Submarine speed. Fastest submarine How fast does a submarine sail?
The creation of a nuclear power plant and the first domestic nuclear-powered submarine of Project 627, as well as successful missile launches from submarines, inspired the strategists of the Navy. The fact is that the enemy of the USSR in the "cold war" - the United States, was intensively building aircraft carriers and in 1960 had 18 shock, 20 escort and 12 anti-submarine aircraft. They possessed means of protection against attacks from surface ships and aircraft, and the speed of 30 knots allowed them to evade attacks from diesel-electric submarines, which could go under water for a long time at a speed of 2-3 knots and only develop 18-20 for a short time. with aircraft carrier formations there would be submarines that developed more than 30 knots in a submerged position and equipped with weapons with a range of 2 - 3 times more than torpedoes.
By 1958, we had accumulated experience that made it possible to start developing a long-term comprehensive plan for the creation of nuclear submarines for various purposes with torpedoes, ballistic and cruise missiles. Hundreds of research institutions and enterprises were involved in the work, giving them specific assignments. So, metallurgists - to get a high-strength stainless material for a strong case in order to significantly increase the immersion depth, chemists - how to decompose seawater with minimal energy consumption, releasing oxygen necessary for breathing, and destroy exhaled carbon dioxide, food workers - to develop a recipe and technology for making bread that remains fresh for months.
At the beginning of 1958, the design bureau of submarine shipbuilding TsKB-16, TsKB-18 and SKB-143 was instructed to urgently carry out studies of nuclear submarines with torpedo and missile weapons to determine the developers of power plants, new materials, weapons, electronic and other equipment. TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malachite") was instructed to prepare proposals for a government decree agreed with the participants in the work and ordered the creation of a nuclear submarine project. It is considered as the main link in solving the problem of raising submarine shipbuilding. On August 28, 1958, the government issued a decree "On the creation of a new, high-speed nuclear submarine, new power plants on the type and development of research, development and design work." In 5-6 years they were ordered to do everything necessary to create nuclear power plants with a mass reduced by 1.5-2 times, providing a double increase in submerged speed; materials allowing to increase the immersion depth by 1.5 times; small-sized, long-range ballistic, cruise missiles and torpedoes; hydroacoustic and navigation equipment; instrumentation and automation for controlling submarines at full speed; technical means to ensure habitability.
In the same year, it was ordered to start designing an experimental boat of project 661, designed to combat aircraft carrier formations, developing more than 30 nodes underwater, sinking to 400 m and armed with ballistic or cruise missiles with an underwater launch. The chief designer was appointed the chief of TsKB-16 N.N. Isanina.
By the end of the year, this bureau was instructed to issue basic assignments to contractors and provide them with performers, with the condition to reduce the weight and size characteristics of the equipment they create. At the same time, it was forbidden to use the existing one; on the new ship, everything should be original.
It was necessary to decide what his main weapon would be, to choose the type of coolant for the 1st circuit (water or metal alloy), to determine the number and power of reactors, turbine generators, voltage and frequency of the main current, to select high-strength steel, aluminum or titanium alloys for the body.
14 pre-draft versions of the project (out of 18) in July 1959 were submitted for consideration to the command of the Navy and the State Committee for Shipbuilding. They formed expert commissions on shipbuilding, energy, electrical engineering, materials, etc. The possibility of making a case from titanium alloys, the creation and production of which was still in its infancy, was discussed. Nevertheless, they took into account their advantages - anti-corrosion, low weight, non-magnetic, and they decided to make the 661 project boat from such alloys. But only in January 1960, the commander-in-chief of the Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov and the chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for shipbuilding B.E. Buto-ma reported to the government the proposals of TsKB-16 on the tactical and technical characteristics of the boat, which were approved on April 9, and on January 26, the Minister of Defense approved the task for its design. It was intended to destroy aircraft carriers with cruise missiles, test new types of weapons and equipment, body materials, devices, systems and mechanisms
N.N. Isanin knew how to work with a big backlog: pre-sketch design began before sending the studies to Moscow. In May 1960, with a delay of only 4 months, five versions of the project were presented to the government, and on July 6, the main one was approved. Central Research Institute 45 and TsAGI tested models of the future submarine, including self-propelled ones. In other enterprises, the weight, size and energy characteristics of equipment and weapons were clarified. In general, 133 research institutes, design bureaus and factories worked on project 661 under the control of the government, completing 363 works. In December 1960, the bureau presented to Moscow a technical design of a submarine with a displacement of 5200 tons, a submersion depth of 400 m, for the first time in the world made of titanium alloys. This submarine was armed with cruise missiles of the "Amethyst" complex, equipped with a powerful system for detecting hydroacoustic signals and issuing data to missile weapons, had a one-water speed of more than 40 knots,
The light hull was made in the form of a body of revolution with a hemispherical bow end, the stern end was made elliptical, with the transition to bifurcated "trousers" with propellers. Outside the bow of the strong hull, five from the sides, they placed containers for cruise missiles with an inclination of 32.5 ", and the strong hull was made around them in 8 shape" eight "with a height of 9 m. The sturdy hull was divided into 9 compartments. The bulkhead between the 1st and a horizontal platform served as 2. In the upper, 1st compartment, on the upper deck, there were 4 apparatus and racks with spare torpedoes, on the lower deck there was a missile firing control post, a medical unit, a latrine. there was a hydroacoustic complex, under it - silver-zinc batteries. The 3rd compartment was also eight ", but without a horizontal platform, cabins and wardroom for officers, crew quarters and a dining room for foremen and sailors, a galley, storage rooms were arranged in it. The 4th compartment was cylindrical, 9 m in diameter, it was used for the main command post, control of the power plant, radio communications and radio reconnaissance cabin, navigational enclosure, gyropost, housing for officers and chief officers, alune, dryer, pantries. Since there were reactors in the adjacent 5th compartment, the entrance to it was equipped with vestibule locks with biological protection.
In the 6th compartment, two main turbo-gear units were installed side by side, and in the 7th compartment, the same number of autonomous turbine generators with power protection and distribution systems and in the town of a water chemical laboratory. In an emergency, the 5th, 6th and 7th compartments were put into a special mode. Auxiliary equipment was placed in the 8th compartment. Passing from it to the 7th, it was necessary to pass the sanitary lock for decontamination. It also had a hatch to the upper deck with a coaming platform for receiving a rescue diving bell. In the 9th, aft compartment, there were drives for large and small horizontal and vertical rudders, trim tanks and a hold post.
The construction of the submarine was entrusted to the Severodvinsk plant number 402, which began preparations for it in 1959 with the training of workers and the creation of an experimental site in workshop number 42 for mastering the technology of welding body parts made of titanium alloy. In 1961, TsNII-48 created such an alloy 48-OTZ with a yield point of at least 60 kgf / mm! and developed a technology for the manufacture of large sheets with a thickness of 5-60 mm, profiles, forgings, shaped castings and - with the specialists of TsNII-138 - methods of manual, semi-automatic and automatic welding. The creation of unique component equipment was going on with difficulty, the supply of the alloy was delayed, the weapons were still to be tested. By the end of 1962, the enterprises had completed 204 out of 380 works, plant No. 402 received only 872 tons of sheet and profile metal for experimental structures. In 1963, the construction was accelerated, and on December 28, the official laying of the ship took place in the 42nd shop.
In 1964 N.N. Isanin was transferred to SPMBM, and the following year N.F. Shulzhenko. Only on December 14, 1968, the boat was taken out of the workshop, on the 21st it was launched and on the 26th it was presented for mooring tests. Even during construction, the low quality of the titanium alloy was revealed - cracks appeared in the sheets, and about 20% of the lining of the light hull had to be replaced. During mooring tests, despite the one hundred percent luminescent control of the plating, 10 main ballast tanks were found to be leaking, the ship had to be brought into the dock, and only in December 1969 the factory sea trials began.
Winter in the White Sea is not the best time for this, but it was impossible to postpone testing until spring. Therefore, contrary to the saying: "The fleet is not at war on Monday," it was on Monday, and on the 13th, that the submarine was "pushed" into the sea. On it was the regular crew of Captain 1st Rank Yu.F. Golubkova, acceptance certificate - K.M. Palkin, specialist contractors and representatives of the customer. The senior was the commander of the brigade of the ships under construction, Captain 1st Rank V.V. Gorontsov, December 17, after checking the power plant at full power, K-162 developed 42 nodes in the submerged position - this has never happened before!
On December 19, at sea, the boat was presented to the State Acceptance Commission headed by Rear Admiral F.I. Maslov. During the tests, at speeds above 35 knots, they encountered a hitherto unknown phenomenon - strong noise, like the roar of a jet plane; a tremendous pressure of water tore off the door in the cockpit fence, three hatches in the bow setting, strips on the entrance gratings of the main circulation routes and the fairing of the aft emergency buoy. As a result, on December 25, the boat returned to the factory for repair, and the next day F.I. Maslov and N.F. Shulzhenko flew to Moscow. After their report, the command of the Navy and the leadership of the Ministry of Sudprom decided to stop testing and transfer the K-162 to the fleet for a two-year trial operation. During the first year, the boat went to sea 11 times, covered 31,410 miles under water and 7673 on the surface. In September - December 1970 she made a trip to the southern latitudes. During that period, the boat reached a speed of 44.7 knots underwater - this is a world record, and it remains unsurpassed ...
K-162 was a kind of litmus test (albeit an expensive one) in the implementation of the program of a sharp rise in the submarine fleet. For 5 years, we established the extraction and processing of titanium ores, the production of alloys from them, tested products from these alloys, which ensured the development of the nuclear and rocket and space industries and the construction of nuclear-powered ships of projects 670, 705,685 and other technical means. The designed nuclear power plant served as a prototype for similar units of the next generation, as well as the world's first P-70 cruise missiles with an underwater launch, radio electronics, a high-pressure air system and other devices and assemblies. And the K-162 itself remained in service until 1988.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of the K-162 project 661 submarine:
normal displacement -5197 t; surface speed - 16 knots; underwater - over 38 knots; armament: 10 cruise missiles of the Amethyst complex, 4 torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm, 12 torpedoes, the Sigma-661 navigation system, the PENS-9 periscope, the RLK-101 surface target detection radar, the Nichrom identification radar transponder , hydroacoustic complex "Rubin", hydroacoustic stations MG-509 t MGS-29; a power plant - two V-S reactors with a capacity of 177 MW, the main turbine-toothed unit 618 - two 40 thousand hp each, an OK-3 turbine generator - two 3 thousand kW each; maximum immersion depth - 400 m, autonomy - 70 days; length - 106.9 m, width of the outer hull - 11.5 m, width along the stabilizers - 16.7 m, height along the roof of the wheelhouse fencing - 14.5 m, draft - 8 m, crew - 75 people
On the diagram of the nuclear submarine of Project 661, the numbers indicate:
1 - bow torpedo tubes, 2 - spare torpedoes, 3 - bow compartment, 4 - 3rd compartment, 5 - strong wheelhouse, 6 - pop-up rescue chamber, 7 - central post, 6 - emergency loading hatch, 9 - main turbo-toothed units, 10 - turbine generators, 11 - auxiliary mechanism compartment, 12 - steering gear compartment, 13 - vertical rudder, 14 - propellers, 15 - gyropost, 16 - hydroacoustic equipment, 17- hydroacoustic baffle, 18 - missile containers, 19 - bow retractable horizontal handlebars.
Vsevolod ZHARKOV,
deputy chief designer
Federal State Unitary Enterprise
SPMBA "Malachite"
Technology-Youth, No. 4 "2003
The Soviet submarine K162, nicknamed the "Golden Fish", was the only realized copy of the 661 "Anchar" project, which was named Papa according to the western classification. Originally designed as an extremely high-speed nuclear submarine for the P-70 Amethyst cruise missiles, 10 of which were housed in individual containers between the outer and inner titanium hulls.
SSGN pr.661 in its running and maneuverability had no analogues either in the Soviet or foreign fleets and served as the undoubted predecessor of the second and third generation submarines with cruise missiles on board and titanium hulls.
Let's find out more about the history of this speed giant ...
In December 1959, a resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers "On the creation of a new high-speed submarine, new types of power plants and research, development and design work for submarines." In accordance with this decree, TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malakhit") began work on the design of a high-speed second-generation SSGN with a titanium hull, a second-generation nuclear power plant and cruise missiles launched from under the water, project 661, code "Anchar".
In the early 50s of the XX century, the military-political doctrines of the superpowers justified the construction of two main systems: aerospace for gaining air and space superiority, and sea, providing a missile shield. A necessary condition for solving the first problem was a breakthrough in the creation of materials with high specific strength for all types of aircraft. The leading direction in this area was the technology for the production of products from titanium alloys. It is known that the American engineer Krol patented a method for producing compact titanium in 1940.
Within a few years, titanium production was mastered in the USSR, and at a higher level. In the Ukraine, the Urals, in Kazakhstan, production facilities for the production of titanium concentrates and titanium spongy grades TG-1, TG-2 were established. At the same time, Soviet specialists, as a rule, followed an original path. In Giredmet (now JSC "Giredmet" State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, the leading research and design organization of materials science profile) and at the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant, with the involvement of scientists from the Central Research Institute of KM "Prometey", various technologies for the production of ingots were developed. By the middle of 1955, experts came to the final conclusion: titanium must be melted in arc furnaces proposed by Prometheus. Then this technology was transferred to the Verkhne-Salda metalworking plant (VSMOZ) in the city of Verkhnyaya Salda in the Urals.
To build a submarine about 120 meters long, a radical restructuring of the titanium industry was necessary. The initiator in this direction was the leadership of the Central Research Institute of KM "Prometheus" - director Georgy Ilyich Kapyrin and chief engineer Igor Vasilyevich Gorynin, they were strongly supported by the Minister of the shipbuilding industry Boris Evstafievich Butoma. These people have shown tremendous foresight and civic courage in making such an epoch-making decision. Project 661 developed by SPMBM "Malachite" (at that time TsKB-16) was chosen as an object for the use of titanium. One of the goals was to test the use of the P-70 "Amethyst" anti-ship missile, the world's first anti-ship cruise missile with a "wet" launch. The authors of the submarine project - N.N. Isanin, N.F. Shulzhenko, V.G. Tikhomirov met the proposal to rework it in titanium performance without any enthusiasm. Titanium for them was a complete unknown: lower than that of steel, the modulus of elasticity, "cold" creep, other welding methods, a complete lack of experience in application in sea conditions. Specialists from the Central Research Institute named after Academician A. N. Krylov, the Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, and workers at shipyards were in the same position.
Nevertheless, in 1958, a radical restructuring of the titanium industry in the country began. A corresponding subdivision appeared in the Central Research Institute of KM "Prometheus" - first, department No. 8, and then departments No. 18, 19. A team of prominent scientists created a scientific direction - marine titanium alloys. The teams of the titanium-magnesium plants of Zaporozhye (ZTMK) and Bereznikovsky (BTMK), together with specialists from the All-Union Aluminum-Magnesium Institute (VAMI), Giredmet and with the active participation of scientists from the Central Research Institute of KM "Prometey", have done a lot to improve the technology of titanium sponge production. The domestic industry was able to produce large ingots weighing four to six tons for submarines. It was a major victory. Next, the problem of obtaining high-quality defect-free ingots was solved.
There are many sources of defects - incorrect melting mode, hard alloy inclusions (tungsten carbides, oxidized sponge, high waste content in electrodes, etc.), shrinkage looseness and the appearance of cavities. All these complexities of large masses passed to metallurgists from "aviators". After the reorganization of the industry, production volumes, sizes and weights of ingots increased. Their mass reached four tons or more.
Vladimirov provided invaluable assistance. At a meeting in the State Planning Committee, he lucidly explained that the Central Research Institute of KM "Prometey" not only solves the problem of increasing the strength of the alloy, but takes into account the weldability, manufacturability, aggressiveness of the environment and many other factors. Therefore, his decision on alloying with vanadium is correct. Subsequently, the idea of creating a group of Ti-Al-V alloys was constantly supported by scientists from the aviation industry. In the end, the alloy of the 48-OTZV brand acquired the rights of citizenship. From that moment on, the problem of vanadium master alloys became the main one for our metallurgists. A little time passed, and their production was organized in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (Leninabad, Chorukh-Dayron). Thus, our country has ceased to depend on supplies from abroad.
While the specialists of the TsNII KM "Prometey" were solving their problems at the ore, metallurgical, welding and other industries, the ship was built and grew day by day. The chief designer for the building, N.I. Antonov, made it a rule to visit the shop at least once every two to three months and participate in the work of the team overseeing the construction progress.
Usually it was both serious and funny. In those days, it was not necessary to put on a helmet when entering the work area, and Antonov did not use it. And his bald head was like a disc of the sun. At this time, the problem of "poking" arose. A lot of brackets were welded to the boat hull from the inside to place cables and pipes on them. There were thousands of them. The seams were considered unresponsible, but our welders took them seriously, because if there is oxidation in this seam, then a crack will appear in the strong body and this may end badly. As it turned out later, he understood this well and tried to inspect the weld seam of each "poke". And so, moving from compartment to compartment, he straightened up, hitting his head on the "butt" welded to the partition or floorboard on board, so that another wound appeared on the bald spot. At first, this caused laughter both from him and from us, who accompanied him. But when we passed two or three compartments and bleeding wounds appeared on his head, it was no longer funny, but nevertheless he was ready to climb through the compartments all day, climbing into the most hidden corners, rechecking the work of inspectors and welders. He had a high sense of responsibility as the chief designer of the hull of the world's first all-titanium submarine.
And at the plant, everyone was well aware that when building such a complex engineering structure as a submarine hull made of a completely new material - titanium, a new approach was required. We must pay tribute - the director of the SMP E. P. Egorov, his deputies, designers, builders, shop workers put a lot of effort to create an unprecedented production.
Shop No. 42 has become a truly novelty: daily cleaning of floors, absence of drafts, light, clean clothes for welders and other workers, high production culture have become its hallmarks. A great contribution to the formation of the shop was made by R. I. Utyushev, the deputy head of the welding shop. A lot of skill and soul was invested in this business by remarkable specialists - northerners Yu.D. Kainov, M.I.Gorelik, P.M.Grom, military representative Yu.A. Belikov, A.E. workers.
As a result, the most advanced welding production with argon-helium protection was created. Argon-arc, manual, semi-automatic, automatic and other welding methods have become common for all shop workers. Here submerged arc welding, slot welding (without grooving), requirements for argon quality (dew point) were developed, a new profession appeared - a welder to protect the back of the seam (blower).
A new concept for the design of shell structures emerged: “hard” ends are excluded, “soft” knits appear, smooth transitions from rigid parts to elastic, etc. This idea was then fully implemented by V.G. Tikhomirov and V.V. Krylov in the design of the PK submarine of project 705 "Lira" (NATO codification - "Alpha"). Taking into account the experience of N.I. Antonov, their corps turned out to be ideal. But after all the troubles, the hull of the Project 661 submarine was brought to perfection and all the blocks were tested.
The Anchar project was unusual not only for its titanium alloy case. For the first time, the submarine used the Amethyst anti-ship missile system with an underwater launch and an outboard location of mines, a hydroacoustic station and a hydroacoustic complex were created, which, in combination with torpedo tubes, predetermined a completely new shape of the bow end - a ball instead of the usual sharp-nosed one. This led logically to the teardrop shape of the hull to the stern. The twin power plant with two turbo-gear units and two lines of propeller shafts led to a new shape of the aft end (so-called trousers), where two long cones ended in propellers. The graceful guardrail of the wheelhouse, the aft stabilizer gave the ship an elegant and beautiful look. It was good inside too: the wardroom, restroom, shower room, sauna, titanium toilets, shining with cleanliness. Antonov was very proud that the conditions for the crew were created on the submarine no worse than on the surface ship. This was later confirmed by the captain of the boat, who served on it from the moment of construction, went to the Arctic, and Antarctica, and the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.
Nikolai Nikitich Isanin Soviet scientist and designer in the field of shipbuilding, chief designer of TsKB-16, doctor of technical sciences, professor Chief designer of a diesel-electric submarine with ballistic missiles of project 629.
The ship was intended to deliver attacks with cruise missiles and torpedoes against large enemy surface ships. The SSGN was also planned to be used for testing new structural materials (in particular, titanium alloy for the submarine hull) and testing new types of weapons and technical equipment. In early 1960, a pre-draft design and the main tactical and technical elements of the SSGN were presented and approved by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers, in May of the same year - a draft design. At the same time, the prohibition to use previously mastered technology, equipment, automation systems, devices and materials on the projected submarine was confirmed. This, although it stimulated the search for new technical solutions, but, at the same time, lengthened the design and construction of the SSGN, which to some extent predetermined its fate and was another manifestation of the voluntarism of the top leadership. In 1961, after the approval of the technical design, the production of working drawings began, and already in the next - 1962 - the production of the first hull structures from titanium, which was first used in the world submarine shipbuilding, began at the NSR. When deciding to use titanium, its anti-corrosion, low-magnetic and high strength were taken into account, although there was no base for its production - it was created simultaneously with the construction of the boat.
The submarine's armament included 10 Amethyst anti-ship missiles in 10 containers located outside the solid hull, five on each side and four bow 533-mm TA.
Realizing the low efficiency of the first generation SSGN, mainly due to the surface launch of anti-ship missiles, the Navy leadership began to rush OKB-52 V.N. Chelomey with the fastest development of anti-ship missiles with an underwater launch.
Although these works were carried out from the end of the 50s, they were far from their completion. The main problem was in the choice of the engine for the anti-ship missile. Of all the possible, only a liquid or solid-propellant jet engine was real. Only they could work underwater.
They did not yet know how to force the turbojet engine immediately after leaving the water, and the anti-ship missiles were not able to reach the nominal mode. In the final version, a solid fuel engine was chosen for the anti-ship missile system. Work on the creation of a new anti-ship missile system "Amethyst" began in the early 60s and ended with its adoption into service only in 1968.
For the armament of Project 661 SSGNs, a low-flying anti-ship missile with an underwater launch was created for the first time in the world. Since the turbojet engine anti-ship missiles of the "P-6" type could not be launched and operate under water near a missile with an underwater launch, it was necessary to ensure the launch and output to the operating mode of the sustainer turbojet engine in flight after the anti-ship missile launcher came to the surface when firing from a submerged submarine. However, in the 60s this problem was not solved and the developer of the Amethyst anti-ship missile system OKB-52 adopted solid propellant rocket motors as the main and starting engines of the new anti-ship missile system. This made it possible for the "Amethyst" rocket to launch from a container filled with water with a "blind" rear bottom (without the rear ballistic missile from the missile silo. However, due to the lower efficiency of solid propellants in comparison with turbojet engines, the flight range of the Amethyst cruise missile turned out to be much shorter than that of the CR type "P-6". The speed of the new missile was also subsonic. The firing range: 40-60 km and 80 km. That allowed for target designation by means of the boat itself. The missile was equipped with a high-explosive cumulative warhead weighing about 1000 kg or a nuclear warhead.
SSGN 661 project had a two-hull architecture. The robust titanium alloy case was divided into nine compartments:
1st (upper) and 2nd (lower) compartments, having the shape of a figure eight in cross-section, formed by two intersecting circles with a diameter of 5.9 m each (they housed torpedo tubes with spare ammunition and a quick-loading device);
3rd - living quarters, catering, wardroom, batteries;
4th - central processing unit, power control post, residential block;
5th - reactor;
6th - turbine;
7th - turbine generator;
8th - compartment of auxiliary mechanisms (refrigerators, compressor machines, water desalination plant);
9th - steering gears and bilge post.
The aft end of the boat was bifurcated in the form of two axisymmetric conical shaft fairings with a distance of about 5 m between them (in everyday life this solution is called “trousers”). Hydrodynamic optimization of the shape of the aft end was achieved by lengthening it with small angles of departure of the waterline in the center plane and using elongated propeller shafts with fairings that allow the installation of propellers of the optimal diameter for a given rotational speed.
Power plant with a capacity of 80 000 liters. With. included two autonomous groups (starboard and port). Each group united a V-5R nuclear steam generating unit, a GTZA-618 turbo-gear unit and an OK-3 autonomous three-phase AC turbine generator with a capacity of 2 x 3000 kW.The nominal thermal power of the two water-cooled nuclear reactors was 2 x 177.4 MW, and the steam output PPU at normal reactor power - 2 x 250 tons of steam per hour.
The reactors developed for the Project 661 boat had a number of original features. In particular, the primary coolant was pumped according to the pipe-in-pipe scheme, which ensured the compactness of the nuclear power plant at high thermal stress. In this case, the reactors operated not only on thermal neutrons, but also with the participation of the fission reaction of the nuclear "fuel" of fast neutrons. To supply the main consumers of electrical energy, an alternating three-phase current with a voltage of 380 V and a frequency of 50 Hz was adopted. A significant innovation was the rejection of the use of diesel generators: a powerful storage battery was used as an emergency source, consisting of two groups of silver-zinc batteries type 424-Ш, 152 cells each.
On board the ship there was an all-latitude navigation complex "Sigma-661", providing underwater and ice navigation.
Automatic control of the ship was carried out by means of the control system for the course and depth "Shpat", the system for preventing emergency trims and failures "Tourmaline", as well as the control system for general ship systems, devices and outboard holes "Signal-661".
The MGK-300 "Rubin" hydroacoustic complex ensured the detection of noisy targets with the simultaneous automatic tracking of two of them, with data output to the missile and torpedo weapon control systems. Provided circular detection of enemy GAS signals operating in active mode, as well as their identification with the determination of bearing and distance. To detect anchor mines, the ship had a GAS "Radian-1". To monitor the air and surface conditions, the submarine was equipped with a high-aperture anti-aircraft periscope PZNS-9 with an optical coordinate calculator. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and waves of up to 5 points. There were radars RLK-101 and MTP-10, as well as a system for determining nationality "Nichrome". For two-way ultra-high-speed classified radio communications with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with a submarine, there was a modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communication equipment. The ship was equipped with a radio reconnaissance system that provides search, detection and direction finding of operating enemy radio stations.
The light hull had a circular cross-sectional shape with a "bifurcated stern" type aft end with propellers spaced 5 meters apart (later, a similar propeller arrangement would be borrowed on Project 949 and 949A boats). The nose of the robust hull consisted of two cylinders with a diameter of 5500 mm each, located one above the other, forming a "figure eight" in cross-section. The rest of the robust hull was cylindrical with a maximum diameter of 9000 mm. The bow of the "eight" was divided into two compartments by a solid platform, with the upper cylinder being the first compartment, and the lower one the second. The aft part of the "eight" - the third compartment - is separated from the first two by a transverse bulkhead and abutted the fourth, which already has a cylindrical shape. The rest of the cylindrical body was divided by strong transverse bulkheads into 6 compartments. In the 1st compartment were placed TA, spare torpedoes, a fast loading device and an anti-ship missile control post.In the 2nd - the first group of AB, hydroacoustic equipment and a hold post.3rd compartment - living quarters of the personnel and the second group of AB, 4th - the central post, control post of the power plant, cabin for various purposes and living quarters premises, 5th - reactor, 6th - turbine. In the 7th compartment there were turbogenerators and main switchboards, 8th compartment - auxiliary mechanisms and equipment, reversible converters with panels, refrigeration machines and compressors. the compartment housed steering drives and a hold post.10 containers with anti-ship missiles - side by side with a constant elevation angle in the inter-side space in the area of the first three compartments, using the difference in di ameters of "figure eight" and the rest of the cylindrical solid body. Forward horizontal rudders were located in the bow of the hull, below the waterline, and retracted into a light hull.
The construction of the submarine lasted for almost 10 years. This is due to delays in the supply of titanium, various components, and a long cycle of creating a missile system, which was put into service only in 1968. As it turned out, the titanium hull requires other methods of strength calculations than the steel one - failure to take this into account led to the disruption of hydraulic tests of some of the ship's blocks.
The boat, moreover, was very expensive, for which it received the nickname "Goldfish".
Nevertheless, on state tests in 1969, the submarine at 80% power of the power plant showed an underwater speed of 42 knots instead of 38 provided for by the specification requirements, and after transferring the submarine to the fleet during tests on a measured mile in 1971, the submarine reached the total power of the reactors with a speed of 44.7 knots, which to this day has not been surpassed by any submarine in the world. At such speeds, phenomena were discovered that had not yet been noted on the submarine - at a speed of more than 35 knots, external hydrodynamic noise appeared, created by a turbulent flow when flowing around the submarine's hull, and its level reached 100 decibels in the central post of the boat. For its high-speed qualities, the boat was very much liked by the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov. (The submarine of project 661 "Anchar" K-222 is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the fastest submarine in the world. This achievement has not yet been surpassed anywhere in the world.)
SSGN pr.661 in its running and maneuverability had no analogues either in the Soviet or foreign fleets and served as the undoubted predecessor of the second and third generation submarines with cruise missiles on board and titanium hulls. However, the delay in its commissioning, a number of tactical shortcomings of the missile system, significant noise levels of the submarine, design flaws in a number of instruments and insufficient resource of the main mechanisms and equipment of the ship, the commissioning of second-generation submarines of other projects, led to the decision to abandon the serial construction of submarines pr .661. The boat became part of the Northern Fleet and from January 1970 to December 1971 was in trial operation, after which it was transferred to combat strength, but made only a few military campaigns due to the low reliability of mechanisms and equipment. It has undergone a number of lengthy repairs. In 1988 it was withdrawn to the reserve, and in the early 90s it was decommissioned from the fleet.
The dismantling of the boat began in March 2010 at Sevmash, the only enterprise which is tough with the titanium hull of the "Golden Fish".
sources
http://topwar.ru/22880-rozhdenie-morskogo-titana.html
http://moremhod.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188&Itemid=57&limitstart=7
http://project-941.narod.ru/techno/submarines/project_661/project_661.html
http://nnm.ru/blogs/lomtik3/proshay_zolotaya_rybka/
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Soviet submarines are not just an engineering masterpiece or a national security tool. Many of the nuclear submarines built and accepted into the fleet have set a whole series of world records, most of which have not been broken to this day. Royal "Shark" The term "submarine" can only be partially applied to the Project 941 submarines. The strategic missile submarine is significantly larger, more powerful, and far better equipped than any nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The scale of the submarine while it is at the quay wall is difficult to estimate. Only a small part of it proudly rises above the surface of the water. The rest is hidden under water. Multi-section robust hull, due to which the survivability of the submarine is increased. In the same building, the main secret of the submarine cruiser is hidden - 20 launchers for R-39 ballistic missiles. Navy historians point out that one full salvo of the P-39 during the Cold War would have been enough to pulverize virtually the entire US west coast. Taking into account the population density, as well as the power of each R-39 missile after the separation of the warhead and the separation of warheads, the so-called "unacceptable" damage to the territory and infrastructure was inflicted with the use of just one submarine. Records began to be set even before the first submarine was launched. on the water. To create a unique submarine at the Sevmash plant, a huge assembly shop No. 55 was built - the largest of the existing closed-type shops at that time. Another record is also associated with the construction process of the submarine: so far, Project 941 nuclear submarines hold absolute leadership in the number of contractors involved in the production chain. Historians note that each of the thousands of enterprises supplied to the customer not just ready-made solutions for use on board, but equipment , which has not been equal in the world for decades. The crew of a strategic submarine cruiser of 160 people could make long military campaigns not only to the "distant frontiers", but also to difficult climatic zones, combat patrolling in which was associated with a huge risk. The Arctic, where "Shark ", Making its way under the ice, could remain invisible for a long time to any means of detection. Nothing like strategic submarine cruisers, either before or after, the Soviet and foreign navy did not take into service. "Underwater hound" For the maximum speed of movement, not only aircraft manufacturers and car manufacturers have always fought. The ability to move under water faster than the enemy played into the hands of the army and the state in almost any military conflict, because in just a couple of days a missile-armed submarine could make a "march" and be practically "on the threshold of an enemy house." Developers from TsKB-16 approached the destruction of enemy ship formations thoroughly. In addition to rocket armament, thanks to the efforts of scientists and engineers, the Project 661 Anchar submarine was equipped with a unique power plant, thanks to which the nuclear submarine developed a fantastic speed - more than 82 kilometers per hour. Looking ahead, it is worth noting that many modern submarines cannot boast of such indicators, the underwater speed of which, on average, is two times lower. The APU of the submarine K-222 with a capacity of 40 thousand horsepower on each shaft made it possible to transfer a unique anti-ship complex at lightning speed, and the enemy could not detect the movement of the submarine at such speeds even with the use of the most modern reconnaissance means. to which such high-speed records became possible, most of the large metallurgical enterprises of the Soviet Union worked. Another rare feature of the submarine was control automation. Almost all key operations were carried out by operators remotely, and the protection system of the reactor and other vital systems of the submarine was repeatedly duplicated and was "fail-safe": even under critical loads and out-of-limit modes of operation, all automation worked reliably. With the help of ten P-70 "Amethyst" launchers one project 661 submarine could be guaranteed to send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, and then hide from pursuit at full speed. The construction of a unique submarine was not cheap for the country: the Soviet Union spent about two billion rubles on the lead submarine. The Soviet industry successfully met the requirements for a promising "underwater hunter." Metal production, welding and ensuring its strength, automation, power plant, weapons detection and control systems - much of what was installed inside the "Golden Fish" was specially developed. "Alpha Hunter" The project 705 Lira submarines are a continuation of the unique technologies for the construction of aircraft carrier hunters. From its predecessor, the Lyrae inherited a key feature - a durable yet lightweight titanium case. Thanks to this decision, the Project 705 nuclear submarine could operate with maneuverability unavailable to any other submarine. The serious experience accumulated by the Soviet design bureaus and specialized research institutes in the field of nuclear submarine construction allowed the Lira to be elevated to the rank of a real "killer of aircraft carriers and submarines." Thanks to the unique technology, the Lyra's crew could accelerate a combat underwater projectile to a speed of 76 kilometers per hour. And although the Lyra is inferior in maximum speed to its predecessor, it was not difficult for Soviet submariners to break away from any pursuit, or, conversely, to overtake any surface and submarine vessel. The developer worked separately on the control and automation of the submarine fighter. The combat information and control system "Akkord" and the calculated work algorithms made it possible to get rid of unnecessary controls and equipment, and ultimately all instruments for controlling the submarine were concentrated in one place - in the central command post. “It is difficult to call such a solution complex automation. It is rather a reworking of the existing at that time schemes and mathematics of control of the entire submarine as a whole ", - notes the historian of the fleet Gevorg Melkonyan. degrees in just 42 seconds. And although the nuclear submarine was devoid of missile weapons, torpedoes were also enough to fight the enemy's AUG and submarines.Specialists point out that with a little refinement, the 705 project can be put into series again and based on a unique technology, modern multipurpose nuclear submarines, the effectiveness of which due to modern means automation and software can be improved at times. The Soviet "alpha hunter" turned out to be practically invulnerable to the anti-submarine warfare of the US Navy: the depth of immersion and speed allowed Soviet submarines to operate with impunity in the immediate vicinity of naval formations. Deep Sea Fin The submersion depth of a submarine is another property that both Soviet and American shipbuilders sought to improve. The difficulties in building a nuclear submarine capable of serious energetic diving are even greater than in creating a "racing hunter for aircraft carriers." When diving to depth, the strength of the submarine's hull comes to the fore, and not its ability to quickly overtake the victim. The Soviet submarine of the 3rd generation K-278 "Komsomolets" still holds the absolute record for diving depth. 1027 meters - this is the official result of the project 685 "Plavnik" nuclear submarine. The only submarine built according to this project was not only heavy-duty and possessing unique characteristics, but also packed to capacity with modern weapons. With six 533-mm bow torpedo tubes, designed taking into account the high intensity of work, the crew could work at enemy underwater and surface targets at any depth, including at depths inaccessible to foreign nuclear submarines. depth of 800 meters. Before the Soviet submariners, no one could boast of such an achievement. Experts point out that diving to such a depth is enough to hide and, at the right time, "fall from below" on any enemy submarine. However, the greatest achievement of Soviet industry, science and naval personnel was the submersion of the Komsomolets to a depth of 1,027 meters. Until now, none of the existing nuclear submarines has broken this record. Last but not least, this was achieved with the help of the unique BIUS "Omnibus-685". The use of a new type of combat information and control system made it possible to automate and simplify the control of the submarine at any depth as much as possible. Historians and experts note that thanks to innovations introduced into the Komsomolets design, one submarine with an experienced crew was capable of sinking enemy ships of any displacement. Anti-ship knife The need to possess an effective means to combat enemy AUG at a certain stage of the Cold War required the developers not only to create a modern nuclear submarine, but also to equip it with a sufficient number of specialized weapons. The successful defense of the Antey nuclear submarine project of the 949th project and the serial production of these submarines made it possible not only to obtain a universal "knife" for any surface "tin can" of foreign production, but also to bring the probability of destroying the enemy's AUG almost to absolute. the project is just connected with weapons. Twenty-four anti-ship missiles 3M-45 of the P-700 "Granit" complex, placed inside 12 twin launch silos, allow in a couple of minutes to resolve the issue of the existence of a whole group of ships - from a huge aircraft carrier to "convoy" destroyers and escort ships. According to the calculations of experts, for guaranteed destruction of an aircraft carrier from the AUG, three or four anti-ship missiles with a conventional warhead or one so-called "special" to clear the whole theater of operations from the presence of the enemy. Experts attribute the potential for modernization to the technological record of the Project 949A Antey nuclear submarine. According to experts, a revision program has been developed for the "killers of aircraft carriers", which will allow submarines to be re-equipped with modern missile weapons and on-board equipment. Experts note that according to the developed programs, instead of massive missile silos of the P-700 complex, launchers of this project can be mounted on submarines of this project missiles of the "Caliber" complex. Thus, it is planned not only to significantly increase the ammunition load, but also to significantly expand the list of targets to defeat. Experts believe that a group of several modernized nuclear submarines of the 949th project will be able not only to destroy enemy ships and entire industrial areas, but also to disable military infrastructure at different points at the same time.
Or the torpedo could travel underwater at ultra-high speeds.
Researchers at the Harbin Institute for Integrated Process Streams and the Heat Transfer Research Laboratory have indeed solved a very important task that was presented to them by the Chinese military. They managed to create a special air bubble around the underwater object, due to which the resistance of the water when the object is moved decreases many times.
Water creates much more resistance to objects than air, which is why it was decided to use an air bubble to increase speed. Even during the Cold War, Soviet scientists developed a high-speed underwater torpedo "Shkval", which, thanks to a cavitation cavity (air bubble), developed an incredible speed, up to 500 kilometers per hour. Chinese scientists decided to improve this technology for its use not only in torpedoes, but also in submarines.
In theory, a submarine equipped with this technology can sail from Shanghai to San Francisco in just 100 minutes, which is incredibly fast. And everything would be great if not for the two main problems of this technology.
The first problem: a submarine must be launched at a fairly high speed of about 100 km / h in order to create and keep an air bubble around it. The second problem is even more complicated: in order to direct the submarine at such a speed, it is necessary to develop fundamentally new steering mechanisms, because the traditional vertical and horizontal rudders of the submarine inside the air bubble will be simply useless.
That is why the technology has until now been used exclusively on torpedoes and on nothing else. These torpedoes did not need to change their trajectory much, and the high starting speed allowed them to easily hold the cavitation cavity around their hull.
Professor Li Fengshen, the leader of this military project, said that his team was able to effectively solve both of the above problems. After submersion in the water, the Chinese submarine will be covered with a special gel, which forms a protective membrane around the hull, due to which the speed of the submarine will significantly increase due to the reduction of friction against the water. And as soon as the submarine accelerates to 75 km / h, it will be able to enter a state of supercavitation. The liquid membrane will help control the movement of the submarine, since different amounts of gel can be applied to certain parts of the submarine, thereby adjusting the level of resistance and turning it in the desired direction.
"Our methodology is different from all other approaches like using jet thrust or motion vectors," Professor Lee shared with the South China Morning Post.
Nevertheless, many questions remain unresolved. It is necessary to develop a powerful rocket engine capable of propelling submarines to supersonic speeds, which will allow them to travel really great distances. By the way, the range of Russian Shkval torpedoes varied from 11 to 15 kilometers.
Professor Lee argues that supercavitation technology is not limited to purely military applications and that in the future there may be transport ships that will carry cargo or passengers under water at high speeds. will show where the development of Chinese research will lead. In the meantime, only the military have access to technology.
On April 7, 1989, one of the largest tragedies in the history of the Russian Navy's submarine forces took place. As a result of a sudden fire in the Norwegian Sea, the submarine "Komsomolets" sank, the only submarine of Project 685 "Plavnik", which is still considered the record-holder for diving depth. For centuries, people dreamed of building ships that could move under water, but the first real submarines were built only in the 19th century. And then they were used for military purposes. Currently, submarines are used in the navies of 33 countries, including Russia. And it is the domestic submarines that hold a number of world records: diving depth, speed, maneuverability and hull size.
The deepest submarine - K-278 "Komsomolets" (project 685 "Plavnik")
Work on this project began in the USSR in 1966. His goal was to create a submarine with an increased immersion depth, making it invulnerable to enemy weapons and radars. The task turned out to be difficult: the design phase lasted almost 8 years and was completed only in 1974. The construction of the K-278 submarine of the Fin project took a little over five years, from April 22, 1978 to May 3, 1983, when the submarine was launched. After successful sea trials, the K-278 entered the Northern Fleet and in August 1984 set a world record for diving depth - 1020 meters. At the same time, the Fin was not only capable of being at this depth without harm to itself, but also made torpedo firing from it. It was assumed that the maximum immersion depth for this submarine will be 1250 meters. In February 1989, the K-278 was named "Komsomolets". NATO military specialists, who did not know the official names of Soviet military equipment, gave the Komsomolets the code designation Mike. This submarine was the pride of the Russian submarine industry. Unfortunately, she managed to complete only three military services. 
At 11 a.m. on April 7, 1989, during the return of the submarine from the last mission, a fire broke out inside it, which could not be liquidated. At 11.14 Komsomolets surfaced, but the fire continued. By this time, rescue ships were already on the way to the submarine in distress. At about 16.30, a series of explosions occurred inside the K-278, and water began to penetrate into the aft compartments. The crew began to prepare for the evacuation, but events developed too quickly. At 17.08 the submarine sank. The rescue vessel that arrived at the scene managed to save only 27 of the 69 crew members. It was not possible to establish the exact causes of the tragedy. According to one of the versions, the whole thing was in the design flaws of the K-278, according to others - in the inept actions of the crew. At present, the sunken Komsomolets lies at the bottom of the Norwegian Sea. 
The largest submarine - "Akula" (project 941)
In the early 1970s, a project was launched in the United States of America to create a new solid-propellant missile with a range of more than 7000 km, as well as nuclear submarines with an increased level of stealth and the ability to carry 24 such missiles. This series of submarines was named "Ohio". In response to this, the USSR began the development of new intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 (RSM-52). In terms of flight range (over 8300 km), as well as some other characteristics, the R-52 was superior to the new American Trident I missile, but it was almost twice as long and three times heavier. For such missiles, new missile submarine cruisers were needed. This is how Project 941 Akula submarines were created, which became the largest submarines in the world. In the NATO classification, they were named SSBN Typhoon. On September 23, 1980, the first Shark was launched. Its greatest length (that is, the distance between the points of the ship most distant from each other along the length) is 172 meters, the greatest width is 23.3 meters. The Akula's underwater displacement is more than twice the surface displacement: 48,000 tons versus 23,200 tons. When submerged, half of the submarine's weight falls on ballast water, for which Project 941 received the nickname "Vodovoz". 
Thanks to the new sonar noise reduction system, "Akula" has become the quietest domestic submarine in its class. In addition, she was, perhaps, the most comfortable submarine in the world: there was a place for a gym, a lounge for relaxation, a solarium and a "living corner" in it. The "Akula" even has a swimming pool measuring 4-22 m and a depth of 2 m, which is filled with seawater with the possibility of heating, as well as a sauna sheathed with oak boards. The officers' cabins are equipped with TVs and air conditioners. It was this increased comfort that gave Project 941 another nickname - the "Floating Hilton". From 1981 to 1989, 6 submarines of this type were built. Three of them have been disposed of by now (as they say among sailors - "sawed on pins and needles") as part of the implementation of the SALT-2 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Two more submarines from this series underwent maintenance repairs in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the last, Dmitry Donskoy, is currently being used to test the latest Russian ballistic missile Bulava. 
The fastest submarine - K-222 (project 661 "Anchar")
Work on this boat began in 1959. The goal of the project was to create a new high-speed submarine with a titanium alloy hull, as well as an improved nuclear power plant and the ability to launch cruise missiles from under water. In order to stimulate the search for new technical solutions, it was forbidden to use existing technology, instruments, equipment and automation systems. In fact, the new submarine was made from scratch, which significantly increased the time for its design and construction, and also increased its cost. For its high cost, this submarine received the nickname "Goldfish" in the navy. The result was a unique submarine that has no analogues in the whole world, called the K-162. In terms of its running and maneuvering qualities, it surpassed all the submarines that existed at that time in the Soviet Union and abroad. In 1969, the construction of the K-162 was completed. On state tests at 80% reactor power, it developed a speed of 42 knots, which was 4 knots higher than its specification requirements. In 1971, at full power, she showed a speed of 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h), which to this day is considered the absolute speed record among submarines. 
However, it was found that at a speed of more than 35 knots, the turbulent flow around the hull of the submarine creates noise, which reached 100 decibels at the central station of the boat. This deprived the boat of stealth and interfered with the work of the crew. In addition, during operation, low reliability of mechanisms and equipment was revealed. In 1970, the K-162 was transferred to the Northern Fleet, and in 1971 it made its first military campaign (from the Greenland Sea to the Brazilian depression). In 1978 this submarine was renamed K-222, in 1988 it was put into reserve. In 2008, its dismantling began. In the NATO classification, the K-222 was called Papa. 
The most maneuverable submarine - "Lira" (project 705, 705K)
These small submarines were designed as high-speed interceptors, capable of overtaking and destroying enemy submarines detected by locating means before information about their location becomes obsolete. When creating them, the designers deviated from some of the foundations of submarine shipbuilding, which made it possible to implement a number of innovative technical solutions. Especially for these submarines, new materials and technical means were created based on the latest achievements of science and technology of that time. For the manufacture of the hull and some other structural elements, titanium alloys were used, which made it possible to reduce the weight of the boat and increase its strength. One of the challenges faced by the creators of the 705 project was a combination of a small (about 2000 tons) displacement and high speed, which required a powerful reactor. In May 1960, the project was finally approved, but three years later it became clear that the design of the interceptor submarine was incomplete. Then it was decided to increase the displacement of the submarine, as well as double the number of compartments and the size of the team. 
So in 1977, the submarine 705K ("Lira") appeared, an improved version of Project 705. Its surface displacement was 2300 tons, underwater - 3180 tons, and the maximum speed was 41 knots. In other words, the speed of movement of 705K was second only to "Anchar". The Lyra was capable of reaching full speed in one minute, she could chase any naval ship or break away from pursuit from any enemy. The highest maneuverability of this submarine is characterized by its ability to make a 180 ° turn at maximum speed in 42 seconds and start moving in the opposite direction. To service the new submarine, a crew of 32 people was required. Project 705K submarines, which bore the name Alfa in the NATO classification, were in service for 20 years. During their operation, not a single person from the crew died, however, significant shortcomings were identified that impede the effective use of these submarines. In 1990, almost all Lira were expelled from the fleet. The submarine K-123, which was undergoing major repairs from 1983 to 1992, was disabled only in 1997. 
