Developed competencies: know

• what is the market transport services;
• how tariffs for cargo transportation are formed and regulated; be able to
• determine the costs of transportation by rail, sea and road transport;

own

Practical methods for forming tariffs for cargo transportation various types transport.

Transport services market in Russia

The transport complex of Russia includes all types of transport: railway, river, sea, road, air, pipeline, as well as access roads to networks and mainline transport facilities. Total volume of freight turnover of all types of transport common use from 1992 to 2000 it decreased by 47.2% and is only now acquiring a certain dynamism. Since 2000, with the exception of 2009, there has been a general growth trend for all types of transport (Table 11.1).

Competition in the transport services market exists between transportation by mode of transport and between firms in the transport services market.

There is competition in maintenance and use technical means on the railways of the Russian Federation, primarily wagons, locomotives and railway technical equipment.

Railway enterprises that have transportation means, the owners of the transportation means, enter into competitive relations. Currently, in Russia alone there are thousands of enterprises that own rolling stock; their fleet exceeds 20% of the rolling stock used on its network.

The transport industry is not limited to transportation activities, therefore, intra-industry competition with its inherent specifics also exists in all other possible competitive segments of the market under consideration (services to clients and passengers, loading and unloading, freight forwarding services, repairs, etc.). Thus, the mechanism of state regulation in the field natural monopoly should be based on the delimitation of real ipanits of monopoly and competitive spheres by segments transport market.

Freight turnover by types of public transport in 2000-2015, billion t-km

Table 11.1

An assessment of the level of competition in the railway transport market can be determined concentration level- the degree of presence of certain service providers in a particular market. Quantitative assessment of the level of concentration is based both on indicators characterizing the number of economic entities in the market and on the volume of services.

One of the well-known indicators measuring market concentration is Herfindahl market concentration index- Hirishan (HHI), which is calculated by squaring the percentage share of the market of each i-th economic entity (number of entities P ), related to this market, and summing up the results:

An example of calculating the Herfindahl-Hirschman market concentration index is given in Table. 11.2.

The concentration of the railway transportation market is presented in table. 11.3.

With increasing market concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index increases and reaches a maximum value of 10,000, which corresponds to the conditions monopolies. The minimum value will be with an equal distribution of market shares, which depends on the number of business entities. An industry in which 100 peer enterprises operate will have НН1= 100 I 2 = 100; with 10 equal enterprises НН1 == 10 x 10 2 = 1000; at five HHI = 5 20 2 = 2000, etc.

The Herfindahl-Hirschman index allows us to determine the difference between the levels of concentration in different markets with a given number of economic entities and a given share of their participation. To characterize the market, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used within the following limits: for pure competition from 0 to 1600, monopolistic - in the range of 1600-3600, oligopoly - 3600-6400 and for pure monopoly from 6400 to 10,000.

The Herfindahl-Hirschman index shows that the presence of one dominant enterprise in a market makes the market less competitive, since this enterprise can have a greater influence on the price and quality of products than other market participants.

Standard values ​​for the possible level of market concentration in the railway market, in which 17 railways of the Russian Federation participate, are presented in Table. 11.4.

Such a formal assessment could be accepted if the railways were completely independent of each other and were not so heterogeneous due to their geographical location. Considering individual railways as equal participants in the railway transportation market when determining the level of intra-industry competition cannot be considered correct.

Table 11.2

Assessment of the level of concentration of the transport market

Assessment of the level of concentration of the railway transport market along the network roads

Standard values ​​of the market concentration index for network roads

The organizational structure of the industry complicates the process of intra-industry competition, since transportation is carried out according to the conveyor principle (several railways), and parallel lines and large industrial centers countries are usually controlled and served by the same railway. However, the interests of various departments and railways in relation to the passage of car flows on parallel tracks and, accordingly, their share in the development of freight turnover contribute to the existence and development of intra-road competition. In addition, rivalry between stations, depots and other business units is possible.

Calculation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index for different indicators (volume or financial) in different segments of the transport market makes it possible to quite simply and clearly assess competition. For each competitive segment, choice plays a significant role in the actual assessment of the size of competition. base indicator. Thus, an assessment based on the number of participants in the railway market for works and services is often inappropriate due to its structural features. An assessment based on the number of homogeneous technical means used is possible with a more detailed examination of individual market segments. The assessment of competition in terms of volume of work and income seems to be universal.

Freight flows represent a specific expression of transport and economic relations that are formed in the process of production and exchange of goods between senders and recipients of goods and are distributed but in different ways messages.

They are characterized by the direction and size of cargo exchange, depending on the location of production, points of departure of goods, points of consumption and storage bases of goods, technological features of production and its specialization, location of communication routes and carrying capacity of transport, as well as on the system of organizing goods distribution.

Freight flows are classified by purpose, type of cargo and mode of transport.

By purpose distinguish between international, interdistrict, local and intra-farm transport and economic relations.

International cargo flows represent the transportation of goods between different countries and continents. Currently, interstate transportation between CIS countries is distinguished from them. Under inter-district freight flows understand the exchange of goods between economic regions, republics, territories and regions of Russia. Sometimes these cargo flows are called interregional. Transportation between points located within the same economic region, republic, territory, region or on the site of a transport association (railroad, shipping company) is called intra-district, intra-regional, or local. On-farm, or in-production transportation - movement of goods within one enterprise.

Classification of freight flows by type of cargo provides for the identification and analysis of the main bulk cargo, the share of which in the total volume of transportation of a particular type of transport in a country or region is significant. At the same time, each type of transport has its own nomenclature of basic bulk cargo. For individual regions, other cargo is also analyzed, which makes up a small share of the total cargo turnover in the country, but is of great importance for the given region.

Of the numerous types of products transported by various modes of transport, 6-8 groups are distinguished (Table 11.5).

Table 11.5

Freight flows by type of cargo

As can be seen from table. 11.5, each type of transport is characterized by its own structure of cargo flows, although in general the listed groups of goods form the basis of the volume of transportation (83-92%) on these types of transport. The most significant transportation on railways is building materials, coal, oil cargoes (mainly oil refining products), iron ores, ferrous metals and grain cargoes; For river transport, transportation of mineral building materials and timber cargo is most typical; for sea - liquid (oil cargo), building materials, ores and grain cargoes.

Analyzing cargo flows by type of transport, we identify, first of all, universal types of public transport - railway, inland waterway and sea, which carry out mass and, as a rule, primary transportation of goods. Transportation by road, which carries out a significant portion of repeat transportation, is analyzed separately. There is also transportation by pipeline transport, which moves only certain products. Thus, more than 62% of oil cargo is transported through pipelines.

From the table 11.6 shows that the bulk of fuel and raw materials in Russia (except for oil cargo) is transported by rail. At the same time, cargo such as iron and manganese ores coal and coke, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, grain and grinding products, cement, almost completely (90-96%) go to the railway for delivery to consumers.

Table 11.6

Freight flows by mode of transport

A significant part of the transportation of mineral building materials (more than 35%) and timber cargo (23.3%) is carried out by river transport. The majority of crude oil (over 62%) and a significant volume of petroleum products are supplied to consumers via oil pipelines and oil product pipelines.

The range of goods transported by road transport is very diverse, from which the analysis distinguishes the transportation of industrial and agricultural products, construction materials and goods of the trading network.

In recent years, the share of goods transported in containers has been growing in all modes of transport.

The characteristics of cargo flows for main bulk cargo are determined by the volumes, directions and conditions of transportation of various products by various modes of transport throughout the country. The capacity and directions of cargo flows depend on the location of productive forces, the intensity, specialization and characteristics of the production and consumption of various types of products, the availability and condition of transport infrastructure by region, and the development of international transport and economic relations.

Due to the development of competition between modes of transport, some transport companies, regardless of costs, they undertake the full cycle of door-to-door transportation, although for economic reasons the interaction of different modes of transport is more efficient. This refers to the cargo flows of coal, timber and building materials, previously carried out in mixed railway-water communications in the Volga-Kama basin (such transport has now decreased by almost half). Due to the undeveloped economic mechanisms of management and state regulation, railways in some cases, to serve clientele at the ends of railway routes, acquire small fleets of vehicles, the productivity of which is much lower and the cost is higher than large automobile plants. At the same time, road transport carries out very long-distance transportation.

The advantages of Russia's geographic location as a natural land bridge between the vertices of the Europe-Asia-America triangle allow, in the case of consistent implementation of a targeted state transport policy, to count on our country's active participation in the international transit market in the amount of 50-60 million tons with an annual volume of transport services of 3-5 billion US dollars. This requires attracting quite significant investment resources, but the corresponding interest is currently being shown by a number of large transnational corporations, which is due to the virtual absence of real alternatives.

The results of calculations for the economic justification of the Transport Strategy of Russia are presented in Table. 11.7.

Table 11.7

Summary characteristics of the national economic forecast

The proportions of economy and transport were determined using the criterion of maximum final consumption, which means a minimum of costs, including transport costs. According to calculations adopted in transport strategy Russia, in Russia as a whole, freight turnover over the period of time under study increases by 1.5 times, in Siberia - by 1.63 times.

• Since 2012 - excluding transportation by mixed (river-sea) vessels. Since 2015 - according to Rosmorrechflot.
• Since 2012 - including transportation by mixed (river-sea) vessels. Since 2015 - according to Rosmorrechflot.
• According to the Federal Air Transport Agency.

Market relations are increasingly developing in all sectors of the economy of our country. Transport, being a full-fledged subject of the market, must fit adequately into these relations. While observing the general objective economic laws of the market, it must, taking into account its own specifics, ensure the normal functioning of the free economic space of the state and sufficient profitability transport enterprises, firms and other associations.

The market is a set of acts of purchase and sale of goods and services between sellers (producers) and buyers (consumers), based on supply and demand through commodity and other exchanges using market infrastructure, including banks, exchanges, transport, communications. Thus, transport, on the one hand, “physically” implements this exchange (circulation of goods and services). On the other hand, he himself provides a service to the main subjects of the market: sellers and buyers, i.e. forms a transport market.

The product of transport is movement. Beneficial effect, which occurs as a result of movement, its final result is the delivery of goods and people to their destination. This is the main “product”, i.e. a transport service that has an intangible form of consumption. However, like any product, it is characterized by its own quality characteristics, i.e., in order to sell it successfully, it is necessary to provide a high level of quality transport service: delivery exactly on time, without losses, with the maximum degree of convenience for customers.

Ensuring all this requires significant material, labor and financial resources. Consequently, transport services have a certain value (consumer and exchange), which arises during the transportation process and is included in the price of the product at the place of consumption. However, the price of transport products on the market, like any product, should be determined by supply and demand, taking into account socially necessary labor costs and the consumer properties of transportation. So far, prices of transport products (transport tariffs) are regulated by the state, and therefore transport has certain restrictions in the competition of market structures.

Thus, the features of the transport services market are:

the insubstantial nature of transport products, like any service (the inability to accumulate “in reserve”, the coincidence of production and sales processes, etc.);

spatial separation of transport service delivery areas, their non-interchangeability, which limits intra-industry (on one mode of transport) competition;

universality and mass character of the transport market in society, its monopoly;

role railway transport in the transport market largely depends on its versatility, productivity, placement of communications, level of technical equipment, transportation and throughput capacity, cost, convenience and safety of transportation. These indicators characterize the volume and quality of transport service offerings;

the demand for them for freight transportation is formed by socially necessary needs for material exchange. The ratio of supply and demand for transport services by mode of transport determines the level of participation of each of them in the work transport system

and at the same time is a stimulus for their development.

An important principle of the modern market is focus on the final result. In this light, the main thing is not cost savings, but the provision of services of the highest quality that meets the requirements and (or) desires of the consumer. This quality usually requires increased costs. However, due to an increase in demand for such services, an increase in the number of sales (especially at a slightly higher price), the manufacturer’s profit may even increase, the consumer will receive a more durable quality product (thus saving on the frequency of purchases) or the most complete and desired service .

Transport, acting as a kind of intermediary (together with wholesalers and retailers, dealers, distributors), influences the efficiency of distribution and sales channels. At the same time, the choice of transport and the volume of its work largely depend on which channel to promote its products the company chooses.

The market, as a mechanism that unites buyers (demand providers - clients) and sellers (suppliers) of transport services, has its own specifics and takes various forms. The functioning of competitive markets, which involve a large number of independently operating enterprises interested in transportation, has a direct impact on the operation of transport.

There are many issues and problems being solved at the enterprise:

additional services for insurance of the most expensive transportation, especially during the first year after the introduction of new technologies;

simplification of the procedure for clients to submit applications based on contracts;

information activities;

provision of services upon arrival of cargo, as well as services in all cases when the client has difficulties with loading and unloading using traditional or new technology, etc.

In the whole country, as a rule, there is no lack of demand for transportation, since this demand is a natural need of people and society. Transport is the “blood vessel” of production and economic systems, and without it they cannot function. However, on certain types of transport and in certain regions this situation is quite possible. For example, the desire of cargo owners to use motor transport for guaranteed long-distance delivery of components and other products instead of railways. Another example is a decrease in long-distance passenger travel (falling demand) due to a sharp rise in ticket prices. Irregular demand for transportation is often caused by the irregular operation of some enterprises, the seasonality of production and consumption of certain types of products, etc. In some cases, excessive or irrational demand for transportation is allowed, for example, due to the occurrence of counter, excessively repeated, excessively long and other irrational transportation.

To organize the normal operation of transport, it is very important to know the upcoming demand for cargo transportation, i.e., by balancing the demand with the available resources, develop transportation plans for various periods of validity: for the future, current and short-term periods. In them, with varying degrees of detail, the upcoming volumes of traffic and the size of transport work, as well as the main cargo flows and traffic density in the directions of the transport network should be established. It is very important to establish the structure of upcoming transportation by type of cargo, especially bulk cargo.

Despite the fact that road transport is the most common and in mass form transport, in Russia road transport accounts for a significantly smaller share of the total volume of cargo transportation. Railways are the main artery of freight traffic over long and medium distances. Delivery of goods by rail is today one of the most convenient methods of transportation without the risk of loss of cargo safety.

Federal Agency for Education

Bryansk State Technical University

Department of Economics, Production Organization, Management

COURSE WORK

discipline: Statistics

on the topic of: Analysis of transport services in the Russian Federation

Performed:

Student, group 10-FK2

Petukhova V.Yu.

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor.

Novikova A.V.

Bryansk 2012

annotation

In this course work A statistical study of the transport services market in the Russian Federation was carried out. The main goal of the work is to consolidate and deepen theoretical knowledge, practical skills, their use for calculating and analyzing the main indicators of the transport services market obtained in the process of studying statistics, as well as developing the ability to generalize the results that will be obtained from available statistical data.

The course work consists of two parts:

· the first part is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of transport services: types and functions, indicators (freight turnover, passenger turnover, etc.) of activity, prospects for its development.

· in the second part, the calculation and analysis of the main indicators of transport services is carried out based on the studied statistical techniques and methods, such as summary and grouping, calculation of absolute, relative and average values, calculation of dynamics indicators, alignment of time series, etc.

Introduction

1 Formation of the transport services market

2 Structure and features of the transport services market

3 Classification, functions of the transport services market

4 Problems and prospects for the development of the transport services market

Chapter 2. Calculation and analysis of indicators of the transport services market in the Russian Federation

2.1 Grouping

2.2 Calculation of average values

3 Relative values

2.4 Variation indicators

5 Dynamics rows

2.6 Sample observation

2.8 Correlation and regression analysis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

To effectively manage the transport services market and make decisions on its further organization, data is needed that comprehensively reflects the development of this industry under the influence of various external factors. In a market economy, it is important to achieve an optimal ratio of costs to quality of service for the consumer of services. The latter is attracted by minimum delivery times, maximum safety of cargo, convenience in receiving and delivering cargo and the ability to obtain reliable information about tariffs, conditions of transportation and location of cargo, and then he is ready to bear the corresponding costs. Transport activities should be based on customer needs. The consumer is not interested in the costs of the transport company for providing services. With the tightening of consumer requirements for the quality of goods, the needs of manufacturers for timely and reliable delivery are increasingly increasing.

The relevance of this study lies in the quantitative indicators corresponding to the disclosure of the structure of the transport services market. Since transport is not just one of the sectors of the country’s economy, but also one of the most essential conditions for the successful functioning of the entire economy, which has an active impact on the formation of territorial proportions of the development of production in the country and regions, its study is an important task for statistics.

The purpose of this work is to conduct a statistical analysis of the transport services market in Russian Federation, taking into account the peculiarities of its formation and functioning. To achieve the set goal of the work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: study the theoretical essence and system of indicators corresponding to this topic; analyze relevant development indicators; - The objects of accounting in transport services market statistics are the transportation of passengers and cargo by various modes of transport.

Based on this, the subject of research in this work is such indicators of transport activity as passenger and freight turnover, and the density of communication routes.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the transport services market

.1 Formation of the transport services market

From the perspective systematic approach transport is a complex adaptive economic system consisting of regional material and human flows interconnected in a single process of transport services. It can be argued that since the 1970s, there has been an organic fusion of freight transport with the production and distribution process, turning it into a link unified system"production - transport-distribution - sales". Russia is at a new stage of its development - the stage of formation of its new social structure. The further development of the Russian Federation at this stage largely depends on the magnitude of its economic potential.

As the planning principles weakened, the need arose for the country's economy to transition to market relations. The Russian economy, as the material base for the ongoing social reconstruction, is a complex set of industries.

One of the most important sectors of the Russian economy, where it is necessary to use innovative management methods, is transport.

The structure of internal and external cargo flows, which has radically changed over the last decade, the gradual overcoming of the consequences of the systemic crisis of the 90s and the entry into a trajectory of sustainable economic growth, required clarification of the priorities for the development of the Russian transport system and a new strategy for increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the transport industry.

For many years, the transport infrastructure developed without proper coordination between individual modes of transport and the development of productive forces, which led to direct losses from the implementation of untimely or ineffective projects and did not allow achieving a systemic effect in the operation of transport.

First of all, road transport receives priority development, because It is he who is the connecting element between all other types of transport and consumers of transport services. In addition, the construction of transport arteries of other types of transport is impossible without the participation of automobiles. But road transport consists of at least two technical elements: the road and the car, the development of which is in constant dialectical unity and interdependence. In this case, the primary road is the road.

Road facilities are also included in the transport complex.

The peculiarity is that highways are used by transport, industrial, construction, agricultural and other organizations, as well as by the population, free of charge. Their wear and tear is not included in the cost of transportation, but is reimbursed by directly financing the costs of repair work on roads at established tax rates through road funds.

Therefore, in the road sector there is no direct relationship between the amount of funds allocated for the maintenance, repair and construction of roads and the rate of consumption of roads by road transport, as is the case in reproduction processes in other industries National economy.

One of the first measures of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation to form a system for regulating transport activities on the territory of the republics in the context of the transition to a market economy was the creation of the Russian Transport Inspectorate (RTI) - a body designed to license transport and service enterprises included in the transport and road complex of the republic, to control compliance with transport legislation and the requirements imposed by issued licenses, as well as carry out a number of other functions related to ensuring the normal functioning of the transport services market.

The initial task of RTI units was licensing of transport activities. At the same time, the licensing process was not, and could not be, observed, the main functions of the RTI bodies:

limiting or stimulating the influx of transport into certain sectors of the regional transport services market;

determination of additional benefits and formation of special conditions for enterprises and entrepreneurs engaged in socially significant transportation;

application of sanctions to transport enterprises for violation of licensing requirements, etc.

The transport complex consists of a large number of interconnected industries and is a special transport branch of production, which has common laws of development, homogeneity of production processes and the purpose of the products created.

And the functioning of the economy of the Russian Federation in market conditions poses a number of problems for road transport to adapt to a market economy. The characteristic features of the functioning of motor transport in a market economy are such objective circumstances as:

new economic conditions operation of road transport and consumers of its services,

formation of the transport services market,

increased competition between transport enterprises and various modes of transport.

Without taking into account market requirements, no enterprise can develop normally. The ultimate goal of any transport enterprise operating in a market environment is to make a profit based on the production of a service needed by the consumer.

Until the 90s, the concept of transport service was not used in the practice of planning and organizing the work of road transport. The exception was such a field of activity as transport and forwarding services, where this concept is generally accepted.

This approach was due to the traditional consideration of road transport on a par with manufacturing industries. Transport services refer to services that complete and (or) precede the process material production. Transport services are defined as a subtype of transport activity aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and characterized by the presence of the necessary technological, financial, information, legal and resource support. The service, therefore, means not only the actual transportation of goods, but also any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but is associated with its preparation and implementation.

Road transport services include:

transportation of goods, mail;

loading and unloading services (loading, unloading, reloading, internal warehouse operations);

cargo storage services;

services for preparing vehicles for transportation;

provision of transportation vehicles on lease or rental terms;

forwarding and additional services performed during the transportation of goods, luggage, etc. for servicing enterprises, organizations, and the population;

transportation of new and repaired vehicles, etc.

The share of transport services as the economy develops, as a rule, increases or stabilizes. A similar situation can be observed in almost all countries. Thus, in market conditions, quality is defined as the level of consumer properties and reliability of a service that the market (consumer) needs and that manufacturers are able to provide at an affordable price. In a market economy, it is important to achieve an optimal ratio of costs to quality of service for the consumer of services. Transport activities should be based on customer needs. The consumer is not interested in the costs of the transport company for providing services.

Over the last two decades of the last century and the beginning of this century, the share of transport costs in developed countries has not changed significantly. In absolute terms, transport costs continued to increase. Consequently, there are currently no qualitative changes in consumer preferences for transport - the recipients’ needs for services of this type have developed at an optimal level, corresponding to a high degree of satisfaction.

The development of a competitive market for transport services will require creating conditions for the supply of high-quality transport services to exceed demand, as well as ensuring publicity and information openness of the market regarding prices and quality of services. This will provide consumers with the opportunity to freely choose transport services, make the price-quality mechanism work, and make price and quality the subject of competition. Such a mechanism will ensure a constant increase in the productivity of transport companies, which will contribute to their self-sufficiency. The price-quality mechanism will stimulate research by market participants into the demand for various categories services and analyze the level of competitors, improve the quality of transport services provided, and find the optimal balance between their price and quality. All this creates conditions for further increasing operational efficiency and increasing the competitiveness of national transport companies and the Russian transport system as a whole.

The state policy of forming a competitive market for transport services provides for administrative and economic methods.

Administrative methods should ensure regulation of the activities of natural monopolies, access of vehicle owners, as well as forwarders and carriers to professional activities using licensing or declaration mechanisms (notification of market participant obligations).

Economic methods for creating a competitive market for transport services include the implementation of tax, tariff and investment policy mechanisms.

Economic methods should stimulate the creation of forwarding and transport companies of all types and levels in the field of freight and passenger transportation, which could provide competitive transport services in the field of freight and passenger transportation. In particular, it is advisable to consider a mechanism for stimulating the creation of sufficiently large transport companies capable of investing in the development of highly efficient transport technologies and modern vehicles. It is necessary to provide government support for increasing the competitiveness of national transport companies.

In the context of rapidly increasing inter-country trade flows and movement of people, the importance of all types of transport is sharply increasing. Trade in transport services covers almost all countries and is one of the catalysts for ongoing globalization. Improving transport infrastructure and reducing transportation costs under the influence of scientific and technical progress makes it possible to intensify trade and economic cooperation between geographically distant regions and leads to a reduction in the costs of spatial organization of international economic systems. In the process of deepening Russia's integration into the world economy, the role of domestic transport cannot be underestimated.

The transport industry is extremely important for the development of the economy and foreign economic relations of our country. On the one hand, transport is a key infrastructural component of foreign trade in goods, and on the other hand, it is a large and growing item in trade in services, providing about a quarter of all Russian foreign trade turnover in the services sector. Russia has favorable natural and geographical conditions for increasing international transport operations, which is an important prerequisite for obtaining significant economic benefits from these operations. But they do not fully ensure the international competitiveness of Russian transport. To strengthen Russia's position in the world market, it is necessary to create a modern transport infrastructure and radical organizational restructuring of the entire transport system of our country.

Occupying the central part of the Eurasian continent, Russia objectively plays the role of a geopolitical bridge in relations between the countries of the West and the East. Its simultaneous presence in Europe and Asia affects the content of economic, political, and cultural processes in these parts of the world. Occupying a huge space, having access to the seas, using a large territory for international transit, and also possessing a system of space, air, and sea navigation, Russia thanks to this has unique opportunities to participate in international integration and influence global processes.

Transit makes it possible to effectively use the reserves of carrying capacity of national transport systems and stimulates their reproduction and improvement. As a consequence of this, transport engineering and its supporting industries are actively developing.

In general, the use of national pipeline transport and power transmission systems for transporting gas, oil products and electricity from one country to another through the territory of the Russian Federation is also an essential element of the country’s transit potential. Transit should be considered not only as a part of business contributing to GDP, but an important element of the country’s international positioning. Russia has its own niche in the global transit business.

.2 Structure, features of the transport services market

New economic conditions have expanded the concept of “transport service”. Today, a transport service means not only the actual transportation of goods or passengers, but any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but is associated with its preparation and implementation.

Transport services include:

· transportation of goods and passengers;

· loading and unloading operations;

· cargo storage;

· preparation of transportation means;

· provision of transportation means on a lease or rental basis;

· transportation (delivery) of new and repaired vehicles;

· forwarding services;

· other services.

In the general relationships of transport with other subsystems of the national economy, it is especially important to identify shifts in the type structure of transport and the type structure of transportation. When studying structural changes in transport itself in the species aspect, the socio-spatial role of its automobile component is most noticeable; It is road transport that is closest to the everyday needs and actions of people.

The fact is that means of transport, focused mainly on long-distance trunk communications and transportation, provide mainly the resource and production sphere of the functioning of society. Under the influence of motor transport, forms of settlement and daily movements of the population are changing. Motor transport is increasingly becoming a socio-technical means of self-organization of the population and economy.

In conditions of transition to market relations and the ongoing decline in production, it is important to understand what structure-forming processes occur in transport in general, what is the relationship between the motor transport component and the national economy.

The structure of transport is understood as the composition, quantitative relationships and forms of interconnection of individual industries and productions. Indicators of industry structure are: the number of independent industries; the ratio of all types of transport in the total volume of cargo transportation of the entire transport complex; share of transport sectors; share of passenger and freight transport.

In the practice of planning and accounting, the sectoral structure of transport is determined by finding specific gravity industries in the total volume of transport production. The structure of the country's transport complex is formed under the influence of many factors, the most important of which are:

scientific and technical progress;

planned rates of development of all transport and its individual sectors;

concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production;

growth in the material well-being and cultural level of workers;

socio-historical conditions in which transport develops;

international division of labor;

strengthening Russia's position in the world market.

Transport specialization is expressed in the splitting of existing industries and the creation of new industries with homogeneous products or services, as well as in the division of labor between enterprises in a given industry.

At the dawn of the existence of railways, the track development of stations and hauls, the locomotive fleet, and, to a large extent, service personnel were not specialized by type of activity. However, the beginnings of specialization in some parts of transport were already present in that period. The further railway transport developed, the more clearly the specialization of its main elements became apparent, the more takes longer their operational and technical differentiation. Over time, railway transport in its organization, technology and technical equipment is moving further and further away from its original state, specialization is increasingly spreading to areas of transport that have not yet been covered by it. If you go beyond the boundaries of railway transport and look at the transport system as a whole, then within it the specialization of individual modes of transport also becomes increasingly clear, and the areas of the most effective use of railway, road, water, air and pipeline transport are more clearly delineated.

Since the transportation process in very rare cases begins and ends within any one mode of transport, in the transport system, along with specialization, cooperation between the activities of different modes of transport occurs.

Due to specialization, the transport system gains greater productivity, and through cooperation, greater flexibility, stability in changing conditions and, therefore, greater efficiency.

The alternation of fundamentally different phases in the development of the transport system - specialization and cooperation - in the absence of a sufficiently definite pattern in the duration of individual phases in time and the depth of the changes occurring, makes it extremely difficult to formalize the processes of development of transport as a whole and its individual parts.

To use one or a combination of several modes of transport in transportation, it is necessary to carefully study various factors that reveal both the advantages of any transport service option and limit the area of ​​interchangeability of modes of transport, where the choice of option is based on technical and economic calculations.

Thus, the features of the transport services market are:

· intangible nature of transport products, like any service (impossibility of accumulating “in reserve”, coincidence of production and sales processes, etc.);

· spatial separation of transport service delivery areas, their non-interchangeability, which limits intra-industry (on one type of transport) competition;

· universality and mass character of the transport market in society, its monopoly;

· the role of railway transport in the transport market largely depends on its versatility, productivity, placement of communications, level of technical equipment, carrying capacity, cost, convenience and safety of transportation. These indicators characterize the volume and quality of transport service offerings;

· the demand for them for freight transportation is formed by socially necessary needs for material exchange. The ratio of supply and demand for transport services by mode of transport determines the level of participation of each of them in the operation of the transport system and at the same time is an incentive for their development .

.3 Classification, functions of the transport services market

There are different classifications of transport services. Based on the relationship with the main activities of enterprises, services can be transportation (i.e., including in one form or another an element of transportation) and non-transportation services. Based on the type of consumer to whom the service is provided, a distinction is made between external (provided by a non-transport enterprise) and internal (provided by another transport enterprise). Based on the nature of the activities related to the provision of a particular service, technological, commercial, informational, etc. are distinguished.

A scientifically based classification of transport sectors is important for proper planning of production and ensuring a certain proportionality in its development. The classification of transport sectors is based on the following principles:

economic purpose of the service provided;

the nature of the functioning of transport products in the production process;

the nature of the impact on the subject of work, etc.

The most important principle for classifying industries is the economic purpose of the service provided. In accordance with this, all transport is divided into external and internal.

Since transport is used not only for external transport, but also for internal transport, i.e. transportation within production, then in addition to public transport, the national economy has intra-production or departmental transport . The transport complex of the Russian Federation includes: road, sea, inland waterway, railway, aviation and other types of transport. Each type of transport has its own specifics regarding its use for transporting goods.

In the process of material production, transport satisfies the needs of sectors of the national economy for transportation of various types: intra-production, inter-industry within the region, inter-regional, transportation of workers, etc.

Types of transport are divided into water(sea and river), land (rail, road, pipeline) and air. All types of transport, except pipelines, are used to transport goods and passengers. These types of transport are traditional. Non-traditional types of transport include slurry pipelines (Bulk cargo is crushed and pumped through pipes together with water), pneumatic transport, and magnetic levitation transport.

Interdistrict and intradistrict transportation of goods and passengers determine the division of regional transport into mainline and intradistrict.

Transport functions:

One of the main functions is stimulating . Stimulation of economic growth is realized through investments in the transport complex.

· Distributive - ensuring the physical movement of commodity flows in the global economic system.

· The integration function of transport is implemented through the formation of a unified network of transport routes.

· Also performs a structure-forming function - participates in the formation of the sectoral structure of world production and inter-sectoral proportions.

· The social function of transport is providing equal access to social and economic infrastructure to all members of society through increasing the degree of transport accessibility.

The so-called “unified transport system” of Russia is characterized by such features as:

) uneven development of various types of transport;

) extremely uneven distribution of the transport network across individual regions;

) weak interdependence and interaction individual species transport during transportation (cargo and passengers);

) a high level of monopolization of the transport services market combined with administrative pressure on economic agents, which dismembers the unified transport system.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

1 Transport services market…………………………………………...4

2 Areas of freight transport service……………………….8

3 The role of transport in client development and vice versa……….9

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..13

Used literature…………………………………………………………….14

Introduction

Transport is the third leading branch of material production, it accounts for material basis international division of labor, affects the location of production, promotes the development of specialization and cooperation, as well as the development of integration processes by means of transporting goods and passengers. It plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the country. In Russia, as in other developed countries, transport is one of the largest basic sectors of the economy, the most important component production and social infrastructure.

Automobile transport along with other modes of transport (railway, waterway, air, pipeline), it forms the basis of the transport system of our country and meets the transport needs of the population and the economy through a range of services and work performed in the field of motor transport activities.

Cars as vehicles are characterized by high maneuverability and the ability to carry out direct delivery of goods and people (without the participation of other modes of transport). Due to their advantages, they are widely used in the transportation of passengers and cargo both within districts (cities), and in interdistrict (intercity) and international communications. At short distances, road transport is essentially a monopolist - in the transportation of both goods and passengers, and at medium and long distances it successfully competes with railway transport.

Road transport is a connector and closely interacts with other modes of transport, and its clientele amounts to several million people.

Transport services market.

In conditions of market relations, any enterprise, including motor transport, is in constant interaction with other market entities. All elements of the market are interconnected and, to one degree or another, influence each other, simultaneously experiencing the impact external environment. The formation of the market intensifies the processes of circulation of values ​​and movement of people, contributes to a significant increase in the role of transport and forwarding enterprises that organize and carry out these processes. The importance is especially great in market conditions motor transport enterprises ensuring direct, reliable delivery of goods and passengers - a factor in the effective functioning of the economy.

Road transport as a business area belongs to the mobile market sector of the economy. Freight transport enterprises, in the face of falling demand for transportation, are expanding freight forwarding and non-core types of services, opening their terminal points with a warehouse base.

In a competitive environment, consumers are increasingly placing increased demands on quality indicators performance of cargo transportation: urgency of delivery, safety of cargo, expansion of the range of services, reliability of the transport partner. There has been an increased demand for international cargo delivery.

In the specialized literature, analyzing the sources of influence on an enterprise in market conditions, they distinguish the sphere of direct (Figure 1) and the sphere of indirect influence on the ATP (Figure 2).

ATP directly interacts with various suppliers: suppliers of rolling stock (automobile factories or their dealers); suppliers of fuel and lubricants; suppliers of engineering, managerial and working personnel (universities, technical schools, vocational schools, driver training schools); capital providers (banks); information providers (means mass media, specialized companies).

Consumers of motor transport services are industrial enterprises, trade, service and consumer services enterprises, enterprises Agriculture, government organizations and institutions, individual consumers.

The competitors of ATP are other ATP and motor transport entrepreneurs, enterprises of other modes of transport, cargo owners using their own motor transport.

• 4.1 Transport market, its features
• 4.2 Segmentation of the transport market
• 4.3 Supply and demand in transport
• 4.4 Factors determining the demand for the transportation of goods and passengers
• 4.5 Methods for quantitative assessment of the transport services market capacity

Transport market, its features

Transport is an active and continuous participant in production and social processes in society, the most important production infrastructure of the economy. At the same time, transport performs certain production and sales functions, creating and selling on the market own products, which is transportation of goods and people. Market is a mechanism that brings buyers and sellers together, allowing them to determine prices and quantities of goods.

Therefore, based on the goals economic analysis, several definitions of the transport market can be given. From point of view economic theory transport market can be defined as a set of transport and non-transport enterprises (organizations) and individuals, which interact with each other to sell and buy transport products.

From a technical point of view transport market- this is a site of transport communications in which a set of transport enterprises of one or more modes of transport operates, selling transport products and providing transport services to transport users in a certain territory, based on their technical and economic characteristics, capabilities and consumer demands.

Transport market How economic category can be defined as a system of economic, technological and other connections, firstly, between transport and its users (clientele), and, secondly, between transport enterprises of different types of transport. The main form of connections of the first type is the purchase and sale of transport services, and the second - interaction and competition.

Transport users- these are its clients, shippers, consignees, forwarders, as well as passengers.

Shipper - a person or company that entrusts goods to the care of others (forwarder, carrier/transportation operator) for delivery to the consignee. Consignee- a person entitled to receive delivered goods. Forwarder- an intermediary who organizes the transportation of goods and/or the provision of related services on behalf of the shipper.

Demand in transport, determine the solvent needs of transport users for transport services.

Offer transport is expressed through its carriage and throughput in a specific direction for a certain period of time.

Characteristics of the transport market are determined by the role of transport in the economy, as well as by the features of the process of production and sale of transport products. These include:

• - the universal nature of the transport market. Since transport belongs to the infrastructure sectors of the economy, the need for it arises both in the sphere of production of material goods and in the sphere of circulation during the delivery process finished products from producer to consumer. Transport also occupies a significant share (10-18%) in the structure of actual final consumption, household consumer expenditures and paid services to the population. Thus, both freight and passenger transport provide the material conditions for the functioning of the entire “production-circulation-consumption” system;
• - lack of material form of transport products. Transport products are produced and consumed simultaneously, so they cannot be seen or touched, they have no form, appearance. It cannot be stored for future use; it has no shelf life. Qualitative characteristics transport products are not constant and change depending on time, place and other factors. Consequently, advertising and marketing in transport require a specific approach, different from advertising and marketing of industrial and consumer goods;
• - binding of transportation to a specific time and place, which often makes it no alternative. This significantly limits how intra-industry competition, for example between shipping companies or railways, and intersectoral, i.e. between different types transport in the transport market;
• - the need for state regulation of the transport market.

This need arises from a number of circumstances. In-

Firstly, transport is a capital-intensive industry, therefore the role of the state, as well as local authorities power in financing the construction of transport infrastructure is great. Such elements of the transport system as the transport network (railways and roads, hydraulic structures on inland waterways, etc.) are strategic objects and are state property. Secondly, the natural monopoly of a number of transport industries (for example, railway transport), as well as individual transport enterprises (for example, river ports) must be controlled through state tariff policy. Thirdly, the functioning of transport is connected not only with its important role in the economy, but also with significant damage to environment, the population and in general for the entire society: harmful emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, noise, street congestion, road traffic accidents with death and injury, etc. Constant government intervention is required to reduce these negative consequences from transport activities. Fourthly, maintaining the country's defense capability is important state task, in which transport plays a key role. And finally, the development of the country’s economy requires the development of state policy in the field of transport, the development program documents development of individual modes of transport, which formulate the goals and objectives facing the transport system at this stage.

Wherein government regulation cannot be based on purely command management methods, but primarily involves the use of economic instruments (taxes, tariffs, subsidies, etc.) and legal mechanisms (licensing, certification, etc.).