stage number	Stage name	Main tasks and scope of work
	Development of technical specifications for R&D	Drawing up a draft TK by the customer. Development of the draft TOR by the contractor. Establishment of a list of counterparties and coordination of private TK with them. Coordination and approval of TK.
	Technical proposal (is the basis for adjusting the TOR and performing a draft design)	Identification of additional requirements for the product, its technical characteristics and quality indicators that cannot be specified in the TOR: - elaboration of research results; – study of scientific and technical information; - preliminary calculations and clarification of the requirements of the TOR.
	Preliminary design (serves as the basis for technical design)	Development of fundamental technical solutions: – selection of basic technical solutions; – development of structural and functional schemes of the product; – selection of the main structural elements.
	Engineering design	The final choice of technical solutions for the product as a whole and its components: - development of circuit diagrams; – clarification of the main parameters of the product; - Carrying out the structural layout of the product and issuing data for its placement at the facility; – development of draft specifications (technical specifications) for the supply and manufacture of the product.
	Development of working documentation for the manufacture and testing of a prototype	Formation of a set of design documents: - development of a complete set of working documentation; - its coordination with the customer and the manufacturer of serial products; – verification of design documentation for unification and standardization; - production of a prototype; - tuning and complex adjustment of the prototype.
	Preliminary tests (without the participation of the customer)	Checking the compliance of the prototype with the requirements of the TOR and determining the possibility of presenting it for testing: - bench tests; - preliminary tests at the facility; - reliability tests.
	Tests with the participation of the customer	Assessment of compliance with the requirements of the TOR and the possibility of organizing production.
	Development of documentation based on test results	Making the necessary clarifications and changes in the documentation. Transfer of documentation to the manufacturer.

For R&D, one of the key parameters is time, which in turn depends on the following groups of factors:

organizational: planning, control, coordination, personnel, finance;

· scientific and technical: technical equipment, depth of research work.

It is clear that by reducing the time spent on R&D, we increase the overall economic efficiency of the project (Fig. 3.4.).

Rice. 3.4. Impact of R&D project timing
on his commercial result

The main methods for reducing the development time of a new product:

1. R&D organization:

ensuring close communication between marketing and R&D services;

· parallel implementation of research and development processes;

Improving the quality of expertise;

prioritization of time control over cost control.

2. Control:

Orientation to management by objectives (MBO - Management By Objectives);

· strengthening of cooperation, improvement of corporate culture;

· professional development of personnel;

staff motivation.

3. Resources:

· Improvement of the material base of R&D;

· improvement information support R&D:

– introduction of special information systems for documentary support of research and development processes (Lotus Notes);

– use of special computer systems for project management (Microsoft Project).

Application of CAD (CAD tools). A computer-aided design system is software, with which you can perform all the design work. Currently, there are many varieties of CAD: for the design of structures (bridges, buildings, etc.), electrical circuits, hydraulic or gas networks, etc. With the help of CAD, you can not only draw the design of the object being designed, but also carry out the necessary engineering calculations: strength, hydrodynamic, calculations of currents in electrical networks etc.

4. Product:

a clear R&D strategy - the better we imagine what should be the output of the design and development process, the better the result of this process will be;

· elaboration of a larger number of options in the R&D phase;

· minimization of changes after the R&D phase.

The last two approaches mean the following. As you know, in personnel management there are different styles of leadership, for example:

· democratic;

· permissive, etc.

The innovation project manager must be flexible enough to manage the team in different styles at different stages of the project. At the stage of research, the most appropriate is the democratic style of management, i.e. considering and taking into account all points of view, making a decision only after agreement, using persuasion rather than instructions, etc. What does this give? Generally speaking, this of course slows down the R&D process, but if at this stage we consider the maximum number of product options in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, then the chance of making a mistake that will be revealed at the R&D stage or, even worse, at the pre-production stage, is very decreases. Thus, it is better to spend more time on R&D than to lose much more time and money in case of discovering some error in the product at the subsequent stages of the innovation process.

At the OKR stage, an authoritarian management style is required. As soon as there is certainty with the product in terms of its design, functionality, etc., then you need to stick to the decisions made. If the manager begins to take into account all points of view and endless disputes, alterations, etc. begin, then the project runs the risk of dragging on indefinitely, which will lead to the exhaustion of money and the cessation of all work, which cannot be allowed in any way - this will be regarded as a personal failure of the manager.

3.4. Preparation of serial production of new products

Preproduction in a serial manufacturing plant is the final stage of the part of the innovation life cycle that precedes the introduction of a new product or service to the market. Preparation of production in organizational terms is a process no less complicated than R & D, because. almost all departments of the plant are involved in its implementation. The input information for the preparation of production is a set of design documentation and a marketing assessment of the production program for a new product. As noted above, usually pre-production goes through two stages: small-scale production and in-line production.

Small-scale production is necessary in order to, firstly, create a small batch of products to perform trial marketing, and, secondly, to refine the production technology in order to solve various problems that may arise during the mass production stage.

Direct preparation of production includes the following types of work:

Design preparation of production (PPC);

Technological preparation of production (TPP);

Organizational preparation of production (OPP).

The purpose of the checkpoint is to adapt the design documentation of the R&D to the conditions of a specific production of the manufacturer. As a rule, R&D design documentation already takes into account the production and technological capabilities of manufacturers, but the conditions for small-scale and mass production have significant differences, which leads to the need for partial or even complete processing of R&D design documentation. Thus, the checkpoint involves working mainly with design documentation.

The following main tasks are solved in the CCI process:

development of the product for manufacturability;

· development of technological routes and processes;

development of special technological equipment;

Technological equipment of production;

· technical support for the production of a trial batch and in-line production.

The task of the CCI is to ensure the complete technological readiness of the plant for the production of new products with the specified technical and economic indicators:

high technical level of production;

· required level product manufacturing quality;

· minimal labor and material costs at planned production volumes.

OPP Functions:

· planned: calculations of equipment loading, movement of material flows, release at the stage of development;

providing: personnel, equipment, materials, semi-finished products, financial means;

· design: designing sites and workshops, planning the location of equipment.

Just as in the case of R&D, the key parameter of the pre-production process is time. To reduce the time for this work, special software is used for:

Improvement of design documentation;

preparation of technological systems and equipment;

production planning;

· coordination of the work of different departments involved in the preparation, etc.

In general, we can say that the more automated and computerized an enterprise is, the less time is spent preparing it for the release of new products.

3.5. Funding for innovation
activities and analysis of financial
efficiency of the innovation project

Sources of financing for innovation activities can be divided into two groups: private investors and public investors. Most Western European countries and the United States are characterized by an approximately equal distribution of financial resources for R&D between public and private capital.

Private investors include:

enterprises;

financial and industrial groups;

venture funds;

private individuals, etc.

State (budgetary) sources of financing of innovation activities that exist in Russia are presented in Fig. 1. 3.5.

Rice. 3.5. State (budgetary) sources of financing of innovation activity in Russia

The main organizational forms of innovation activity financing accepted in the world practice are presented below in Table 3.4. As can be seen from the table above, the available forms of financing of innovation activities for individual enterprises are equity and project financing.

Table 3.4.

Organizational forms of financing innovation
activities

Form	Possible investors	Recipients of borrowed funds	Benefits of using a form	Difficulties in using the form in the conditions of our country
Scarce funding	Governments of foreign states. International financial institutions. Enterprises and organizations of the Russian Federation	Government of the Russian Federation	Possibility of state regulation and control of investments	Non-targeted nature of financing. The growth of external and internal public debt. Increase in the expenditure side of the budget
Equity (venture) financing	commercial banks. Institutional investors (technoparks, business incubators, venture funds)	Corporations. Enterprises	Variability in the use of investments by the enterprise	Non-targeted nature of investments. Work only in the securities market, and not in the market of real projects. High investor risk
Project finance	Governments. International financial institutions. commercial banks. domestic enterprises. Foreign investors. Institutional Investors	Investment project. Innovation project	Target nature of financing. Distribution of risks. Guarantees of states - participants of financial institutions. High level of control	Dependence on the investment climate. High level of credit risks. Unstable legislation and tax regime

Project financing in world practice usually means this type of financing organization, when the income received from the project implementation is the only source of repayment of debt obligations.

If venture (risk) capital can be used to organize the financing of scientific activities at any of its stages, then the organizer of project financing cannot take such a risk.

Innovative venture business admits the possibility of failure of the funded project. As a rule, in the first years, the project initiator is not responsible to financial partners for the expenditure of funds and does not pay interest on them. For the first few years, venture capital investors are content with acquiring a stake in a newly established firm. If an innovative firm begins to make a profit, then it becomes the main source of remuneration for risk capital investors.

Funds invested in innovation are one of the forms of investment, therefore, all financial instruments created for the analysis of investment projects are applicable to an innovative project. However, when comparing the financial analysis of investment in industrial capacity and in R&D, the following difference can be noted. Financial information in a decision to build a plant, for example, is more reliable than for most science and technology projects, especially in the early stages. On the other hand, innovative projects have the advantage that they can usually be terminated with less financial loss.

In the process of developing an innovative project, there are certain “checkpoints”:

decision on the development of a complete set of working documentation;

decision on the production of a prototype;

decision to create a production base.

In the case of a positive decision, appropriate financial resources are allocated at each “control point”. Therefore, before moving on to the next phase of the project, it must be re-evaluated using the methods of financial analysis. At the same time, the purpose of the analysis is to reduce the economic and technical uncertainty of the project, i.e. risk reduction. Financial analysis also plays a very important role in the preparation of a business plan, because. one of its key sections is Financial plan". The data from this section have a decisive influence on the process of making a decision on financing an innovative project.

For the financial evaluation of an innovative project, the following system of indicators is most often used:

The integral effect

profitability index;

the rate of return;

payback period.

3.5.1. integral effect

The integral effect E int is the difference between the results and investment costs for the billing period, reduced to one, usually the initial year, that is, taking into account the discounting of results and costs.

,

T r - accounting year;

D t is the result in the t-th year;

З t – investment costs in the t-th year;

– discount factor (discount factor).

The integral effect also has other names, namely: net present value, net present or net present value, net present effect, and in the English literature is referred to as NPV - Net Product Value.

As a rule, the implementation of R&D projects and pre-production stretches for a significant period of time. This makes it necessary to compare cash investments made at different times, that is, discounting. Given this circumstance, projects that are nominally the same in terms of costs may have different economic significance.

For R&D, the typical discounting time is the project start time, while for a project involving production, usually all revenues are discounted at the start of mass production, and costs at the start of investment.

When choosing a project for financing, experts give preference to those that have the highest value of the integral effect.

The innovation profitability index has other names: profitability index, profitability index. In English literature, it is referred to as PI - Profitability Index. The profitability index is the ratio of income to investment costs as of the same date. The calculation of the profitability index is carried out according to the formula:

P - profitability index;

D t - income in period t;

З t is the amount of investment in innovation in period t.

The above formula reflects in the numerator the amount of income given by the time the implementation of innovations began, and in the denominator - the amount of investment in innovations discounted by the time the investment process began. Otherwise, we can say that two parts of the payment stream are compared here: income and investment.

The profitability index is closely related to the integral effect: if the integral effect E int is positive, then the profitability index P > 1, and vice versa. When P > 1, an innovative project is considered cost-effective. Otherwise (P< 1) – проект неэффективен.

In conditions of a severe shortage of funds, preference should be given to those innovative solutions for which the profitability index is highest.

Let's take an example of the difference between the integral effect and the profitability index. Suppose we have two innovative projects.

Table 3.5.

Comparison of integral effect and index
project profitability

As can be seen from Table 3.5, the projects do not differ from the point of view of the integral effect. However, judging by the profitability index, the second project is more attractive. Thus, if an investor has a choice between projects where he invests 100,000 and 50,000, and receives 110,000 and 60,000 as a result, then it is obvious that he will choose the second project, because. where investments are used more efficiently.

3.5.3. Rate of return

The rate of return Ep is the discount rate at which the amount of discounted income for a certain number of years becomes equal to investment investments. In this case, the income and costs of the innovation project are determined by reduction to the estimated point in time.

and

The rate of return characterizes the level of profitability of a particular innovative solution, expressed as a discount rate at which the future value of the cash flow from innovations is reduced to the present value of investment funds. The rate of return also has the following names: internal rate of return, internal rate of return, rate of return on investment. In English literature, this indicator is called the internal rate of return and is referred to as IRR - Internal Rate of Return.

The rate of return is defined analytically as such a threshold value of profitability, which ensures that the integral effect calculated for the economic life of innovations is equal to zero.

The value of the rate of return is easiest to determine from the graph of the dependence of the integral effect on the size of the discount rate. To do this, it suffices to calculate two values ​​of E int for any two values ​​and construct a dependence in the form of a straight line passing through two points corresponding to two calculated values ​​of E int. The desired value of Ep is obtained at the point of intersection of the graph with the abscissa axis, i.e. Ep = at E int = 0. More precisely, the rate of return is defined as a solution to the algebraic equation:

,

which is found using special numerical methods implemented in software used for financial analysis, such as Project Expert software.

It is clear that the higher the rate of return of the project, the more likely it is to receive funding.

The value of Ep found by calculation is compared with the rate of return required by the investor. The issue of making an investment decision can be considered if the value of Ep is not less than the value required by the investor.

Abroad, the calculation of the rate of return is often used as the first step in the quantitative analysis of investments, and for further analysis, those innovative projects are selected whose internal rate of return is estimated to be at least 15-20%.

If the initiator of the innovation acts as an investor, then the decision to invest, as a rule, is made based on restrictions, which primarily include:

· internal needs of production - the amount of necessary own funds for the implementation of production, technical, social programs;

· the rate of bank deposits (in the case of reliable banks such as Sberbank) or the yield on government securities;

Bank loan interest

conditions of sectoral and intersectoral competition;

the risk level of the project.

The management of an innovator company is faced with at least one investment alternative - to invest temporarily free funds in bank deposits or government securities, receiving a guaranteed income without additional high-risk activities. The rate of bank deposits or the yield on government securities is the minimum allowable value of the project's rate of return. This value can be obtained from official sources - the average returns on bank deposits and government securities are regularly published in specialized publications. Thus, the price of capital is defined as the net return on alternative investment projects.

If funds for the project are supposed to be obtained from a bank, then the minimum level of the project's rate of return should not be lower than the loan rate.

As for the influence of competition on the determination of the internal rate of return, when setting the rate of return on average profitability values, it must be commensurate with the scale of production. This is due to the fact that the average industry profitability can be higher than the production profitability of the innovator. Sometimes large companies will deliberately lower their prices in order to generate a sufficient amount of profit with significant sales volumes.

Investors who decide to finance innovative projects take into account the level of risk as a premium on the expected rate of return. The amount of this allowance can vary within very wide limits and depends to a large extent both on the nature of the project and on the personal characteristics of those who make investment decisions. Table 3.6 below. contains information that can be relied upon in determining the investor's expected return.

Table 3.6.

The dependence of the rate of return
investment project on the level of risk

Investment groups	Expected return
Replacement investments - subgroup 1 (new machinery or equipment, vehicles, etc., which will perform functions similar to the equipment being replaced)	Capital price
Replacement investments - subgroup 2 (new machinery or equipment, vehicles, etc., which will perform functions similar to the equipment being replaced, but are technologically more advanced, their maintenance requires highly qualified specialists, the organization of production requires other solutions)	Capital price + 3%
Replacement investments - subgroup 3 (new auxiliary production facilities: warehouses, buildings that replace old counterparts; plants located on a new site)	Capital cost + 6%
New investments - subgroup 1 (new facilities or equipment associated with the main production, with the help of which old products will be manufactured)	Capital price + 5%
New investments - subgroup 2 (new facilities or machines that are closely related to existing equipment)	Capital cost + 8%
New investments - subgroup 3 (new facilities and machines or takeovers and acquisitions of other companies that are not related to the existing technological process)	Capital price + 15%
Investments in research and development - subgroup 1 (applied R&D aimed at certain specific purposes)	Capital price + 10%
Investments in research and development - subgroup 2 (fundamental R&D, the goals of which are not clearly defined and the result is not known in advance)	Capital price + 20%

3.5.4. Payback period

The payback period To is one of the most common indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of investments. In English literature, it is referred to as PP - Pay-off Period. In contrast to the indicator “payback period of capital investments” used in domestic practice, it is based not on profit, but on cash flow, bringing the funds invested in innovation and the amount of cash flow to the present value.

Payback period formula, where:

Z - initial investment in innovation;

D - annual cash income.

Investing in market conditions is associated with significant risk, and this risk is greater, the longer the payback period of investments. Both market conditions and prices may change too significantly during this time. This approach is invariably relevant for industries in which the rates of scientific and technological progress are the highest and where the emergence of new technologies or products can quickly devalue previous investments.

Finally, the focus on the “payback period” indicator is often chosen in cases where there is no certainty that an innovative project will be implemented, and therefore the owner of the funds does not risk entrusting investments for a long period.

Thus, investors prefer projects with the shortest payback periods.

3.5.5. Main characteristics of an innovative project

Among the characteristics of an innovative project, which are most often considered when performing a financial analysis, the following can be distinguished:

the sustainability of the project;

· sensitivity of the project in relation to change of its parameters;

The break-even point of the project.

The sustainability of the project is understood as the limiting negative value of the analyzed parameter, at which the economic feasibility of the project implementation is preserved. The project parameters used to analyze its sustainability include:

· capital investments;

· volume of sales;

· current expenses;

macroeconomic factors: inflation rate, dollar exchange rate, etc.

The stability of the project to a change in the analyzed parameter is calculated based on the condition that if the project parameters deviate by 10% in the worst side from the nominal values, the integral effect remains positive.

Sensitivity to parameter change is also determined from the condition that the analyzed parameter changes by 10% in the direction of a negative deviation from its nominal value. If after that Eint changes insignificantly (less than 5%), then innovation activity is considered insensitive to changes in this factor. If there is a significant change in E int (more than 5%), then the project is recognized as risky for this factor. For parameters with respect to which a particularly high sensitivity of the project has been identified, it is desirable to conduct an in-depth analysis in order to more accurately predict their changes during the implementation of the project. Such an analysis will make it possible to anticipate possible problems, plan appropriate actions, and provide the necessary resources for them, i.e. minimize project risk.

In addition to sustainability and sensitivity analysis, the break-even point of an innovative project is also often determined. It is determined by the volume of sales of products at which all production costs are covered. This parameter obviously reflects the degree of dependence of the project results on marketing risks - errors in determining demand, pricing policy and the competitiveness of a new product.

Currently, financial analysis is carried out, as a rule, using special software. For example, the Project Expert product, which is widely used in our country, allows you to carry out all the analyzes described above, as well as perform many other operations that require a special training course. The output of the Project Expert software is a ready-made business plan, drawn up in accordance with the standards accepted in our country.

* Commercial development of research organizations in Russia. - M.: SKANRUS, 2001, S. 231-237.

* Commercial development of research organizations in Russia. - M.: SKANRUS, 2001, S. 321-237.

To narrow the search results, you can refine the query by specifying the fields to search on. The list of fields is presented above. For instance:

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The default operator is AND.
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research development

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# study

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5. The R&D process and the strategic objectives of its individual stages

5.6. R&D is the most important link in the implementation of the corporation's strategy

After the completion of applied R&D, subject to the positive results of an economic analysis that satisfies the firm in terms of its goals, resources and market conditions, they begin to perform development work (R&D). R&D is the most important link in the materialization of the results of previous R&D. Its main task is to create a set of design documentation for mass production.

The main stages of R&D (GOST 15.001-73):
1) development of technical specifications for R&D;
2) technical proposal;
3) preliminary design;
4) technical design;
5) development of working documentation, production of a prototype;
6) preliminary tests of a prototype;
7) state (departmental) testing of a prototype;
8) development of documentation based on test results.

An approximate list of works at the stages of R & D is shown in Table. 5.13.

Table 5.13

Approximate list of works at the stages of R&D

OKR stages	Main tasks and scope of work
Development of technical specifications for R&D	Drawing up a draft TK by the customer. Development of the draft TOR by the contractor. Establishment of a list of counterparties and coordination of private TK with them. Coordination and approval of TK
Technical proposal (is the basis for adjusting the TOR and performing a draft design)	Identification of additional or refined requirements for the product, its technical characteristics and quality indicators that cannot be specified in the TOR: elaboration of research results; elaboration of forecasting results; study of scientific and technical information; preliminary calculations and clarification of the requirements of the TOR
Preliminary design (serves as the basis for technical design)	Development of fundamental technical solutions: performance of work on the stage of the technical proposal, if this stage is not carried out; choice of element base of development; selection of basic technical solutions; development of structural and functional schemes of the product; selection of basic structural elements; metrological examination of the project; development and testing of layouts
Engineering design	The final choice of technical solutions for the product as a whole and its components: development of basic electrical, kinematic, hydraulic and other circuits; clarification of the main parameters of the product; carrying out the structural layout of the product and issuing data for its placement at the facility; development of projects of specifications for the supply and manufacture of the product; testing mock-ups of the main devices of the product in natural conditions.
Development of working documentation, production of a prototype	Formation of a set of design documents: development of a complete set of working documentation; its coordination with the customer and the manufacturer of serial products; verification of design documentation for unification and standardization; production in pilot production of a prototype; tuning and complex adjustment of the prototype.
Preliminary tests	Verification of the compliance of the prototype with the requirements of the TOR and determination of the possibility of its presentation for state (departmental) tests: bench tests; preliminary tests at the facility; reliability tests.
State (departmental) tests	Assessment of compliance with the requirements of the TOR and the possibility of organizing mass production
Development of documentation based on test results	Making the necessary clarifications and changes in the documentation. Assignment of the documentation of the letter “O 1”. Transfer of documentation to the manufacturer

Design is a set of measures that ensure the search for technical solutions that meet the specified requirements, their optimization and implementation in the form of a set of design documents and a prototype (s) subjected to a test cycle for compliance with the requirements of the technical assignment.

Any modern complex technical device is the result of complex knowledge. The designer must know marketing, the economy of the country and the world, the physics of phenomena, numerous technical disciplines (radio engineering, computer technology, mathematics, mechanical engineering, metrology, organization and technology of production, etc.), product operating conditions, guiding technical papers and standards.

In addition, one should take into account: the characteristics of the team and the requirements of real life, other people's experience, the ability to receive and evaluate information.

Not the last requirement for the designer is the complexity of thinking, the ability to work with a large number of organizations. This skill is especially necessary for the developer of a product that is part of a more complex complex (for example, radio stations for a ship, aircraft) or associated with other systems (data output, power supply, control, etc.).

As an illustration, let's consider a typical procedure for the development and mastering of new technology in the interests of a particular department (Ministry of Defense, geological departments, Agroprom, etc.), see also Table. 5.13:

Performers	Works
Academic Research Institute Leading research institute of the industry	Search research, problem
Research Institute, Leading Research Institute of the Industry, Design Bureau	Applied research (research of the possibility of creating a product)
Research executor Research institute of the customer	Development of technical specifications for R&D
	Technical proposal (determination of the possibility of obtaining characteristics according to the TOR)
Research institute of the customer Research Institute, Design Bureau	Specification specification
Research Institute, Design Bureau customer acceptance	Draft design (determination of the main technical solutions, options performance)
	Technical project (determination of the main development option, main technical solutions)
	Working draft (development of prototype documentation)
Research Institute, Design Bureau, pilot plant	Prototype production
	Preliminary (bench) testing of a prototype
Research Institute, design bureau, pilot plant, facility manufacturer	Installation of a prototype on a carrier object
	Preliminary testing of a prototype at the facility
State commission of the customer with the participation of research institutes, design bureaus	State tests
	Development of documentation based on test results
	Transfer of documentation to the manufacturer of the series
Plant, Research Institute, Design Bureau	Preparation of production at a serial plant
	Release of an experimental batch
Plant, Research Institute, Design Bureau	Correction of documentation based on the results of the release of an experimental batch
	Release of the installation series
	Established batch production

The logical model of decision making by the developer can be stated as follows. Many technical solutions that satisfy i-th constraint, denote A i. Then the set of technical solutions admissible according to n restrictions will be defined as the intersection of sets . First of all, the developer must find out that the last set is non-empty. Further, from this set, solutions are identified, elements X which satisfy all the criteria specified in the terms of reference:

.

When designing any system, you can set its input and output signals (in the informational sense), external conditions and criteria for the success of the solution. In a general sense, the input of the system is the reaction of the environment to the system, and the output is the reaction of the system to the environment. External conditions can manifest themselves in two aspects: design constraints and a set of situations in which the system must operate.

The most complex and least developed task is the convolution of a set of criteria into a single (objective function) (see, for example,).

The choice of specific technical solutions mathematically represents an optimization problem, for which known methods of the theory of operations (direct calculation, classical method of differentiation, method of Lagrange multipliers, calculus of variations, numerical search methods, linear and nonlinear programming, Pontryagin's maximum principle) can be used.

The ISO standard, as a method for assessing the quality of a new product, recommends comparing its characteristics with the corresponding characteristics of an analogue. Naturally, the validity of the assessment depends on the correct choice of analogue. First of all, you should choose an analogue that is closest in functionality, present on the market with a stable market price and known technical and economic characteristics. If the designed product, according to its functional purpose, replaces several existing products, then their totality is used as an analogue. The assessment of the quality level of the developed products is based on a comparison of the main groups of technical and operational parameters: purpose, reliability, manufacturability, unification, ergonomics, patent-legal and environmental. The choice of the nomenclature of indicators is made in accordance with the available materials (standards, industry materials, etc.) or is made by the developer himself. The rationale for such a choice should be contained in the reporting materials of the ROC. For example, for different groups of electronic equipment, different functional indicators are recommended (Table 5.14.).

For each of the selected indicators for comparison by an expert, the coefficient of its weight (importance) must be determined.

As already mentioned, the form of presentation of a complex quality indicator cannot be unambiguously justified. Therefore, you should use the requirements of regulatory documents or justify your choice.

Table 5.14

Composition of indicators of functional purpose
for different groups of radio-electronic equipment (REA)

Indicators	radio	radio transmitter	radio measuring equipment			TV receiver
Sensitivity
frequency range
Range
Range Resolution
Angle Resolution
Radiated power
Process performance
Memory
Rebuilding time
Power efficiency
Information processing time
Noise immunity
Contrast
Nonlinear distortion

The two main forms of the integral quality indicator are most widely used:

1) additive

where gi- weight factor i-th parameter; A i- quality indicator i-th parameter; n- the number of parameters by which the comparison is made;

2) multiplicative

The additive form (weighted average summation) is the most common, although its disadvantage is the possibility of "compensating" the quality level for one parameter at the expense of others. In addition, it allows the situation of the significance of the integral quality indicator with a zero value of one or more parameters. In this sense, the multiplicative form of representation is preferable, although it should be noted that the multiplicative form is easily converted to an additive form by simple logarithms.

Other forms of estimates are also possible, which nevertheless reduce to the two enumerated monotonic transformations. For example, relative assessments of the potential of a project option are used in the following form:

where is the degree of influence i-th option to achieve design goals;

- the probability of choosing this option by the designer.

For i th estimate of the total potential, then the partial potentials are summed. Since when evaluating project options or the resulting R&D effectiveness, relative evaluations are performed (that is, the absolute value of the complex quality indicator is not significant), then the rules for using private criteria, their weights and the rules for making final decisions on the continuation and termination of the project are much more important. As already mentioned, it is also important to take into account the possible compensation of some partial assessments at the expense of others in the additive form of the complex quality criterion. The author repeatedly cited such an example during various discussions on this issue. Suppose we are comparing two versions of a ship. Particular criteria of one of them have some average, mediocre values, and the other - all excellent, with the exception of one - buoyancy, which is equal to zero. The formal application of the additive form of the complex quality criterion can lead to a paradoxical result - the second vessel will be preferred. In the multiplicative form, the equality of one of the partial criteria to zero leads to a zero estimate for the entire project. If such a criterion is insignificant, then it is better to exclude it from the list of criteria altogether. Another problem is also of significant importance - bringing the compared options to a comparable form in terms of areas and operating conditions, the regulatory framework for calculating costs and useful results, and the final beneficial effect.

Comparability in areas and operating conditions is ensured by selecting the appropriate project options.

Comparability in terms of a useful result is necessary if there are differences in the technical and operational parameters used. Usually, reduction to comparability is used with the help of reduction factors. Essentially, they provide comparability in terms of some selected reference parameters (energy, number of parameters and modes, accuracy, etc.). Thus, they indicate, for example, that in a complex comparison of the radiated power of a radar and its reliability, the failure rate should be used for the latter parameter, and not the probability of failure-free operation. This is due to the fact that both the radiated power and the failure rate correlate with hardware costs in the same direction and approximately equally.

The coefficients of reduction to a comparable form are contained in Table. 5.15.

Table 5.15

Reduction coefficients for various REA parameters

Parameter	Calculation formula	Conventions
Performance		Annual volume of work of analogue and new product
Versatility		The number of objects of an analogue and a new product required to simultaneously obtain information from a certain number of points Number of working channels
Accuracy of measurements		Probability of obtaining a result with a given margin of error by an analogue and a new product
Communication range		Ranges of analog and new product
Reliability		Probabilities of no-failure operation of an analogue and a new device
Receiver sensitivity		Sensitivity of analogue and new product
Radiated power		Radiated powers of analogue and new product

The consumption price serves as an integral economic indicator of a new product when compared with its analogue. It is expressed by the following formula:

where TO- one-time capital costs (for the acquisition, transportation, installation, as well as related costs);

Z e- operating costs for the entire time of operation of the product.

With a long service life, of course, dynamic estimates must be made using discounting. If, as a result of a change in the reliability of a new product compared to a similar one, the assessment of damage (including in adjacent links) changes, this should be taken into account. In the same way, the accompanying positive results of using a new product should be taken into account. These should include, in particular:
- reduction of dimensions and weight of aircraft and ships when new products are installed on them instead of analogues;
- increasing the accuracy and speed of the control system (aircraft, ship, air traffic, etc.), which reduces the length of the path, and therefore, reduces fuel consumption, control costs.

Thus, the complete formula for determining the integral economic indicator has the form

where is the total amount of damage from failures;
R s- concomitant positive results of the application of a new product.

Assessment of technical economic efficiency it is convenient to produce a new product using the table. 5.16.

Table 5.16

Evaluation of the technical and economic efficiency of a new product

Parameter,				New product
	weightiness
Integral technical indicator
Integral cost indicator
Technical and economic efficiency
Relative technical and economic efficiency of R&D

The integral cost indicator can hardly be more or less accurately calculated in the early stages of R&D. This is due to the incompleteness of design documentation and the lack of technological documentation. The only way out is to compare this indicator with the price of a product similar in terms of element base, technology and design. In this case, it is advisable to isolate large and complex components of the product and evaluate them separately. In accordance with international standards ISO 9000 (GOST 40.9000) comparison of the effectiveness and quality of a new product is carried out by comparing it with an analogue.

As stated in, attempts to maximally formalize the work of developers and impose a strict program of actions on them are usually harmful, and in fact cannot be implemented. The methods proposed by some authors for the complete automation of the stages of search and conceptual design are mainly reduced to the creation of advanced information and expert systems. It was mentioned above that even when trying to formally assess the quality of technical systems, serious fundamental difficulties arise associated with the so-called second Gödel theorem, that it is fundamentally impossible to assess its quality within the framework of the system being created. Criteria for assessing the quality and effectiveness of the system should be formulated within the supersystem. It should be noted that there is no purely technical design. Any design is technical and economic and, therefore, the previously stated considerations about the problems of mathematical modeling of economic and economic-production systems are applicable to it. However, such a unity of the technical and economic aspects of design is often forgotten. So, the basics of a systematic approach to the design process are set out as follows:
- the development of the project goes from the general to the particular, and not vice versa;
- the designer should take on the solution of particular problems, only having worked out the general ones;
- when developing particular tasks, it is necessary to take into account technical solutions (TR) adopted at earlier design stages;
- new technical solutions appear as a result of the creative process, which is iterative in nature of successive approximations to the goal;
- obtaining a rational technical solution is achieved by developing maximum number options and their in-depth analysis;
- when making a decision, the requirements for the optimal functioning of a technical means (TS) prevail over others, for example, economic ones;
- the limiting design parameters of technical means are dictated only by physical and technical, and not economic factors, therefore, when designing, it is necessary to start with engineering calculations;
- the design of products is carried out taking into account the possibility and complexity of their manufacture;
economic evaluation of the design is always an important incentive to obtain rational solutions, but can not be done until there are options that meet the requirements of the product and technically feasible;
- when designing, it is necessary to use as much as possible known technical solutions, which are a generalization of the vast experience of previous generations of engineers;
- to evaluate the decisions made, the designer must take into account the whole range of criteria contained in such indicators of the quality of technical means as functioning, reliability, manufacturability, standardization and unification, as well as ergonomic, aesthetic and economic indicators;
- patent and legal indicators - the necessary criteria for evaluating new competitive technical solutions;
- when designing new technical means, one should think about their painless elimination after the expiration of their service life.

Obviously, the long-recognized foundations of a unified technical and economic design, the inclusion of strategic issues, a marketing approach, and so on in the design are inconvenient for the author. This is all the more strange since such an article was published in a journal published by the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the author is an employee of one of the leading technical universities (MGTU). Nevertheless, a consistent presentation of approaches to the design of technical means in is of particular interest.

The described system design scheme consists of four stages of setting the task of creating a new technical tool, exploratory design, conceptual design and engineering design.

At the stage of setting the task of creating a new technical tool, on the basis of understanding and in-depth analysis of the problem of the emergence of an actual need, a system model of a new product is formed that describes its connections and relations with the external environment (Fig. 42).

Consideration of this model allows us to state the general task of creating a new technical tool - to formulate its official purpose, to determine the restrictions and boundary conditions for the implementation of the working function, evaluation criteria, etc. When analyzing the problem for novelty and technical feasibility, the ways of further progress of its solution are determined: the use of an existing technical solution, the design of a new technical tool, or a re-examination of the problem with the formulation of real tasks for today. This stage should answer the questions: is a new technical tool needed and what tasks it should solve. If these issues are resolved positively, a task is drawn up, in which the formulation of the general task of creating a new product is finally formulated, which is the basis for performing the stages of the design process.

Rice. 42. Scheme of system design of technical means and systems:
1 - setting the task

Rice. 43. Scheme of system design of technical means and systems:
2 - search design

Rice. 44. Scheme of system design of technical means and systems:
3 - conceptual design

Rice. 45. Scheme of system design of technical means and systems:
4 - engineering design

The exploratory design stage should answer the question - what should be the future technical tool (Fig. 43). To do this, its official purpose is specified, the boundaries of the system and its connections with the external environment are determined. When analyzing the overall task, the working function of the new technical tool is clearly formulated and the components of the task are determined - parameters, decision factors, goals and evaluation criteria, time allotted for the project. The principle of operation of the future technical object is determined (selected or invented). If today the task of creating a new technical tool turns out to be technically unfeasible, then it is necessary to return to the formulation of the problem of its creation, clarifying or changing its official purpose. When the principle of operation is clear and the working scheme of the created object is known, then the limiting modes of operation of the design object should be determined. The result of this stage is a formalized terms of reference for the design of a new technical facility, which must contain an unambiguous description of its official purpose, quality indicators and project evaluation criteria.

The conceptual design stage decides on the technical implementation of the concept of the future design (Fig. 44). The development and analysis of various options for fundamental solutions (functional, layout, kinematic and other schemes) gives the concept of design. At this stage, an economic evaluation of the selected options is carried out. The result of the conceptual design stage should be a formalized technical proposal, which should determine the design concept of the future technical facility and the technical and economic feasibility of its creation.

At the stage of engineering design (Fig. 45), options for the most important elements of a technical facility (ETS) are developed, which are analyzed and refined (sketch design). Then, technical and detailed design is carried out, which gives a complete and final idea of ​​​​the structure and functioning of the future product, provides for detailing the design by developing drawings for each manufactured element. The volume of the set of design documentation should answer the questions - what should the future technical tool actually be like, how it works, how to repair it, transport it, etc.

The diagrams also show the elements of the necessary information support for the design process. They are catalogs of well-known technical solutions of technical means and their elements (K.01), reference books on physical effects, methods and ways of converting matter, energy and information (K.02 and K.03), collections of proven rules for the synthesis of technical solutions for technical means of various types (K.05), methods for analyzing options for technical solutions (K.06) and decision-making methods (K.07) at different design stages, a description of the recommended rules for calculating technical and economic indicators (TEI) of new technical means and their elements (K.04). Documentation must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and ESTD.

It should be noted that in Fig. 44 development of principal structural diagrams precedes the calculation of technical and economic indicators. In this sequence, the calculation of technical and economic indicators essentially turns into an economic justification for already adopted technical solutions. In fact, the development of schemes itself should be carried out together with the calculations of TEP. Otherwise, for example, it is not clear how to take into account the requirements for reliability. By the way, this parameter most clearly characterizes the technical and economic unity of the development. The author repeatedly answered his own question “What kind of reliability should the development provide?” heard the answer "The higher the better." And to the next question: “Why, in this case, do you not use a tenfold reservation and do not make all contacts from gold?” the answer followed: “It's expensive,” after which the respondent himself came to the elementary truth about the inseparability of technical and economic design. What is known to a qualified engineer is sometimes strangely interpreted by serious authors. So, in the work, the reliability of the system is attributed to qualitative criteria, as opposed to such quantitative criteria, according to the authors, as measurement error, weight and size characteristics, labor intensity of development, etc. It is known that any R&D report contains a calculation of the overall reliability of the system, no matter how complex it is. These figures must be included in specifications to the system.

In recent years, the issues of combinatorial design of systems have been widely studied. The article alone provides a bibliographic list of 52 titles. The author believes that "the design of complex solutions in many applications is now based on the selection of local design options and their composition into the resulting system." The concept of a decomposable system (consisting of parts for which there are alternative design options) is introduced. The approach to designing decomposable systems includes the following stages:
– setting requirements for the system and its components;
– formation of the system structure;
– generation of design alternatives for components;
– evaluation and ranking of the latter;
- the composition of the constituent parts;
– analysis of components and their improvement.

Basic assumptions in this case:
– the designed system has a hierarchical tree structure;
- the quality (efficiency) of the system is the aggregation of the quality of its constituent parts and the quality of their compatibility;
- multi-criteria characteristics of the quality of parts and their compatibility can be displayed on some ordinal agreed scales.

These assumptions and approaches proceed from the fact that the efficiency of a system is one or another combination of the qualities of its components, which is far from being the case in the general case. When creating a system, a fundamentally new property arises, and it is precisely this property that is the essence of the system's efficiency. If two metal sheets are connected by bolts with nuts, this does not mean that the quality of this system is the sum of the qualities of sheets, nuts and bolts. When connected, some new quality appeared (for example, a box-shaped design, which is what the consumer needs). There is nothing fundamentally new in using existing components, especially standard ones, this is the usual normal way of designing, which in itself does not solve any of the previously noted problems.

Since information systems reengineering is mentioned as one of the examples of the application of combinatorial systems design, this example of systems design should also be considered in more detail. The material of the works was used as the basis for consideration. These works define the principles and methods of a new system design (NSP) of an information system (IS) based on new information technologies.

In many new methodologies, design plans of developing or consulting firms, BPR (or BPR+) procedures include a large number of similar elements. Summarizing them and somewhat supplementing them, one can obtain the following set of the main works of the NSP. and related methods. However, in order for the concretization of these works and methods to correspond specifically to the context of the NSP, it is necessary to formulate the following fundamental provisions.

1. It is not intended to perform these works in the order they are listed, as well as in any other fixed order. As will be described below, the volume, content and the very need to perform work of each type are determined by the conditions and results obtained in the process of performing other work. The work organization scheme should be planned as adaptive, but not as cascading. In addition to the fact that iterations must be within the scope of each work, all activities can be included in the global project iterations of the organizational chart, and can also be performed in parallel.

2. The performance of work in the general case is aimed at the formation of an effective and beneficial “for today” state of IS with planning of transitions to the following, largely unknown today, states of IS “for tomorrow” (as opposed to planning of IS as a certain result, which means - receiving IP tomorrow in the form of “as it should be” or “as it should be”, but from the point of view of “yesterday”).

3. Based on the principles of NSP, without separating business reengineering and aspects of labor psychology from IS design, a list of works is given indicating the types of instrumental components and IT methods used.

4. The list, and most importantly, the content of the work and methods is not exhaustive. It is assumed that there are additions (primarily in comparison with the design work described in foreign methods), which should be used to take into account the position of the enterprise in the domestic market and factors of national, professional and corporate culture.

5. The proposed description gives only a partial idea of ​​the IT methods used in the NSP, since it represents the multidimensional structure of the NSP in one section. Other dimensions of the NSP are characterized by a description of new architectural aspects of IS or new approaches to the design of corporate databases (see for example).

As mentioned, the works in the NSP are used in the sequence that adapts to the conditions of a particular enterprise and IS project. According to this, Fig. 46 illustrates the NSP works given below in the form of a “chamomile” model.

The list of the main works of the NSP and the methods used in them:

1) the provisions of the enterprise. Methods and software tools are applied: financial analysis of the company's position (financial stability, balance sheet liquidity, business activity ratios, etc.); degree and dynamics of profitability of individual goods and processes (products, services, technologies, works); marketing analysis (goods and services, image of the enterprise and competitors, etc.) in various market sectors, marketing forecast; sociopsychological analysis (settings of the enterprise management, other groups of employees, the personnel situation in general), its information support and automation.

2) Analysis of strategic goals enterprise and critical success factors. A conclusion is made about the technological, market and social trends and capabilities of the enterprise, the provisions of a new business architecture are formulated or, in the case of a more radical reengineering, the provisions of a new business platform (see the Henderson model) .

Forecast functions are used in analytical marketing systems, databases of precedents, lines of open market information, information about the most successful competitors, etc.

3) Analysis of enterprise risk factors regarding the implementation of business reengineering programs in terms of personnel (for hard BPR, total reengineering, structural reorganization, etc.) and the ability to manage these factors.

Methods of sociopsychological examinations are applied, the possibility of restructuring personnel attitudes is assessed, personnel trainings are planned starting from the enterprise management, sequences of other steps to prepare personnel for reengineering are modeled.

4) Inventory and assessment of the state of enterprise IS: on applied systems, information classification and coding systems, information content of databases, decision support methods, use of local and global network technologies, composition of the computer park, architecture openness and other indicators of the quality of applied IT. In addition, the useful result that each subsystem (automated task, function) contributes to the enterprise's activities is evaluated.

Tools for information and functional modeling of systems are used (separate tools for describing IT models, CASE systems, DD / D systems, automated thesaurus systems, modeling systems for local computer networks, etc.), logical rules classification of concepts, well-known classification and coding systems, uses information about IT standards, industrial technologies, serving as typical and promising representatives of IT in their classes. Quantitative cost estimates of the effectiveness of the use of each subsystem are applied (if it is impossible to obtain them, estimates in physical units or qualitative ones).

5) Detailed survey of the enterprise(or its parts) and building models of the existing structure of the organization, procedures and performance indicators (the current state of the organizational structure, regulatory documents of the enterprise, performance indicators of departments and the enterprise as a whole), analysis of documents and regulations used in production processes. The useful result that each automated task, a set of functions contributes to the activity of the enterprise, is evaluated.

CASE-systems and separate special modeling tools are used: tools for an enlarged formal description of an object (for example, a description of the hierarchy of functions and departments), declarative detailed functional models of business procedures, simulation models in terms of queuing, dynamic models on Petri nets, declarative descriptions of information elements and data structures, constituting data streams; a thesaurus of concepts is being built (or supplemented) that make up an enterprise-specific conceptual model and define professional jargon; active conceptual models are built based on frame representations, etc. Quantitative cost estimates of the efficiency of automating tasks (complexes of functions) are used; units or quality.

6) End-to-end analysis and synthesis of new business processes: their contribution to production activities is determined and optimized, primarily in the form of final results and performance indicators.

Functional and organizational design methods are used: isolating the main or defining new key functional roles of employees with their focus on the result of business processes as a whole, designing the amount of power and resources necessary for these employees to perform all functions in the process; designing new organizational structures and processes, planning the transformation of existing processes and the existing organizational structure to strengthen the functional roles of employees in business processes and minimize the number of decision-making employees; introducing measurability into business processes, which allows you to know the state of affairs at any given time, expressed in monetary units, growth percentages, lead time forecasts or deviations from planned indicators, etc.

Target models of the enterprise are built (subsequently - reconstructed): conceptual, organizational, informational, functional, territorial, etc., while using: software tools (components of CASE-systems, separate programs) for modeling and evaluating business processes using methods of a formalized static description , functional cost business analysis (ABC, “activity-based costing”), dynamic modeling (CP models, JPSS language-type models, etc.); CASE-systems for fixing decisions made in the form of new functional, informational, object-oriented and other models.

7) Introduction of necessary elements marketing organization firm as a producer of market goods (services).

Information and analytical systems are being developed or purchased to support the implementation of marketing expertise in the product life cycle, data warehouse support systems (Data WareHouse - DWH) and operational analytical processing (OLAR) are used.

8) Reduced number design hierarchical levels of management and their support using: sociopsychological methods of assembling new structures and relationships (special trainings, monitoring relationships, adjusting the types and forms of motivations); funds automated support group work in new conditions: workflow tools, group development systems, parallel design, etc.; Database of templates-blanks of working documents, regulations, constant monitoring of the real current situation with the resources available to the employee; corporate mail, teleconferencing and videoconferencing connected to them, with a database and workflow tools for planning and executing orders, including for the transition from management of directly subordinates in a ratio of 1:7 to a ratio of 1:15 or more.

9) Creation and Information support autonomous and mobile business units and employees, providing "field" engineers and repairmen, rescue teams or ambulances with constant communication with the corporate IS.

Various IT technical means are used, for example: laptops with modem (including radio) communication and communication programs that have a user-friendly interface that is easy for a non-programmer; the use of replication (replication) of documents and databases, asynchronous modes of operation with IP in three-tier architectures “client - application server - database server”, etc.

10) Ensuring the growth of opportunities for each employee, performance of maximum functions in business processes by an employee who receives the final result.

Technical methods and means of new IT are also applied: means

access to all necessary data in the modes of using distributed databases, data replication tools, event management in data and transaction processing processes; DWH concept and software tools, OLAR tools, rapid application development (RAD) for creating an “Executive IS” (EIS), creation of decision support tools (DSS) based on DWH, OLAR and EIS; application of DSS tools based on inference methods, neural networks and neurocomputers, precedent analysis, etc.; offering a single user interface for working with various data and application components, using tools in this interface that increase the ease of searching for information and accessing specific application functions, for example, interfaces of geoinformation systems, natural language, speech input.

11) Development of the concept and structure of the corporate database for a new IS, implementation of the database structure and management of its development.

The following methods are used: methods of component design of subject databases for both operational and historical databases of data warehouses, archives of documents, geoinformation data, etc.; development of procedures for component changes in the corporate database when changing business procedures, activities, applied applications and geographic location of the enterprise; constant updating of the conceptual model of the enterprise to take into account new concepts that arise both when replacing application components with functionally similar ones, and when changing the types of activities of the enterprise; connecting the corporate database to the channels of the global information highway, granting rights to include information from it in the database to employees of all hierarchical levels; dynamic administration of fragments of a distributed corporate database when their logical structure, frequency of their use and location change.

12) Development of the concept and structure of the internal corporate network.

The technical standards of open systems are applied (for example, Internet and WWW technologies for building a corporate network like the Internet).

A minimum operational reservation of network resources is laid down to remove restrictions on its development and reconfiguration.

13) Application system development as a set of components based on a common conceptual model and available for reassembly by including new ones, primarily purchased components.

The following are used: DBMS and database models using languages ​​(data models) that meet industry legal standards for data presentation and processing; proven legal standards of open systems in terms of the exchange of requests, data, documents, objects; development of applications based on portable RAD systems (including those with elements of object-oriented programming).

In the future, it is possible to use new standards in the field

object-oriented environments.

14) Informational and functional support of business globalization.

The connection of the enterprise to global communications is applied. The following are used: global digital (computer) networks and their services, for example, the Internet, building exits from corporate networks to the Internet; tools and tools for working in global networks: tools for hypertext browsing of databases of WWW (World Wide Web) servers, applications for remote financial settlements, etc.; regimes and standards of the information superhighway for ubiquitous access to information of any kind - from price lists and standard conditions of possible business partners to dynamic flows of market and reference information of a general nature; refusal to embed restrictions on the possibilities of computer communication in the hardware architecture, the architecture of communication channels, in software or in a dedicated center for remote administration of a distributed corporate network; means of protecting confidential data that do not restrict the possibility of free access of subscribers to the desired address (except for special cases in which the creation of “computer islands” is justified); operating modes of communications and IS in 24*365 mode.

15) Building a support and document management system as part of a system for implementing the actual set of business procedures.

The use of such a system as a means of planning the organization of work, measuring indicators of their implementation, control and self-control of execution.

For this purpose, corporate and global Email, electronic archives of documents, instrumental and infrastructure systems of grupware and workflow classes, writing and administering specific regulations (business procedures) covering employees of the enterprise, providing each employee with dynamic reports on the situation with the performance of regulated work, achieved values ​​of estimated indicators, etc.

16) Retraining and advanced training of personnel.

Providing employees with a maximum of basic information as a basis for making independent decisions. Formation of their knowledge and skills using all IT tools in training programs that reduce the subsequent overhead costs of employees for the implementation of business procedures to a minimum, for example: multimedia training computer programs with dynamic scenarios for simulating various situations; contextual hints, hypertext help guides, contextual tutorials; use of workflow tools for supplying and training relevant business procedures, etc.

17) Plan the recruitment and sequencing of transition steps from current state business architecture of the enterprise to the new (with an assessment of the cost of the transition).

Planning such steps in terms of personnel training, in terms of resource and project management, in terms of financial accounting and analysis, etc., including using project management software systems (building and dynamic recalculation of linear and network schedules, resource planning, evaluation project cost).

18) Planning and implementation of the transition from the current state of the IT architecture of the enterprise and its functioning IS to the new one.

For example, in terms of the reconstruction of a corporate database and application complexes, the following are used: software systems for managing projects for the development of IS; application of software tools for the development and implementation of database transfer and reengineering schemes; development of programs for the interface use of existing (inherited) or newly integrated components: applications, subject databases and subsystems in a new IS, implementation of the technical and semantic aspects of the joint functioning of components, the use of known methods and software tools for reengineering existing application programs into a new environment (changing the programming language , interfaces with databases, etc.).

19) Documentation of processes and design results and redesigning both business processes and computer IS components.

The following are used: means of issuing reports and certificates of CASE-systems and other special modeling programs; advanced tools for text and graphics editors (maybe with animation or multimedia elements) to create high-quality documentation of business conditions, procedures and processes; inclusion of relevant documents in the contours of the corporate network, training programs, contextual help, etc.

20) Create external documentation programs for the production and supply of goods and services of the main activity of the enterprise at a competitively high level.

Output streams of information are formed, aimed at clients, business partners, government circles, the general public, for the formation of which are used: the editors described above, computer layout systems, animations and multimedia to create interactive reference applications, video disks, catalogs, price lists, etc.; object programming systems that provide the recipient with a “remote interpretation” of the content of the above interactive reference applications, video disks, catalogs, price lists, etc.; programming of WWW-servers, other possibilities of the information superhighway for placement of the external documentation of the main activity.

21) Providing prompt feedback from potential consumers, commercial clients, business partners, etc.

Methods and systems of marketing monitoring and analysis are applied to obtain primary and secondary information. IT methods and tools are used to: create applications that provide feedback with clients and consumers through global network systems; ensuring round-the-clock functioning of the enterprise's information system in order to inform, receive and fulfill customer applications and claims; administration for this operational database with the implementation of the non-stop operation of the OLTP.

The NSP does not impose on the customer and the developer a common for all, typical scheme for the mandatory implementation of a full cycle of work on BPR, or total reengineering, or something like that. Taking into account the real situation with IP, the real needs of the enterprise and its real readiness for BPR, those works are performed that this enterprise can master. However, in the general case, the NSP explores the need and possibility of performing all types of work that are potentially necessary for the enterprise. Therefore, it is proposed to build flexible organizational design schemes, which consists in the construction and dynamic refinement of an adaptive organizational scheme focused on the specifics of a particular enterprise, its internal state and external position.

Adaptability is also manifested in the fact that a scheme is being built, according to which, in the process of performing work, that design option and future IS is selected for which the enterprise is ready or can be prepared in a reasonable time.

The initial are analytical expert procedures that determine the state of the enterprise and its need for BPR and readiness for it.

Adaptive Schema Example

Below is a simplified and truncated example of a variant of such an organizational chart.

1) Situational and diagnostic analysis the position of the enterprise.

(Situational analysis of the external situation of the enterprise and the presence of internal requirements for conducting BPR.)

2) Does the business need BPR?

Yes– perform an examination of the readiness of the enterprise for BPR.

Not - plan the stages of the feasibility study and pre-project survey for the improved cascade scheme.

3) Performance(sociopsychological and financial) examination of the readiness of the enterprise for BPR.

4) Is the company ready for BRR?

Yes - carry out the stages of IS development according to the BPR scheme adapted to the given enterprise.

Not- develop a report on the critical factors of the enterprise and complete the work (or plan with the management of the enterprise the procedures for preparing the enterprise for a state in which it is possible to start work on BPR).

5) Development of a report on critical enterprise factors.

6) Execute in the first step BPR stage of mobilization (a BPR team is formed, resources are planned, orders are issued).

Upon successful completion, proceed to the strategic analysis stage.

7) strategic analysis, formulation of the strategic goals of the enterprise and the critical factors of its success.

(Documents the current external state enterprise, its declared and other goals, the state of organizational structures, business procedures, databases, etc., the main general recommendations are being developed.)

8) Fulfillment for existing organizational structures, business processes and IS examinations of the type "review" and "inventory" of the enlarged level.

9) Implementation of the strategic planning.

(The concept is being developed strategic planning BPR and IP).

It is carried out - possibly on the basis of additional survey procedures - the synthesis of extremely generalized basic models of BPR and IS: conceptual, functional, informational, organizational, recommendations and plans are developed for the detailed design of business procedures and IS, including the overall architecture, organizational, functional, informational, hardware, network, system-wide software, application software, etc. parts.)

10) Run the first development cycle priority IC components (maybe in the style of prototyping or spiral method).

10.1) Conduct a clarifying detailed informational and functional analysis and synthesis for the prototype component.

10.2) Develop a prototype (design, programs, database, documentation) of the component.

10.3) Perform expert review of the project progress.

11) Develop transition procedures from the existing state to the new one - in the directions of providing the system.

12) Complete the procedures for obtaining quality component of IS.

13) Carry out commissioning IS component with the implementation of procedures for the transition of the enterprise to a new state of IS.

(Personnel training, integration of a component with existing ones, etc.)

14) repeat, including- in parallel, steps 10 - 13 planned, but adjustable number of times, if necessary, perform additional examinations included in paragraphs 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10.3.

The principles of the NSP involve the use of many new design methods and a new look at the application of classical approaches. It is necessary to have an answer to the question: how radically should system design be changed in reality? It is advisable to maintain a healthy immunity to revolutions (see). This means relying on a combination of two rules: do not recklessly succumb to the "hot" slogans of fashion trends and, at the same time, do not miss the real changes that should be included in the practice of design.

Such a detailed presentation of the approaches to the IS design methodology in relation to the tasks of reengineering is given here, since it is the best evidence of what a real systematic approach is in R&D, what is the role of the conceptual design stage, how not for a minute should we forget about the economic side of the project and at the same time this is a vivid illustration of the strategic role of R&D not only for a particular enterprise (indeed, the more partner enterprises will be subjected to such reengineering, the more efficiently each of them will work). And finally: the complexity, multi-stage, high cost of creating IS reengineering is really justified if such a business architecture solution is designed that will provide a “breakthrough”, that is, such an organization of business processes that in reality can provide a radical increase in efficiency by 100% or more .

It is obvious that the information systems of "cybercorporations" are far from the most voluminous and strategically significant object of R&D. An example is the so-called complex special-purpose systems. They are understood as systems whose functioning goals are of national importance. These include, for example, systems for space exploration, the development of a transport network, energy, national security, etc.

Their main features:
- the goals of their functioning are formulated on the basis of state interests;
- the achievement of goals is ensured not only by the presence of the necessary systems, but also by the creation and development of the necessary organizational structure with the inclusion of government bodies in it;
- the basis for the implementation of such systems is centralized budget financing;
- management of their creation and development is the monopoly of the state and is carried out by special state bodies.

Previous

Research work (R&D) – it scientific developments related to the search, conducting research, experiments in order to obtain new knowledge, test hypotheses, establish patterns, and scientifically substantiate projects.

The implementation of R&D is regulated by the following regulatory documents: GOST 15.101-98 “Procedure for performing R&D”, GOST 7.32-2001 “Formation of a report on R&D”, STB-1080-2011 “Procedure for performing research, development and experimental-technological work to create scientific and technical products” and others (Appendix 10).

Distinguish fundamental, search and applied R&D.

As a rule, fundamental and search works are not included in the life cycle of a product, however, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into applied R&D.

Basic Research can be divided into "clean" (free) and target.

"Pure" basic research- these are studies, the main purpose of which is the disclosure and knowledge of the unknown laws and patterns of nature and society, the causes of the occurrence of phenomena and the disclosure of the relationships between them, as well as an increase in the volume of scientific knowledge. In "pure" research, there is freedom to choose the field of research and methods of scientific work.

Targeted fundamental research are aimed at solving certain problems using strictly scientific methods based on available data. They are limited to a certain area of ​​science, and their goal is not only to know the laws of nature and society, but also to explain phenomena and processes, to better understand the object under study, and to expand human knowledge.

This fundamental research can be called goal-oriented. They retain the freedom to choose methods of work, but unlike “pure” fundamental research, there is no freedom to choose research objects, the area and purpose of research are tentatively set (for example, the development of a controlled thermonuclear reaction).

Basic Research conducted by academic research institutes and universities. Results of fundamental research - theories, discoveries, new principles of action. The probability of their use is 5 - 10%.

Exploratory research cover works aimed at studying the ways and means practical application results of fundamental research. Their implementation implies the possibility of alternative directions for solving an applied problem and the choice of the most promising direction for its solution. They are based on the well-known results of fundamental research, although as a result of the search, their main provisions may be revised.

The main goal of exploratory research– using the results of fundamental research for practical application in various fields in the near future (for example, searching for and identifying opportunities for using a laser in practice).

Exploratory research may include work on the creation of fundamentally new materials, metal processing technologies, the study and development of scientific foundations for optimizing technological processes, the search for new drugs, the analysis of the biological effect of new chemical compounds on the body, etc.

Exploratory research has varieties: exploratory research of a wide profile without a special application to a particular industry and a narrowly focused nature to address issues of specific industries.

Search work is carried out in universities, academic and industry research institutes. In individual branch institutes of industry and other sectors of the national economy, the proportion of prospecting work reaches 10%.

The probability of practical use of exploratory research is about 30%.

Applied Research (R&D) are one of the stages of the life cycle of creating new types of products. These include studies that are carried out with the aim of practical use of the results of fundamental and exploratory research in relation to specific tasks.

The purpose of applied R&D is to answer the question “is it possible to create a new type of product, materials or technological processes based on the results of fundamental and exploratory R&D, and with what characteristics”.

Applied research is carried out mainly in branch research institutes. The results of applied research are patentable schemes, scientific recommendations proving the technical feasibility of creating innovations (machines, devices, technologies). At this stage, a market target can be set with a high degree of probability. The probability of practical use of applied research is 75 - 85%.

R&D consists of stages (stages), which are understood as a logically justified set of works that has independent significance and is the object of planning and financing.

The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

According to GOST 15.101-98 "Procedure for performing research" the main stages of research are:

1. Development of terms of reference (TOR)- selection and study of scientific and technical literature, patent information and other materials on the topic, discussion of the data obtained, on the basis of which an analytical review is compiled, hypotheses and forecasts are put forward, customer requirements are taken into account. Based on the results of the analysis, research directions and ways of implementing the requirements that the product must satisfy are selected. Reporting scientific and technical documentation for the stage is compiled, the necessary performers are determined, the terms of reference are prepared and issued.

At the stage of developing the terms of reference for research, the following types of information are used:

· object of study;

description of the requirements for the object of study;

List of functions of the object of study of a general technical nature;

a list of physical and other effects, regularities and theories that can be the basis of the principle of operation of a new product;

technical solutions (in predictive studies);

· information about the scientific and technical potential of the R&D performer;

information about the production and material resources of the research contractor;

· marketing research;

data on the expected economic effect.

Additionally, the following information is used:

methods for solving individual problems;

general technical requirements (standards, environmental and other restrictions, requirements for reliability, maintainability, ergonomics, and so on);

Projected terms of product renewal;

· offers of licenses and "know-how" on the object of research.

2. Choice of research direction- collection and study of scientific and technical information, drawing up an analytical review, conducting patent research, formulating possible directions for solving the problems set in the TOR of research and their comparative assessment, choosing and justifying the accepted direction of research and methods for solving problems, comparing the expected indicators of new products after implementation of research results with existing indicators of analogous products, assessment of the estimated economic efficiency of new products, development of a general methodology for conducting research. Preparation of an interim report.

3. Conducting theoretical, experimental research– development of working hypotheses, construction of models of the research object, substantiation of assumptions, scientific and technical ideas are tested, research methods are developed, the choice of various schemes is justified, calculation and research methods are selected, the need for experimental work is identified, methods for their implementation are developed.

If the need for experimental work is determined, design and manufacture of mock-ups and an experimental sample are carried out.

Bench and field experimental tests of the sample are carried out according to the developed programs and methods, the test results are analyzed, and the degree of compliance of the data obtained on the experimental sample with the calculated and theoretical conclusions is determined.

If there are deviations from the TOR, then the experimental sample is finalized, additional tests are carried out, if necessary, changes are made to the developed schemes, calculations, and technical documentation.

4. Registration of research results- preparation of reporting documentation on the results of research, including materials on the novelty and expediency of using the results of research, on economic efficiency. If positive results are obtained, then scientific and technical documentation and draft terms of reference for development work are developed. The compiled and executed set of scientific and technical documentation is presented to the customer for acceptance. If private technical solutions are new, then they are issued through the patent service, regardless of the completion of the preparation of all technical documentation. The leader of the topic, before presenting the research work to the commission, draws up a notice of its readiness for acceptance.

5. Subject acceptance– discussion and approval of the results of research (scientific and technical report) and the signing of the customer's act on acceptance of the work. If positive results are obtained and the acceptance certificate is signed, the developer transfers to the customer:

An experimental sample of a new product accepted by the commission;

Protocols of acceptance tests and acts of acceptance of a prototype (dummy) of the product;

Calculations of economic efficiency of using the development results;

Necessary design and technological documentation for the production of an experimental sample.

The developer takes part in the design and development of a new product and, along with the customer, is responsible for achieving the product performance guaranteed by him.

The comprehensive implementation of research on a specific target program allows not only to solve a scientific and technical problem, but also to create a sufficient reserve for more efficient and high-quality development work, design and technological pre-production, as well as significantly reduce the amount of improvements and the timing of the creation and development of a new technology.

Experimental design developments (R&D). Continuation of applied R&D are technical developments: experimental design (R&D), design and technological (PTR) and design (PR) developments. At this stage, new technological processes are developed, samples of new products, machines and devices, etc. are created.

R&D is regulated by:

· STB 1218-2000. Development and production of products. Terms and Definitions.

· STB-1080-2011. “Procedure for the implementation of research, development and development work on the creation of scientific and technical products”.

· TCP 424-2012 (02260). The procedure for the development and production of products. Technical code. The provisions of the technical code apply to work on the creation of new or improved products (services, technologies), including the creation of innovative products.

· GOST R 15.201-2000, System for the development and production of products. Products for industrial and technical purposes. The procedure for the development and production of products.

and others (see Appendix 10).

The purpose of the development work is the development of a set of working design documentation in the amount and quality of development, sufficient for putting a certain type of product into production (GOST R 15.201-2000).

Development work in its objectives is a consistent implementation of the results of previously conducted applied research.

Development work is mainly carried out by design and engineering organizations. The material result of this stage is drawings, projects, standards, instructions, prototypes. The probability of practical use of the results is 90 - 95%.

Main types of work that are included in the OKR:

1) preliminary design (development of fundamental technical solutions for the product, giving general idea on the principle of operation and (or) the design of the product);

2) technical design (development of final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the product design);

3) design (design implementation of technical solutions);

4) modeling, pilot production of product samples;

5) confirmation of technical solutions and their design implementation by testing layouts and prototypes.

Typical stages OKRs are:

1. Technical task - the source document, on the basis of which all work is carried out to create a new product, developed by the manufacturer of the product and agreed with the customer (main consumer). Approved by the lead ministry (whose profile the product under development belongs to).

In the terms of reference, the purpose of the future product is determined, its technical and operational parameters and characteristics are carefully substantiated: performance, dimensions, speed, reliability, durability and other indicators due to the nature of the work of the future product. It also contains information on the nature of production, conditions of transportation, storage and repair, recommendations on the implementation of the necessary stages of development of design documentation and its composition, a feasibility study and other requirements.

The development of the terms of reference is based on the performed research work, marketing research information, analysis of existing similar models and their operating conditions.

When developing TOR for R&D, information is used similar to that for the development of TOR for R&D (see above).

After coordination and approval, the technical task is the basis for the development of a draft design.

2. Preliminary design consists of a graphic part and an explanatory note. The first part contains fundamental design solutions that give an idea about the product and the principle of its operation, as well as data that determine the purpose, main parameters and overall dimensions. It gives an idea of ​​the future design of the product, including general drawings, functional blocks, input and output electrical data of all nodes (blocks) that make up the overall block diagram.

At this stage, documentation for the manufacture of mock-ups is developed, they are manufactured and tested, after which the design documentation is corrected. The second part of the preliminary design contains the calculation of the main design parameters, a description of the operational features and an approximate work schedule for technical training production.

The layout of the product allows you to achieve a successful layout of individual parts, find more correct aesthetic and ergonomic solutions and thereby speed up the development of design documentation at subsequent stages.

The tasks of the draft design include the development of guidelines for ensuring manufacturability, reliability, standardization and unification at subsequent stages, as well as the preparation of a list of specifications for materials and components for prototypes for their subsequent transfer to the logistics service.

The draft design goes through the same stages of approval and approval as the terms of reference.

3. Technical project is developed on the basis of an approved preliminary design and provides for the implementation of the graphic and calculation parts, as well as the refinement of the technical and economic indicators of the product being created. It consists of a set of design documents containing the final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the design of the product being developed and the initial data for the development of working documentation.

The graphic part of the technical project contains drawings of a general view of the designed product, assemblies in the assembly and main parts. Drawings must be coordinated with technologists.

The explanatory note contains a description and calculation of the parameters of the main assembly units and basic parts of the product, a description of the principles of its operation, a rationale for the choice of materials and types of protective coatings, a description of all schemes and final technical and economic calculations. At this stage, when developing product options, a prototype is manufactured and tested. The technical project goes through the same stages of approval and approval as the terms of reference.

4. working draft is a further development and concretization of the technical project. This stage is divided into three levels: development of working documentation for an experimental batch (prototype); development of working documentation for the installation series; development of working documentation for serial or mass production.

The result of the R&D is a set of working design documentation (RKD) for putting a new type of product into production.

Working design documentation (RKD)- a set of design documents intended for the manufacture, control, acceptance, delivery, operation and repair of the product. Along with the term "working design documentation", the terms "working technological documentation" and "working technical documentation" are used with a similar definition. Working documentation, depending on the scope of use, is divided into production, operational and repair design documentation.

Thus, the result of R&D, in other words, scientific and technical products (STP) is a set of design documentation. Such a set of RKD may contain:

actual design documentation,

software documentation

operational documentation.

In some cases, if it is provided for by the requirements of the terms of reference, the technological documentation may also be included in the working technical documentation.

The various stages of R&D, as they are carried out, should contain their characteristic results, such results are:

· technical documentation based on the results of preliminary design;

· layouts, experimental and prototypes made in the course of R&D;

The results of testing prototypes: preliminary (PI), interdepartmental (MI), acceptance (PriI), state (GI), etc.

Similar information.

Those using . strictly defined. produced by a costly method with the possible use of analogues. When determining the costs, it is necessary to take into account.
The state contract for the performance of research and (or) R & D for a defense order includes conditions on ownership of the results of intellectual activity and work.

The procedure for performing experimental design work for defense purposes

The procedure for the implementation of the OKR of the State Defense Order is determined by 15.203-2001. This standard was adopted to replace GOST B 15.203 - 79 and GOST B 15.204 - 79 of the Soviet era.
Each separate stage of the R&D combines work aimed at obtaining certain final results, and characterized by signs of their independent targeted planning and financing.
When performing experimental design work on military topics, the following stages are established:

• draft design development
• development of a technical project
• development of working design documentation (RKD) for the manufacture of a prototype product
• production of a prototype product and carrying out preliminary tests
• carrying out state tests (GI) of a prototype of a VT product
• approval of design documentation for a product for serial industrial production

To organize and control the implementation of R&D, a topic leader is appointed. For R & D - scientific leader, for R & D - chief designer.

Advanced projects in the development of military products

In cases where research work has not been carried out or there are no sufficient initial data for drawing up a task for development work, preliminary project.
Avan project is a complex of theoretical, experimental research and design work to substantiate the technical appearance, technical and economic feasibility and feasibility of developing complex military products.
The purpose of the preliminary project is to substantiate the feasibility and feasibility of creating a product, ensuring its high technical level, as well as determining the likelihood of implementing a conceptual idea for solving functional problems.
The main objectives of the preliminary project are the preparation of a TTZ (TK) project for the implementation of R & D, reducing the time and cost of developing defense products.

VAT on R&D, R&D and TR of the State Defense Order

When determining the price and values ​​of cost items for R & D, it is necessary to take into account the taxation of the implementation of these works by value added tax (VAT).
In accordance with Article 149 of the Tax Code, the implementation of research (R&D), experimental design (R&D) and technological work (RT), related to the defense order, is exempt from value added tax .
The executor of the State Defense Order, in accordance with Article 170 of the Tax Code, is obliged to keep separate accounting (separately account for the amounts of "input" VAT that are used in taxable and non-VATable transactions).
Accounting for research and development work of the defense order is carried out in accordance with PBU 17/02 "Accounting for the costs of research, development and technological work."

Legal and regulatory framework for R&D of defense orders

The procedure for performing research and development work in the field of state defense orders is determined.
Guidelines approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology Policy of Russia on June 15, 1994 N OR-22-2-46 and protocol of the military-industrial complex dated December 19, 2012 N 13.
The procedure for determining the composition of costs for research and development work for defense purposes was approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated 23.08.2006 N 200 and protocol of the military-industrial complex dated January 26, 2011 No. 1c.

Features of the calculation of the price of research and development work in the field of the State Defense Order

The new Decree on state regulation of defense order prices, which entered into force at the beginning of 2018, has significantly changed the legislative framework in the field of pricing. But, .

R&D pricing according to Decree No. 1465

In accordance with the current Regulation, approved by Resolution No. 1465, the fundamental method for determining the price of research and development work is the cost method. Moreover, in subsequent years, the formed price of work is not subject to indexation (clause 21 of the Regulations), and cannot be determined by the indexation method by cost items (clause 27 of the Regulations).
The price of research and development work is the sum of reasonable costs for the performance of these works, included in the cost, and profit.
It is allowed to form the price of R&D and (or) R&D by means of . At the same time, the dependence of the price of the selected work - analogue on its main consumer parameters should be determined. The calculation of the price of work must be made taking into account differences in technical characteristics, complexity, uniqueness and volume of work performed.
Economic and mathematical models can serve as the basis for the formation of the price of work, certain types of costs or labor intensity of work.

R&D pricing of the state defense order until 2018

The price of development and research work in the field of defense orders can be determined in several ways: by the calculation method, by the indexation of cost items , , , and also by a combination of the above methods.
Calculation is the main method for calculating prices for research and development.
Prices for R&D, the completion period of which exceeds one year, are determined by indexing by cost items based on the sums of costs for the entire period of work, calculated separately for each stage in the conditions of each year of their implementation.

And also on . The analog pricing method is used in combination with the costing and indexing methods.

It is used to determine the price for the work performed in the absence of the possibility of its establishment by methods of calculation, indexing, analogues or their combinations.

The price of development and research works is formed on the basis of reasonable costs for the performance of work and the amount of profit. The price of R&D as a whole is determined by summing up the prices of the stages of work carried out in accordance with the tactical and technical (technical) task.

Analogue method of R&D pricing

The calculation of the price of experimental design, research and technological work by the analog method is based on the composition and magnitude of the actual costs of previously performed similar work using the appropriate "novelty factors".
At the same time, it is recommended to separately evaluate the labor intensity of previously performed similar work, the composition and qualifications of direct performers.
The planned calculation of the price of R & D or R & D by the analog method is compiled for each stage of work.

Analog pricing method for military products

The price of a unit of production is determined on the basis of the price of a product similar in its functional purpose. The calculations take into account differences in technical characteristics, complexity and uniqueness of the types and volumes of work, as well as the level of qualification of workers and specialists.
It is required to establish the dependence of its price on the main consumer parameters. The determination of the price for modernized products by the analog method is carried out on the basis of price increments that ensure the achievement of the specified values ​​​​of various (including new) product parameters (geometric, physical, chemical, weight, strength and other parameters).

Method of expert estimates for calculating prices for R&D of the state defense order

The subject of an expert assessment can be both the total price and the costs for individual costing items or stages of work.
The basis for making a decision on determining the price may be the expert opinion of the scientific and technical council or the leader of the topic (scientific supervisor of R&D, chief designer of R&D).

When pricing for R&D and R&D by the method expert assessments it is necessary to take into account all the factors that may affect the performance of the work and will justify the result obtained. To do this, it is necessary to separately assess the composition and qualifications of the sole R&D performers, the availability of the material and technical base, the laboriousness of the work, the need for material resources, the composition and qualifications of the performers planned to be engaged by the sole R&D performers to perform the components of R&D and R&D.

It is advisable to calculate the price of R&D or R&D by the expert method for each stage of R&D or R&D and in combination with other methods for determining the price.

Composition of the RCM kit for military R&D

As a rule, the term for performing research and development work on a defense order exceeds one year. Therefore, the justification of the price of work is drawn up in forms that allow you to submit data for each year of work performed separately. The numbering of such standard forms of the RCM uses the letter " d».
In addition, to justify the costs and prices of research and development work, information is provided separately for each.

RCM forms for research and development until 2018

A set of RCMs to justify the price of R & D for a defense order, performed for more than one year, is drawn up according to the forms of Annexes N 1d - 15d to the order of the FTS of 02/09/2010 N 44-a or according to the forms of the FTS order of 03/24/2014 N 469-a N 1 R&D, Form N 2 R&D, Form N 3 R&D, Form N 4 R&D, Form N 4.1 R&D, Form N 5 R&D, Form N 5.1 R&D, Form N 5.2 R&D, Form N 5.3 R&D, Form N 6 R&D, Form N 6.1 R&D Form N 7 R&D Form N 8 R&D Form N 9 R&D Form N 9.1 R&D Form N 9.1.1 R&D Form N 9.2 R&D Form N 9.3 R&D Form N 10 R&D Form N 10.1 R&D , Form N 11 R&D).
The forms of documents put into effect by the Order of the already disbanded FTS of Russia dated 03/24/2014 No. 469-a are developed in accordance with the Regulation on state regulation of prices for products supplied under the state defense order, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2013 No. 1119 , which became invalid on March 7, 2017 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 17, 2017 No. 208).
However, the validity of the forms of documents Order No. 469a was not canceled. Of the approved forms of this order, only the forecast price request form was canceled that year (Order No. 947/17 of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia dated July 17, 2017).
The effect of standard forms approved by orders of the Federal Tariff Service No. 44 and No. 469-a was canceled in March 2018.

Current RCM forms for R&D

Order No. 116/18 of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia dated January 31, 2018 approved new standard forms. The order came into force on March 3, 2018.
In standard forms Price Structures and Costing for research and development work, two special items are provided: “costs for special equipment for scientific (experimental) work” (5) and “costs for work performed by third parties” (13), including “costs of third-party component parts organizations” (13.1) and “other works and services performed by third parties” (13.2).
In addition, Order No. 116/18 for R&D introduced separate standard forms of transcripts: Form No. 7 (7d) R&D (R&D) "Explanation of costs for work (services) performed by co-executing organizations"; Form No. 9 R&D (R&D) "Deciphering the basic salary"; Form No. 15 (15d) R&D (R&D) “Explanation of costs for special equipment”; Form No. 15.1 (15.1d) R & D (R&D) "Explanation of the costs of manufacturing special equipment on our own."
Submission of information to justify the price of R & D and the costs of their implementation is carried out according to standard forms separately for each stage of work and by year of work. It is allowed to determine the labor intensity of work in man/hours.

R&D price type

The procedure and conditions for applying the type of price for research and (or) development work are established by the Regulations on state regulation of prices for products supplied under the state defense order (Government Decree No. 1465 dated 02.12.2017) .
The choice of the type of price is carried out taking into account the type of work, their duration and the availability of initial data to determine an economically justified price.
When concluding a contract for R&D and (or) R&D on promising areas development of new samples of military products, for conducting exploratory research in such areas, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract it is impossible to determine the amount of costs associated with the implementation of these works, indicative (specified) price or cost-recovery price.

Abbreviations used when performing research and development work in the field of state defense orders

Russian military standards for research and development

Russian state national military standards are denoted by the letters "RV" (GOST RV). New standards are being introduced to replace the Soviet ones, denoted by the letter "B" (GOST V).

Justification of the price of "non-GOZ" R&D

By order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia No. 1788 dated September 11, 2014, the Methodology for determining and justifying the initial (maximum) price of government contracts (NMCC) for the implementation of research (R&D), experimental design (R&D) and technological work (TR) was approved. This method is overhead for OKR and TR - 250% of the payroll

invoices for research and development - 150% of the payroll

other direct - 10% of the payroll

profitability for R & D and TR - 15% of the cost

profitability for R&D - 5% of the cost