vital activity of the population is characteristic. In Russia, the time of the centuries of the essential line of the behavior of people, the whole of their life was collectivism. The collectivist psychology of the Russian people went from the peasant life based on community land use and periodically, rather fair, the distribution of land between the peasant yards (souls). With the collectivization of agriculture in the USSR, the collectivist psychology of the peasant was maintained by joint, socially labor on collective farm fields. Collectivism in agricultural production has been distributed to interstile, interpersonal relationships, on the whole lifestyle of the village resident. This line of a rural lifestyle is not lost today.
The livelihood of citizens is different. On the one hand, industrial work is collective. Even more collective than the work of agricultural, for in large factories and factories are collected in single labor collectives of thousands of workers. But each employee knows only a few immediate neighbors in his workplace on which it works individually. On the rustic field, the work is carried out, as a rule, "artel".
Individuality as the line of the urban lifestyle is fully manifested in his family-household side. Here, unlike village, a person after work closes in his family. He often does not know his neighbor, living behind the wall of the apartment. In general, in the city, the neighborhood as a side of family-personal relationship plays a very minor role. People are more likely to meet with colleagues at work (go to visit each other, rest together). The rooting of the individual orientation of the urban lifestyle contributes, not least, the presence of so-called "sleeping areas" in the cities. These are new buildings on the outskirts of the city, where there are no industrial and other enterprises. Working in the city center, people come here only to sleep. Here, their livelihoods almost never go beyond family life. Because of this, social control is significantly weakened in the city, while in the village he stands at a high level: people know each other thoroughly, know parents, grandparents and grandmothers, all living in this village. The behavior of each is under the control of all residents of the village.
Thirdly, the urban lifestyle is characterized by the predominance of public forms of meeting the household needs of people and a decrease in family forms! In this regard, he is qualitatively different from the rural lifestyle. In the village of Icestari, the household needs of a person were satisfied in the family. Family members, as a rule, knew how to sew clothes themselves, repair shoes, produce simple tools of labor. And, of course, grow bread, vegetables, meat and other food for your consumption. Therefore, a rural resident from an early age is fragile to work in the family economy, and then on the field.
In the city, due to objective conditions, the household function of the family is narrowed. A citizen cannot grow food - he buys them in the store. He most often does not know how to repair his clothes and shoes. The urban apartment does not require unlike the village house of billets of fuel, animal feed.
In recent years, the sphere of services in the cities has significantly expanded. This is caused by technical progress - an increase in the number of personal cars, televisions, computers, mobile phones. They require maintenance, repair. The expansion of the network of service enterprises is also associated with their transition to private property. They give a considerable income to their owners, so their number is growing. If in the near past, let's say, in Moscow there was an acute shortage of enterprises of the city-serving sphere, now another problem for the population is high cost. Not every worker Muscovite, especially the pensioner, can use enterprises of household services.
Fourth, the urban lifestyle consists in distance from nature, in an artificial sociocultural habitat. No matter how rich in a city with green plantings, aquatic spaces, they cannot replace wildlife. Meanwhile, a person as a socio-biological creature needs to communicate with the natural environment, from which he has grown and in which it has historically formed. The biological principle in man does not disappear with the relocation of him to the city, with the title of "Citizen". The deficit in satisfying this began negatively affects the physical health of a person, his psyche and, ultimately, on his public behavior.
Naturally, a person, born in urban conditions, adapts to them, its body adapts to a polluted atmosphere and far from clean water and food products. However, the adaptive capabilities of the human body are not irrelevant, today they are clearly behind the increase in the components of the artificial environment, especially in a big city. This increase is intensified in market relations. The owners of the enterprises take little about the development of the infrastructure of the city, creating a favorable residential in the city's foundation, landscaping streets. The care and expenses for this they are shifting to the local budget, wondering only the momentary profit of their enterprises.
The sense of remoteness from the nature of the citizens is enhanced by the monotony of the typical building of residential in the outskirts of modern cities. Houses, like Siamese twins, are similar to each other in various cities. It is not difficult for a person to confuse them, as the hero of the famous film, which, having happened by chance in Leningrad, could not distinguish the house there from his house in Moscow, where he lived.
For small cities, the problem of remoteness from nature is not so acute as in large and super-pruppious cities. There residents are closely connected with the village, often communicate with the villagers, buy products for the winter. The lifestyle of small cities acquires the character as if the rural city of someone's lifestyle. Currently, the remoteness of the inhabitants of the city from nature is somewhat compensated by the mass acquisition by citizens of gardening and garden areas, where they spend the weekend, vacation, work on Earth, communicate with nature.
These are some specific traits A city lifestyle, in its aggregate allocating it into a special type of lifestyle as a social phenomenon.
It is known that a person as a person is formed depending on the objective conditions in which he lives. They define its value orientation, world-up-way, the system of views on the surrounding reality and its place in it. It does not make exclusion in this regard and urban environment. With all its parties, it has an everyday influence on the formation of the personality of a resident of the city from his very birth. Urban standards of life, in which a person is in adulthood (moves to the city for permanent residence), cause its asocialization and resocialization, adaptation to their peculiarities. With a full basis, you can talk about "educating a person by the city."
Which parties to the personality of an urban resident has its educational impact? First of all, on his mentality. The town dweller thinks wider categories than, let's say, a resident of a village or a small village. This is facilitated by a number of reasons: the latitude of urban space, finding in large labor groups, the multinationality of the population, the system of cooperation ties between enterprises, etc. It is important, of course, the fact that the population of the city has the opportunity to get a higher education than a resident of the village. Therefore, he thinks no longer only specific, but also abstract theoretical categories, is predisposed to the generalization of life facts. A worker, an ordinary employee of the city enterprise, the institution more often than a resident of other settlements, communicates with the intelligentsia, which focuses mainly in the cities. This communication contributes to the growth of the general cultural level of the urban population as a whole.
The urban environment brings up an increased sense of internationalism in man, an equal attitude towards people of other nationalities and religion. Without this, social stability in the big city is impossible today, the normal functioning of labor collectives consisting of representatives of many nations and social groups. For example, representatives of almost all nations and religious areas live in Moscow, which exist in the Russian Federation. Friendly, equal relations between them are the key to the peace of life of the city.
Figure, the constant change of rhythms in the development of urban life causes the desire of people to know urban processes, as they affect the daily life, the welfare of the inhabitants, social status workers. The desire to know everything about the hometown and real knowledge of him contribute to the upbringing of his residents of the feeling of urban patriotism, the desire to contribute to his well-being. City authorities must systematically give information to the population about the news in the life of the city, to answer questions of citizens. In Moscow, such information regularly goes on television and radio channels, especially in television programs: "Events. Moscow time" and "face to the city".
City conditions, naturally, conducive to the general cultures of noma and the professional growth of residents, especially young people. Young people can prepare and enroll in the university, improve their specialty both in the enterprise and in the system of postgraduate education. The city has libraries, theaters, museums, which contributes to the enrichment of a human spiritual world.
Thus, the urban lifestyle, being a type of lifestyle of this society, retains the main, essential features of the latter. At the same time, it represents an independent type of lifestyle as a social phenomenon. It is characterized by such features that qualitatively distinguish him, say, from a rural lifestyle. In the future, both of these basic lifestyles will apparently bring together on the basis of gradual overcoming social differences between the city and the village, between people of industrial and agricultural labor. Differences just social, natural differences will be preserved for a long time. The study of the processes occurring in the urban and rural lifestyles in their movement towards each other, in their mutual enrichment - the problem of sociological science.
According to the degree of urbanization, the medium distinguishes the urban and rural lifestyle. Rural (more traditional for the inhabitants) lifestyle is characterized by an orientation to the traditional system of values; the predominance of family natural transmission of value orientations from generation to generation; low consumption of mediated information through the press, mass communication channels; relative sustainability of national and regional specifics; traditional of labor forms; advantageous orientation for self-sufficiency and self-service; Small use of the sphere public services; Development of public home and undeveloped individual activity; Resistant to related and neighboring ties and a number of other features.
A rural lifestyle has many ethnic, regional, production varieties that are reflected in the characteristics and social requirements for rural dwelling. The perfect traditional rural lifestyle is found more and less. Urbanization and new communications technologies gradually penetrate the village, bringing the rural lifestyle to the urban. Types of buildings in a modern village are often similar to multi-storey urban, providing the same set of utilities.
Rural architecture is distinguished by large conservatism solutions (Fig. 2.9), wide use of traditional materials and structures.
At the same time, summer settlements of urban residents with the most modern architectural and engineering solutions penetrate into the village. This imposes an urban imprint to the traditional rural architecture and leads to a gradual leveling of unique rural architecture, approaching it to urban standards. Until now, traditional rural architecture is more environmentally friendly compared to urban, although there is a smaller circle and a variety of satisfied needs (so, central heating, sewage, etc.) is not always provided in rural houses).
The urban lifestyle differs significantly from the rural greater dynamism of social processes, the predominance of the transfer of culture through the media compared with the transfer of natural, family-household. It is characterized by relative internationalization of life; highly subjective assessment and advanced development of freely elected activities in the field of consumption of information, industrial labor, artistic, technical, scientific creativity; low domestic labor assessment and active use of all available ways to reduce the cost of time on it; Wide use of cultural and domestic service with simultaneous complication of home leisure and labor, with the weakening of neighboring and related bonds. It is associated with the preference of contacts with comrades for work and the organization with them a joint recreation instead of intrameal communication; For students and working - with an excess of formal role-based communication; For lonely, not occupied in production, with a shortage of all types of direct communication.