Railway transport: advantages and disadvantages, main indicators of the material and technical base, indicators of the work of railway transport. Features of the use of railway transport for the transport of goods. Features of the suspensory glands

Greetings, dear readers! What about the monorail? When was the first suspension railway opened? Who was the discoverer? What is the popularity of overpass transport in our time? The topic of the article is the suspension railway.

Suspended railway as a kind of rail transport

The railway sector is one of the largest types of land transport, which includes certain types of vehicles: subways, trams, freight and passenger trains, overpass and light rail transport.

Cableways can also be called monorails. A monorail is considered a railway, which refers to rail transport. Compared to a conventional railway, which has two or more carrier rails, a monorail uses one. This type of rail cars can be attributed to a flyover type of transport, that is, to a suspended one, where, again, the suspension is located with one rail.

Russia is considered the birthplace of the first suspended railway, it was built in 1820 by the inventor of the village of Myachkovo Ivan Elmanov. Initially, the man built the "Road on Pillars", the essence of the design was that trolleys were rolling along the upper longitudinal beam, which were accompanied by horses.

Over time, overpass transport appeared in the UK thanks to the inventor Henry Robinson Palmer. 1824 became known as the year of construction of the first working road, which served in the naval sphere for the transport of certain types of cargo. As for the first passenger suspended railway, it was created a year later, according to the principle of Palmer's monorail.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the suspended rail car has settled in with good popularity and fairly good demand. In the 70s, in the French city of Lyon, they demonstrated a cable-drawn road, and at the beginning of the 90s, in one of the US towns, they presented an overpass car with wagons, which was similar to a tram.

Whatever the rapid growth of suspension railways, the construction of a real operating monorail was still very difficult. The creation of new, more improved designs of overpass transport remained unfinished, and those that were nevertheless built did not live for a long time, and after a while they either broke down or went out of their working condition. But, this problem did not long disturb the engineers of the railway sector.

From the late 70s of the 19th century, steam-powered trestle rail cars went into use, it connected the path from Bradford to Gilmore (modern Pennsylvania). The length of this road was 6.4 kilometers, the monorail served mainly for transporting not only technical products but also passengers. Unfortunately, at the end of the 19th century, an accident occurred, subsequently correct operation monorail, the driver and three passengers of the train died, after which the work of the machine stopped for a while.

Subsequent monorails, which were created by experienced and educated people, were not crowned with success and long-term performance, many did not last even a dozen years, some remained drawings on a piece of paper. The longest service in those days was the railway in Ireland, which was created in 1888, the system served 36 years, but the railway did not receive much fame.

No matter how engineers and inventors tried to surprise the world with their discoveries, the 19th century ended without much attention to itself, namely in the field of overpass transport, because there were practically no special discoveries, most of them could not survive, so to speak, all hopes were placed on the 20th century …

Russian monorails

The first electrified trestle car in Russia was the track in Gatchina, it was designed in 1899 according to the plan of the famous engineer Romanov.

In 1933, a road was created that had a speed of up to 120 kilometers per hour, it struck with its strength even on the most severe winter days, the monorail worked when the trams went off the rails. In 2004, a monorail was opened in Moscow for common use, since 2008 it has become one of the main transports in Moscow.

To date, cableways are used as a public means of transportation, it can be seen in many parks, recreation areas, zoos, as well as in most shopping malls and airports. They are used like the subway. Nowadays, the number of such rail cars is not large, in Europe there are 3 cableways, which are located in Moscow, in the city of Wuppertal in Germany, and in the city of Dortmund also in Germany, the total length of these roads is 21 kilometers.

The longest monorail is located in Disneyland, its length is about 23.6 kilometers. The largest number of monorails in Japan, the total length reaches more than 100 kilometers, and the roads are located in eight cities in the country. In Asia, this type of rail cars is considered the most convenient and most promising in the future. Suspension railways are also located in Malaysia, are being built in Singapore, Jakarta, the United Arab Emirates, and in some Chinese towns.

Pros and cons of overpass transport

Suspended railways in our time have their positive sides and completely opposite - negative ones. What about positive sides, then we can say that this type is more economical in construction and much more convenient than the subway, plus it does not need a lot of space on already crowded roads.

The monorail easily handles sharp turns, has much less chance of dangerous collisions and creating emergencies. When traveling by rail car, it is not so noisy, sometimes the monorail is quieter than the tram. Suspended transport is not only cheaper to build, but also very fast, completely a short time(minimum period - 6 days), the machine can be built and put into operation.

Unfortunately, there are also disadvantages, the monorail car has a low speed, which is why the number of travelers should not be large, there is a certain norm, in case of overload, an emergency situation may occur.

In the 21st century, when outside the window, technology and innovation are not standing still, but are constantly in motion, suspended railways are still not standardized, only in Japan, suspended railways are introduced into the daily norm.

The biggest and most dangerous disadvantage is the threat of a train falling from a great height, a drop of ignorance and sloppiness of the creators of transport is enough, as there is, a high risk of an unpleasant situation that can end tragically.

The railway sector, starting from its very inception, has not stood still for a second, constant pushes in development, many new products and discoveries, improvements and additions. In the 19th century, people rejoiced at the first steam-powered train that transported people with a small number, and in the 21st century, people ride suspended trains in shopping centers. What will be next?!

I hope my article was worthy of your attention, I think that thanks to the publication you have learned a lot of new, interesting and entertaining things. Leave an article on your pages in in social networks, share with colleagues and acquaintances.

Traveling to other cities and countries has become a normal part of everyone's life. Someone likes to get by car, someone prefers air travel, someone uses rail transport. What are the pros and cons of the latter mode of transport, in what way is it more profitable, and what are its biggest disadvantages?

Advantages of rail transport

You can get there quickly by car and bus, but at the same time no one will dispute the fact that moving over long distances by car is real torture. It is in such cases that rail transport saves. If the trip takes place at night, you can sleep and be at your destination in the morning. If you are traveling during the day, you can lie down and read, listen to music, talk to other passengers, or go out into the corridor and look out the window.

Of course, much depends on the comfort of the train, coupe - ideal for a group trip, you can talk and laugh, and then have dinner all together. For trips with children, both a coupe and a regular reserved seat are suitable, children can run and take a walk, and then peacefully fall asleep to the sound of wheels. A compartment car is a suitable option for those who want to sit in silence and just enjoy the road.

Hot tea or coffee can be requested from the conductor, and he often has sweets and biscuits for sale. The guide will wake you up in the morning if you ask him, this frees you from having to set an alarm. You can also ask him to charge the phone.

Travel by train very romantic, because you can sit at the table and look out the window, drink hot tea, thinking about the future. The landscapes outside the window are far and not so lively, since the city itself is not visible, but you can look at the fields, forests and lakes. Especially beautiful picture outside the window in summer and autumn. Also, no one forbids taking wine and snacks with you, the main thing is to get friendly and understanding fellow travelers who will not mind meeting you.

Train tickets always are cheaper than bus tickets, and besides, pensioners, students and military personnel have travel benefits. Traveling by rail is very profitable, if you have food, you can not spend money at all, because all the amenities are on the train. In the toilet room you can wash your face and brush your teeth, which bus passengers cannot afford, they have to pay money for a toilet at bus stations. A bar of soap and wet wipes must be attached to the bed linen set.

Train - view railway transport, which the never cancel due to weather conditions. Buses never run in very snowy weather, and air travel is often canceled if climatic conditions change dramatically.

When choosing rail transport, you can be sure that it will arrive on time at its destination, as there are no traffic jams on the railroad, and, fortunately, accidents are very rare.

Traveling by train you can take a lot of luggage with you, which cannot be done when traveling, for example, by minibus, since it often has a very small luggage compartment. There is no extra money for luggage on trains, so you can take an unlimited number of bags with you.

The advantage of railway transport is that the verification of documents is very fast, you only need to show the conductor your passport and ticket.

Cons of rail transport

One of the main drawbacks of the train is that it it is not always possible to get to the desired city, since the railway connects only large cities and those settlements, which are on the same branch with him. Therefore, it is often necessary, when traveling by train, to make several transfers. It should also be noted that a trip by rail takes a lot of time unlike vehicles. Therefore, if you need to quickly get from a city to another city, it is best to choose a plane or a car. Trains do not run like minibuses every hour or two, so you have to adapt to their schedule and it is best to take a ticket in advance, since there are usually a lot of people who want to ride this type of transport.

The disadvantage of rail transport is also the fact that fellow travelers may not be very pleasant. If on the bus everyone sits on their chairs and does not talk, then being in the same compartment, it is very difficult to do this. At night, a passenger who got on the train at one of the stations can wake up. If a noisy company has gathered in a compartment, then it is not always possible not only to sit in silence, but even to sleep.

Often, thefts occur on trains, so it is not recommended to take a lot of money with you on a trip, especially valuable things. If the doors in the compartment are closed, then in the reserved seat everything is in plain sight, so you should be very careful.

conclusions

Traveling by train is convenient, profitable and interesting. If there is a long road ahead, you can take a ticket for a night train and, after sleeping in the car, wake up in the morning in another city and realize all your plans.

The disadvantage of traveling by train is that it takes more time to travel, but still the train is more comfortable, because all the amenities are nearby, you can ask the conductor to make tea, eat and chat with fellow travelers. If you get tired of sitting in the car, you can go out into the corridor or take a walk, this is much better than sitting on an airplane or a bus and not being able to walk. This is especially convenient if you have to travel with children.

Pros and cons of rail transport

V modern world successful development A business cannot be imagined if it does not have the ability to quickly and reliably deliver its products to the customer. This can be done in many ways, but it is the railway that accounts for the largest share of the freight traffic in our country. And this is not surprising, because today Russia is the owner of almost the largest railway network. Freight trains can include containers, platforms, tanks, refrigerators, insulated wagons, so that the infrastructure itself allows you to deliver even the most demanding cargo in terms of transportation conditions. However, railway transport is most often used for the delivery of heavy, oversized cargo or large consignments of goods. Railway communication is no less popular if it is necessary to deliver goods outside our country, however, in this case, along with delivery services, you will also have to pay for services customs clearance cargo.

One of the significant advantages of railways is the absence of traffic jams, moreover, the probability of getting into an accident here is extremely low. The freight train moves according to a tight schedule, and even if there is a delay, you will know about it in advance and be able to take the necessary measures. In addition, the movement of the train is practically not affected by weather and other climatic conditions.

Another advantage of this type of transportation is its unit cost. In most cases, it is lower than the cost of other types of transportation, even by road. And the longer the train has to travel, the cheaper the shipping cost will be.

However, it is logical that the train itself can only pass where there is a railway track. That is, if you can deliver the client’s goods door-to-door with the help of road transportation of goods in Russia, then in the case of transportation by rail you will have to additionally organize the delivery of products to the railway station and loading it into the train, and then unload the goods at the destination wagon and bring it to your warehouse. This problem is many large companies solve by laying additional paths not only to, but also inside their warehouses.

Moreover, train still moves slower than a car, which, moreover, is much more mobile.

So, the advantages of rail transportation include their significant carrying capacity, a good guarantee of the safety of the cargo, and a lower cost. The disadvantages are the dependence of the movement of trains on the availability of railway tracks, the need for additional costs for loading and unloading products, as well as for the delivery of goods to the railway station. Transportation by rail will suit you best if you have several tons of cargo and need to transport it across the country, in other cases, most likely, using road transport will be much more profitable.

logistics railway warehouse transportation

The choice of an effective mode of transport in a competitive environment is made on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account the specific requirements of the market for transportation. When using railway transport, it is necessary to take into account the following features and advantages of technical and economic characteristics.

The advantage of rail transport is:

1) Independence from natural conditions(construction of railways in almost any territory, the ability to carry out rhythmically transportation in all seasons, unlike river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to build railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of railways in the country have lifts between 6 and 10%.

2) The efficiency of rail transport becomes even more obvious when one takes into account such advantages as high speeds mobile car traffic, versatility, the ability to master cargo flows of almost any capacity (up to 75-80 million tons per year in one direction), i.e. high throughput and carrying capacity, estimated at tens of millions of tons of cargo and millions of passengers per year in each direction.

3) Rail transport provides the possibility of relatively fast delivery of goods over long distances.

4) Rail transport makes it possible to create a convenient direct connection between large enterprises, which reduces the number of expensive cargo transportation.

5) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the possibility of adjusting the car park, changing the direction of cargo flows, etc.);

6) Regularity of transportation.

7) Opportunity effective organization performance of loading and unloading operations.

8) A significant advantage of rail transport is the relatively low cost of transporting goods. Of the factors affecting the cost of transporting goods by rail, the following stand out:

a) direction of transportation;

b) placement of cargo turnover (cargo density per 1 km of track);

v) technical equipment lines (number of tracks, magnitude of lift, type of traction - steam, diesel, electric);

d) the location of the line;

c) time of year.

All these factors depend on economic and geographical conditions. The economic and geographical features of the regions, which determine the types of goods, the direction and size of their export or import, determine transport links.

9) Availability of discounts.

The disadvantages of rail transport include:

1) a limited number of carriers;

2) low possibility of delivery to consumption points, i.e. in the absence of access roads, rail transport should be supplemented by road transport.

3) a significant need for capital investment and workforce. Therefore, given the large capital investments in the construction of railways, it is most effective to use them with a significant concentration of freight and passenger flows.

4) in addition, railway transport is a major consumer of metal (130-200 tons of metal is required per 1 km of the main line, not counting the rolling stock) Gomankov F.S. Technology and organization of railway transport

The material and technical base of railway transport includes wagons and wagon facilities, locomotives and locomotive facilities, stations, freight yards and weighing facilities, etc.

Consider the basis of the base - wagon economy.

Each wagon is characterized by carrying capacity and capacity, tare weight, i.e. absolute scores.

Relative indicators of the car:

a) wagon tare technical coefficient;

b) the coefficient of the specific volume of the car;

c) load capacity utilization factor;

d) capacity factor.

The production of railway transport is evaluated by a number of quantitative and quality indicators. Quantitative indicators characterize the volume of transportation work. One of the main quantitative indicator is the volume of transportation (by departure) of goods. This indicator provides a better linkage of production plans with transportation plans by a single measurement - tons - compared to the indicator of freight turnover in ton-kilometers, which was considered the main one. The second main quantitative indicator is the freight turnover. Freight turnover is a general indicator planned at all levels and is used to determine the need for rolling stock and repair base, labor costs, fuel, electricity, etc. In order to reduce transportation costs and speed up the delivery of goods, the cargo turnover plan should be carried out by increasing the amount of cargo transported, and not by increasing the distance of transportation.

The main qualitative indicators of the work of railways and their subdivisions are:

Implementation of the transportation plan, traffic schedule and train formation plan;

Technical, local and route speed of trains;

Degree of rolling stock utilization: wagon and locomotive turnover, static, dynamic load and freight car performance. The most important quality indicator in railway transport, reflecting the work of all the main divisions of the roads, is the turnover of the car, which is the time from the start of loading the car to the start of its next loading.

Generalizing economic indicators The work of rail transport includes labor productivity, transportation costs and profits.

Almost all types of cargo can be transported by rail. This type of transportation is used by the mining, petrochemical, machine-building, metallurgical industries, as well as the agricultural industry. Every day, cargoes of various sizes and characteristics are transported by rail, from shoes to pharmaceutical products, and goods requiring special conditions transportation.

Transportation of goods by rail can be carried out:

In rolling stock owned by railway transport organizations;

In rolling stock owned by legal entities or individual entrepreneurs;

In rolling stock leased by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.

Features of rail transportation of bulk, bulk and liquid cargoes.

For the most part, rail transport is used for the transport of bulk, dry bulk and liquid cargo in fairly large volumes of goods (over 100 tons), and the distance of rail transport is more than 200 kilometers.

The advantages of rail transportation in the transportation of bulk, bulk and liquid cargo are associated with the possibility of transporting large volumes of cargo over fairly long distances. The speed of cargo delivery in such conditions is significant, and the cost is minimal.

Features of rail transportation of oversized cargo.

Cargo that does not fit into the outline of the loading gauge is called oversized.

For rail transport, oversized cargo is cargo that, according to its geometric parameters exceeds the dimensions of the design wagon (height over 5.3 m, width over 3.25 m, length over 14 m) or exceeds the permissible load on the wagon frame (weight over 60 tons).

For the transportation of such goods by rail, a specialized rolling stock is provided - articulated rail transporters, the carrying capacity of which can reach 500 tons.

Features of transportation of perishable goods (LNG).

Isothermal rolling stock (refrigerator cars, thermos cars), tanks for wine and milk, refrigerated containers are used for LNG transportation.

When choosing a method of transporting perishable goods, the sender must take into account the maximum possible duration of transportation of the transported goods, the time of year and climatic conditions along the entire route.

The container transporting.

Transportation of packaged goods of a wide range in containers, as well as on pallets, gives a significant economic effect. Containers are much more profitable to use for the transportation of small consignments, since industrial and trade enterprises can significantly reduce the time for the accumulation of products and widely practice the shipment of goods directly to consumers. Transportation in containers is also carried out in mixed rail-road and rail-water communications.

Containers are divided into universal and specialized. Universal containers are intended mainly for packaged cargo, reinforced cargo units and small-piece cargo. Specialized - for a limited range or cargo certain types: bulk, liquid, perishable and hazardous.

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1.Railway transport and its features

2. Technical and economic features. Advantages and disadvantages of rail transport

3. Specific and qualitative indicators of the work of railways

Literature

1. RAILWAY TRANSPORT AND ITS FEATURES

Transport plays a big and important role in system social production. The transport system is a complex complex of various branched communication routes, conditionally divided into two types: main and intra-production. Rail transport is undoubtedly the leading link in the transport system and ranks first among other types of passenger and freight transportation.

Rail transport in Russian Federation is an integral part unified transport system of the Russian Federation Art. 1. Federal Law No. 17-FZ dated January 10, 2003 “On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation” / / Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. -2003. - No. 2. - Art. 169. Rail transport is one of the most important basic sectors of the economy. It plays a key role in providing for the needs of the population and in the movement of products. economic activity enterprises. Given the vast expanses of Russia, railways are the guarantor of the country's economic and social development, economic reforms, strengthening of the administrative and political integrity, and the normal functioning of Russia's complex economic complex.

The leading importance of railway transport is due to two factors: technical and economic advantages over most other modes of transport and the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport and economic inter-regional and interstate relations of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railway lines (unlike river and sea transport). This is also due to the geographical features of our country. The length of railways in Russia (87 thousand km.) Is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work performed by them is greater than in other countries of the world. the main task railways of Russia - to ensure reliable transport links between the European part of the country and its eastern regions.

The railway is the main economic link in the sectoral structure of railway transport. Its functions include the development planned assignments for transportation activities, as well as financing and developing the material and technical base of industrial associations in order to qualitatively meet the needs for the transportation of goods and passengers, improve the efficiency of transportation work based on updating technology and reduce material, labor and financial resources.

The economic and technological efficiency and functioning of industries depends on the coordinated work of railway transport. Agriculture, activities of all structures with various form property. Ultimately, transport ensures the viability and vitality of society, the state and its economic relations and interaction with transport and the national economy of the countries of near and far abroad.

The railway network of Russia is divided into significant lengths and at the same time interconnected sections - 19 railways, which, in turn, consist of branches. Moscow is the largest railway junction in the country. In the European part of Russia, powerful railway lines with high technical equipment diverge from Moscow, which constitute the “main transport skeleton”.

To the north of Moscow, such highways are: Moscow - Vologda Arkhangelsk; Moscow - St. Petersburg - Murmansk; Moscow - Arkhangelsk with a branch from Konosh to Vorkuta - Labytnangi, as well as Konosha - Kotlos Vorkuta. To the south of Moscow, the most important railway lines are: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don - Armavir. To the east of Moscow lie the highways: Moscow-Yaroslavl-Kirov-Perm-Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk; Moscow - Saratov - Sol - Iletsk. Within the boundaries of Western Siberia and part of Eastern Siberia, latitudinal highways prevail: Chelyabinsk - Kurgan - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok. From Samara - Kinel - Orenburg - the branch passes to the independent states of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. In the south, the highway passes through Armavir-Tuapse and further to the Transcaucasian independent states.

Rail transport is characterized by a constant growth in freight and passenger traffic, which significantly reflects the increase in the length of the railway network. In the structure of railway transportation, freight traffic prevails. The range of goods transported by rail includes several thousand items. Railway transport accounts for 37% of the country's cargo turnover

For comparison:

Pipeline transport…………………………24.0%

Maritime transport………………………….………….2.3%

Inland water transport………………...……..5.9%

Road transport……………………… .…30.5%

Air transport……………………………….. .0.3%

In many indicators of technical equipment, Russian railways are not inferior, and in some respects they are superior to the railways of other countries Eliseev, S. Yu. -2004. - No. 11.S. nineteen .

Railway transport plays an exceptionally important role in ensuring the expanding foreign economic relations of our country.

The current trends in world trade, the growth of the country's economy and Russia's active entry into world markets predetermined the high growth rates of Russia's foreign economic relations with foreign countries and increased the role of rail transport in their provision.

Of the total volume of export cargo transportation by all modes of transport, rail transport accounts for about 40%, and import - 70%. At the same time, transportation of export cargoes in direct rail traffic is 60% of their total volume carried out by rail, and in mixed rail-water transport - 90%.

Of the total volume, 125.3 million tons of export cargo and 7.7 million tons of import cargo were transported through Russian ports by rail in 2003, through the ports of the Baltic and Ukraine, respectively, 83.8 million tons and 2.1 million tons, in direct communication 97.9 million tons and 08.3 million tons.

The volume of transportation of foreign trade goods in containers has significantly increased. In 2003, 241.7 thousand TEU were transported for export and 173.8 thousand TEU for import.

In recent years, measures have been taken to increase the transportation of goods in containers, by 2010 they will increase to 32 million tons, i.e. will increase by more than 2 times.

The main indicators of the work of railway transport are: meeting the needs of the national economy in transportation for a certain period of time, meeting the deadlines for the delivery of goods, car turnover, sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient, average idle time of a car under one cargo operation.

In transportation, the most important indicators are also compliance with the schedule and timetable, the implementation of the passenger transportation plan. The traffic schedule is the basis for organizing the movement of trains, it unites the activities of all departments and expresses the plan for the operational work of the railways. The train schedule is an immutable law for railway workers, the fulfillment of which is one of the most important quality indicators of the work of railways. The train schedule should provide: meeting the needs for the transportation of passengers and goods; train traffic safety; most effective use throughput and carrying capacity of sections and processing capacity of stations; rational use rolling stock

Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the work of railways are important for understanding their role and developing optimal strategy development. They are also important for a correct, unbiased understanding of the place of rail transport in the overall transport system, and in particular the relationship between rail and road transport.

The transportation process in railway transport is regulated by the approved Federal Law "Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation" dated January 10, 2003.

The scope of the Charter of Railway Transport extends to relations: arising between carriers, passengers, consignors (senders), consignees (recipients), owners of public railway transport infrastructures, owners of non-public railway tracks, other individuals and legal entities when using the services of public railway transport and non-public railway transport, and establishes their rights, duties and responsibilities. Management of the transportation process in railway transport is carried out centrally and falls within the competence of the federal executive body in the field of railway transport.

2. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEATURES. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

The advantage of rail transport is:

1) Independence from natural conditions (construction of railways in almost any territory, the ability to rhythmically carry out transportation at all times of the year, unlike river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to build railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of railways in the country have lifts from 6 to 10%.

Large rises - from 12 to 17% - on the main roads are found in the Urals (especially on the Perm - Chusovskaya - Yekaterinburg line), in Transbaikalia and in the Far East. The straight track and the flat profile of the railway line are efficient from an operational point of view. However, when designing a route, the path is often lengthened to approach big cities and industrial centers located away from the straight line. When choosing a railway route, the possibility of screes and landslides is taken into account. Unfavorable climatic conditions complicate the construction and operation of roads.

2) The efficiency of railway transport becomes even more obvious if we take into account such advantages as high speeds of rolling car traffic, versatility, the ability to master cargo flows of almost any capacity (up to 75-80 million tons per year in one direction), i.e. high throughput and carrying capacity, estimated at tens of millions of tons of cargo and millions of passengers per year in each direction.

3) Railway transport provides the possibility of relatively fast delivery of goods over long distances.

4) Rail transport makes it possible to create a convenient direct connection between large enterprises, which reduces the number of costly transportation of goods.

5) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the possibility of adjusting the car park, changing the direction of cargo flows, etc.);

6) Regularity of transportation.

7) Possibility of efficient organization of loading and unloading operations.

8) A significant advantage of rail transport is the relatively low cost of transporting goods. Of the factors affecting the cost of transporting goods by rail, the following stand out:

a) direction of transportation;

b) placement of cargo turnover (cargo density per 1 km of track);

c) the technical equipment of the line (the number of tracks, the magnitude of the lift, the type of traction - steam, diesel, electric);

d) the location of the line;

c) time of year.

9) Availability of discounts.

The disadvantages of rail transport include:

1) a limited number of carriers;

2) low possibility of delivery to consumption points, i.e. in the absence of access roads, rail transport should be supplemented by road transport.

3) a significant need for capital investments and labor resources. Therefore, given the large capital investments in the construction of railways, it is most effective to use them with a significant concentration of freight and passenger flows.

3. SPECIFIC AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF THE RAILWAYS

Specific quantitative and qualitative indicators of the work of railways include indicators of the volume of cargo transportation by rail by type of message: import, export, transit and local messages.

Transportation is an indicator that determines the volume of transport production. Transportations are distributed by types of messages:

1) local traffic - transportation between stations within the road;

2) export - sending goods to other roads (defined as the difference between departure and local traffic);

3) import - the arrival of goods from other roads (defined as the difference between arrival and local traffic);

4) transit - the transportation of goods received from other roads and following through this road to other roads. Transit can be defined in several ways: acceptance minus import, or delivery minus export, or total traffic minus other types of traffic (import, export, local).

Transportation for import, export and transit is called transportation in direct traffic. Two or more roads are involved in their implementation. Transportation planning by type of message is necessary for correct calculation turnover of wagons, as well as operating costs and revenues of the road, because the road does not perform the same number of operations related to the transport of goods in different messages.

When developing a transportation plan, such quantitative and qualitative indicators as:

Mileage of loaded wagons;

Run of empty wagons (empty run of wagons depends on the distribution of productive forces in the country, in particular, areas of loading and unloading, uneven traffic in directions, type of cargo and specialization of the wagon fleet. Reducing the percentage of empty runs reduces the mileage of the rolling stock, as well as work in ton-kilometers gross per unit of transportation.Consequently, savings are achieved on the maintenance of locomotive crews, fuel, electricity, maintenance and repair of cars and locomotives, and the required capital investments in rolling stock and network development are reduced.);

Wagon clock;

The mileage of loaded trains, the mileage of empty trains, the total mileage of locomotives, locomotive hours, gross freight turnover are all quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators of the work of the rolling stock are used when calculating the need for car and locomotive fleets.

The quality indicators are:

Coefficient of empty run of wagons (to reduce the coefficient of empty run, it is necessary to use the loading of empty wagons in the same direction as empty wagons to follow to the maximum extent possible.);

Ratio of empty run to loaded run;

Dynamic load of a loaded or empty wagon (dynamic load depends on the structure of freight turnover, the wagon fleet, as well as on the distance traveled by wagons with small and large loads). Reducing the average dynamic load adversely affects the operation of the road. This leads to the fact that a larger number of wagons of the working fleet is used, hence more costs for repairs and maintenance. To increase the average dynamic load and, as a result, reduce costs, it is necessary to use wagons with the maximum allowable load, which makes it possible to carry out transportation with a minimum operating fleet of wagons;

Average daily mileage of a wagon, average daily productivity of a wagon (a decrease in the average daily productivity of a working freight car negatively affects the operation of the road. To increase the productivity of wagons, it is necessary, on the one hand, to reduce downtime, increase the speed of movement of wagons and, on the other hand, improve the use of its carrying capacity. Moreover, measures increase in the productivity of wagons must comply with economic efficiency work of transport teams);

Ratio of auxiliary run to run at the head and linear run of a locomotive, average train gross and net weight, average daily run of a locomotive, locomotive productivity Kruglova V.G., Polosotkina E.A. Railway transport statistics: Tutorial. M.: NORMA, 2001. S. 69. .

Qualitative indicators characterize the degree of use of the rolling stock in terms of carrying capacity, power, time and the amount of work performed per unit of time.

The value of quality indicators depends on the technical equipment of railways and their enterprises, the use of advanced technology, the level of organization of transportation, shunting and loading and unloading operations, and other factors.

LITERATURE

1. The federal law RF "Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation" dated January 10, 2003 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation dated January 13, 2003 No. 2 Art. 170.

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On federal railway transport" dated January 10, 2003 // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation.-2003.-No. 2.-st.169

3. Gomankov F.S. Technology and organization of railway transportation. Textbook for universities railway. transport. M.: Transport, 1994. -208 p.

4. Eliseev, S. Yu. Logistics of operational regulation of loading and moving cargo // Railway transport.-2004. No. 11. P. 18 - 26

5. Kruglova V.G., Polosotkina E.A. Railway statistics. Textbook - M. : NORMA, 2001 - 147 p.

6. Regulation transport activities: Textbook / Under the total. ed. prof. Kononova G.A. - SPbGIEA. -SPB., 1996. - 268s.

7.Economic and social geography./ Ed. A.T. Khrushchev. Moscow.: Education, 1997.- 350p.

8. Railway transport: Encyclopedia / ch. ed. N. S. Konarev. - M. Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1995. - 559 p.