Geography of the main industries of the world. Major industrial areas of the world. According to the time of their origin, all industries are divided into three Countries with old industries
Fuel industry- includes all processes of extraction and primary processing of fuel. Includes: oil, gas, coal industries.
Stages of development:
- coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
- oil and gas stage (from the second half of the 20th century).
Coal exporters are the USA, Australia, South Africa.
Importers - Japan, Western Europe.
Oil industry. Oil is produced in 75 countries of the world, the leaders are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the USA, Mexico, the UAE, Iran, Iraq, and China.
Gas industry. Gas is produced in 60 countries, with Russia, the USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands and the UK leading.
Problems of the fuel industry:
- depletion of mineral fuel reserves (coal reserves will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
- violation environment during extraction and transportation of fuel;
- territorial gap between the main production areas and consumption areas.
Electric power industry of the world
Role
- providing electricity to other sectors of the economy.
Leaders in production
- Norway (29 thousand kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with a world average of 2 thousand. kW. h.
The lowest rates are in Africa, China and India.
Thermal power plants predominate in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Romania, China, Mexico, and Italy.
Hydroelectric power stations - in Norway, Brazil, Canada, Albania, Ethiopia.
Nuclear power plants - in France, Belgium, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain.
The main problems of the electric power industry are:
- depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
- environmental pollution.
The solution to the problem is to use non-traditional energy sources, such as:
- geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Hungary, Japan, USA);
- solar (France, Spain, Italy, Japan, USA);
- tidal (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
- wind (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands).
Metallurgical industry
Metallurgy is one of the basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).Composition- two industries: ferrous and non-ferrous.
Ferrous metallurgy. Iron ore is mined in 50 countries around the world.
Placement factors:
Natural resource (focus on territorial combinations of deposits coal and iron);
Transport (focus on cargo flows of coking coal and iron ore);
Consumer (related to the development of mini-plants and pigment metallurgy). The leaders in iron ore production are China, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, and India. But in terms of steel production - Japan, Russia, USA, China, Ukraine, Germany.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Placement factors:
- raw materials (smelting heavy metals from ores with a low content of useful components (1 - 2%) - copper, tin, zinc, lead);
- energy (smelting light metals from rich ore - energy-intensive production - aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.);
- transport (delivery of raw materials);
- consumer (use of recycled materials).
The leaders in copper smelting are Chile, the USA, Canada, Zambia, Peru, and Australia. The main exporters of aluminum are Canada, Norway, Australia, Iceland, and Switzerland. Tin is mined in East and Southeast Asia. Lead and zinc are smelted in the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Germany and Brazil.
Forestry and wood processing industry
Includes: logging, primary processing forests, pulp and paper industry and furniture production.
Placement factor- raw material factor.
It is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.
Within the northern region, coniferous wood is harvested and processed into wood boards, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, and Finland, this industry has become an area of international specialization.
Within the southern forest belt, deciduous trees are harvested. Here we can highlight Brazil, the countries of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. To make paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used - jute, sisal, reed.
The main importers of wood are Japan, Western European countries, and partly the USA.
Light industry
Light industry meets the population's needs for fabrics, clothing, footwear, as well as other industries with specialized materials.
Light industry includes 30 large industries that are grouped together:
primary processing of raw materials;
textile industry;
clothing industry;
shoe industry.
The most important branch of light industry is textiles.
Main placement factors are:
- raw materials (for industries of primary processing of raw materials);
- consumer (for clothing and footwear);
- a combination of the first two (depending on the production stages of the textile industry).
In first place is the production of cotton fabrics (China, India, Russia). Second place - production of fabrics from chemical fiber (USA, India, Japan). The USA, Japan, and China are the leaders in the production of silk fabrics, while Russia and Italy are leaders in the production of woolen fabrics.
The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.
Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry and provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy.
Main industries- electronics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, precision engineering.
The production of many types of machines requires large labor costs and highly qualified workers. Instrument making and computer production are especially labor-intensive. And other new industries. These industries also require the constant implementation of the latest scientific achievements, i.e. are knowledge-intensive.
Such productions are located in major cities or next to them. Dependence on metal sources has decreased significantly in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Mechanical engineering today is an industry with almost universal location.
Things have happened in the world 4 large regions mechanical engineering:
North America. Produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but especially worth mentioning is the production of rocket and space technology and computers.
Foreign Europe. The volume of production is approximately the same as in North America. Produces mass production, machine tool and automotive products.
East and Southeast Asia. It stands out for its precision engineering products and precision technology products.
CIS. 10% of the total volume is allocated to heavy engineering.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry has a complex industrial composition. She includes:
mining and chemical industry (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatites, phosphorites, salts);
basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiology, etc.).
Placement factors:
- For mining and chemical industry, the natural resource factor is the determining factor,
- for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.
Stands out 4 major regions chemical industry:
Foreign Europe(Germany is in the lead);
North America(USA);
East and Southeast Asia(Japan, China, Newly industrialized countries);
CIS(Russia · Ukraine · Belarus).
Based on the time of their emergence, all industries are divided into three groups: New industries. New industries. Old industries. - coal - iron ore metallurgy - textile, etc. These industries are growing at a slow pace. - automotive industry - aluminum smelting - plastics production These industries are growing at a faster pace. microelectronics - robotics, aerospace manufacturing, microbiology, etc. These industries are growing at the fastest pace. Old industries arose during industrial revolutions. New industries determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century. The newest industries were generated by the scientific and technological revolution (STR) of the second half of the twentieth century. The listed groups of industries have different growth rates. The main shifts in the industry structure are associated with a decrease in the share of old and an increase in the share of new industries.
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Industry is the leading sector material production, where about 350 million people are employed. Over the last century, industrial production has increased more than 50 times.
Depending on the time of origin of the industry, industry is divided into three groups:
1) old industries that arose during industrial revolutions (coal, metallurgical and textile industries, locomotive building, etc.). These industries are growing at a slow pace these days;
2) new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th century. (automotive industry, plastics and chemical fiber production, etc.). These industries are now growing at a faster rate;
3) the latest industries that emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution and related to knowledge-intensive industries (microelectronics, microbiology, robotics, etc.). These industries are called high technology industries. These days, these industries are growing at the fastest and most sustainable rates.
The main shifts in industry in the era of scientific and technological revolution are associated with a decrease in the share of old industries and an increase in the share of new and especially new industries. The territorial proportions of industrial location are also changing. The territorial structure of world industry is primarily determined by the location of large industrial areas. There are more than a hundred of them in the world. The bulk of them are located in foreign countries of Europe, the CIS, East Asia, and North America.
The sectors of the world economy include:
1. Fuel and energy industry.
After the oil and energy crisis of the 70s. The growth rates of these industries have slowed. Therefore, many developed countries have begun to pursue policies of energy conservation and reduction specific costs fuel and energy. At the end of the 90s. world production energy resources amounted to 10 billion tons.
The fuel and energy industry has gone through two stages in its development. The first is the “coal stage” (XIX century – first half of the XX century). At this stage, coal fuel dominated the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second is the “oil stage”. Based on the use of the advantages of oil and gas as more economical energy resources.
The fuel and energy industry includes the oil, gas and coal industries. Oil production in the late 90s. amounted to 3 billion tons. Oil is produced in approximately 80 countries around the world, but the geography of this industry is determined by the G7 countries. The peculiarity of the geography of the oil industry is that more than 4/5 of reserves and 1/2 of production are in developing countries. These countries are the main exporters. The largest oil cargo flows are concentrated in the Persian Gulf region and in Russia. World natural gas production amounts to more than 2 trillion. m 3. Large manufacturers gas are Russia, USA, Netherlands, Canada. Coal production is approximately 5 billion tons per year. Coal is mined in 60 countries around the world. In contrast to oil production, economically developed countries predominate among the main coal-producing countries.
2. Electric power industry.
World electricity production is 12 trillion. kW/h per year. Most electricity is produced in the USA, Russia, Japan, Germany and Canada. In the structure of electricity production, the first place belongs to thermal energy (60%), the second place to hydraulic energy (20%), and the third place to nuclear energy (17%).
3. Mining industry.
Is a supplier of mineral raw materials. Share of the mining industry in the world industrial production is gradually decreasing, but it continues to have a great impact on the international geographical division of labor and the geography of the world economy. It is the mining industry that is associated with bridging the territorial gap between production areas and consumption areas, the formation of intercontinental cargo flows, and the development of new resource areas. As a result of the international division of labor in the world economy, eight great mining powers were formed: the USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, India, China and Russia.
4. Metallurgical industry.
Divided into colored and black. The geography of the ferrous metallurgy industries is determined by the extraction of iron ore and steel smelting. The world's main producers of iron ore are Russia, China, Brazil, and Australia. World steel production is about 750 million tons per year. Recently, enterprises in this industry have been growing at a slow pace.
The geography of non-ferrous metallurgy industries is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the raw material base and raw material processing technology. Non-ferrous metal ores have a low metal content, so transporting them is unprofitable. Non-ferrous metallurgy originated in the colonial and semi-colonial periods in Chile, Peru, Indonesia, etc., which are currently major suppliers of non-ferrous metals to economically developed countries.
5. Mechanical engineering.
In terms of the number of employees and the value of products, it ranks first among all sectors of the world economy. 9/10 of all engineering products come from economically developed countries. In the industrial structure of mechanical engineering, the division of all industries into old, new and newest is especially clearly visible. Old industries have either stabilized in their development or are in decline (shipbuilding). New industries are showing some growth in production (automotive). The newest industries are showing rapid and sustained growth (electronic engineering). There are four machine-building regions in the world: North America (all types of machine-building products), foreign Europe (mass machine-building products), East and Southeast Asia (mass machine-building combined with high-tech products), CIS countries (the main industry of international specialization).
6. Chemical industry.
It is based on petrochemistry and production polymer materials. There are four main regions in the world: the USA, Western Europe, Japan, and the CIS countries. In each of them, the mining and chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers, the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymer materials were developed.
7. Forestry and woodworking industry.
The geography is determined by two forest belts. Coniferous wood is harvested within the Northern forest belt. The most developed wood processing industry is in Canada, Finland, Russia and Sweden. Deciduous wood is harvested within the Southern forest belt. The timber industry is developed in tropical Africa, Brazil and Southeast Asia.
8. Textile industry.
Includes the production of natural fiber fabrics and the production of chemical fiber fabrics. The textile industry is represented in all countries of the world. There are five centers: East Asia, South Asia, CIS countries, foreign Europe, and the USA. In each of them, the production of cotton fabrics and chemical fiber fabrics predominates. Recently, the growth rate of the textile industry in economically developed countries has been falling, while in developing countries it has been increasing.
2. Geography Agriculture and fisheries
Agriculture is classified as a sector of material production. It employs about 1.1 billion people and is highly diverse. So, scientists identify approximately 50 different types of it. But all types and types of agriculture are combined into two large groups:
1) commercial agriculture, which includes both intensive farming with seed crop rotation, intensive livestock farming with fodder procurement, horticulture and vegetable gardening, as well as extensive fallow and fallow farming and pasture animal husbandry;
2) consumer agriculture, including the more backward plow and hoe farming, pasture farming, nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding, primitive gathering, hunting and fishing.
In economically developed countries, high-value agriculture predominates, taking the form of agribusiness. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, it actually reached the maximum possible level of mechanization and chemicalization. Currently, the main role in its development is played by the introduction of microelectronics, automation, the latest achievements selection, genetics, biotechnology.
Small-scale agriculture predominates in developing countries. Recently there has been talk about the “green revolution” - this is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. The Green Revolution is one of the forms of scientific and technological revolution. It includes the cultivation of new early-ripening grain crops, the expansion of irrigation, and the widespread use of machinery and fertilizers. The green revolution became most widespread in Mexico and a number of countries in South and Southeast Asia.
There are two branches in the structure of agriculture: crop production and livestock production. Crop production is divided into the production of grain crops and the production of food and non-food crops. A large share in the structure of food crops is occupied by grains (wheat, rice, corn). The second place is occupied by oilseeds (soybeans, sunflowers, olives, peanuts). The third place is occupied by sugar crops (sugar cane, beets). In fourth place are tonic crops (tea, coffee). In last place are vegetable and fruit crops.
The geography of livestock industries is determined by the location of livestock and its total number: cattle (India, Brazil, USA), pig farming (Asia, China), sheep farming (Europe, North America), poultry farming.
Fishing plays a special role in the structure of agriculture. 9/10 of the world's production of fish and seafood comes from fishing in the seas and oceans. In the geography of world fisheries in the second half of the twentieth century. big changes have taken place. If before and after the Second World War the main fishing area was the North Atlantic (Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, Germany, USA), then later the center of this industry moved to the North Pacific Ocean. Currently, fishing is widespread everywhere, but there are six regions: Japan, China, Russia, USA, Chile, Peru.
Recently, artificial fish farming (aquaculture) has become widespread.
Geography of transport
World transport system form all communication routes, transport companies And vehicles. More than 100 million people are employed in global transport. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion are transported by all types of transport. passengers. World freight and transportation geographically distributed very unevenly. Transport in economically developed countries is characterized by a high level and interaction of various sub-sectors. In developing countries, transport is a lagging sector of the economy.
The structure of world transport includes land, water and air.
Land transport includes road, rail and pipeline. The length of highways is 24 million km. Highest level of development road transport noted in the USA. The longest roads are in the USA, India, Russia, Japan and China. Based on the density of roads, they are distinguished Western Europe and Japan.
The global railway network was formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Total length railways is about 1 million km. And what? The length of railways is in the USA, Russia, Canada, Australia, France, Germany and Brazil.
Pipeline transport has developed due to the rapid growth in oil and natural gas production. It has received the greatest development in the USA and Russia.
Water transport includes sea, inland water transport and lake navigation. Maritime transport serves 4/5 of world trade. Shipping serves the maritime merchant fleet, the total tonnage of which is 420 million tons. The total number of seaports is about 2.5 thousand, of which about 40 are world-class ports. Ports can be universal or specialized. The Panama and Suez canals have a great influence on the geography of maritime transport. Since the era of great geographical discoveries, the primacy in world shipping belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, second place belongs to the Pacific Ocean, and third place to the Indian Ocean.
The geography of inland water transport is determined by natural conditions (the presence of rivers and lakes), as well as the presence of shipping canals. In terms of the volume of cargo turnover of inland waterways, the following countries are distinguished: the USA, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and China. Approximately 1/10 of the total length of inland waterways in use is made up of artificial routes (locked rivers and canals).
Lake shipping is developed mainly in the USA and Canada.
The largest air powers include the USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Russia.
Labor resources and employment
Labor resources are the part of the country's population that has the physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary to engage in socially useful work.
Dimensions labor resources depend on the size of the population, its mode of reproduction, composition by gender and age. The main part of the country's labor resources is its population of working age, as well as teenagers and people of retirement age who are able to work
It is also important to take into account the relationship between the working population, on the one hand, and the non-working (children and old people) on the other. It is called the demographic load. On average, 100 able-bodied people in the world provide their earnings for 70 children and pensioners. In developing countries, this figure is often 100 to 100, while in Japan it is 100 to 41. In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and the Baltic countries, the demographic burden is approximately equal to the world average.
Labor resource balance - a system of indicators reflecting the number and composition of labor resources and their distribution among employees by industry National economy and forms of ownership, the unemployed and the economically inactive population.
The balance of labor resources is an integral part of the balance of the national economy, characterizing the reproduction of the labor force. Reflects the number of labor resources and their qualitative composition (by gender, age, social groups, types of employment, sectors of the national economy and professions). The balance of labor resources makes it possible to determine the need and surplus for workers.
The balance of labor resources consists of two parts: the first fixes the number and composition of labor resources, the second - their distribution.
The distribution of labor resources is carried out by type of employment, by areas of labor application (material and non-material production), economic sectors, and social groups. It also determines the distribution of labor resources across the territory of the state.
The share of the economically active population varies across countries. In developed Western countries, about 70% of all labor resources are economically active. This situation is primarily associated with unemployment. It sometimes reaches 10 or more percent of the workforce. The share of the economically active population in developing countries is even smaller - 45-55%. This is due to general economic backwardness, lack of jobs, the difficulty of involving women in production given the predominance of large families, and large masses of young people entering working age. True, unemployment in developing countries does not exclude the widespread exploitation of cheap child labor.
The severity of the unemployment problem arises from a number of reasons.
· Firstly, a person is a special type of economic resource. If it is not in demand by the economy now, it cannot be reserved and “put in the refrigerator” until better times. Lost work time irreplaceable, and the volume of goods that was not produced today due to unemployment can no longer be compensated in the future.
· Secondly, even if a person does not work, he cannot stop consuming and he still needs to feed his family. Therefore, society is forced to look for means to save the unemployed from starvation or becoming bandits. But the funds allocated for this do not become a reward for the production of new goods, and therefore do not lead to a further increase in the well-being of all citizens of the country.
· Thirdly, rising unemployment reduces demand for goods on the domestic market. People who do not receive a salary are forced to be content with only the bare minimum of subsistence. As a result, it becomes difficult to sell goods on the country’s domestic market (“the market is shrinking”). Thus, rising unemployment exacerbates the country's economic problems and serves as an impetus for further employment reduction.
· Fourthly, unemployment aggravates the political situation in the country. The reason for this is the growing anger of people who have lost the opportunity to adequately support their families and spend day after day in an exhausting search for work.
· Fifthly, an increase in unemployment can lead to an increase in the number of crimes that people commit in order to obtain the necessary benefits. Unemployment is a global phenomenon: according to the UN, 800 million people are unemployed.
The experience of developed countries shows that the labor market is one of the most important conditions of the market mechanism. It makes it possible to effectively use the country’s labor potential and creates competition for workplace, contributes to increasing the qualifications of personnel and reducing their turnover. At the same time, the labor market increases labor mobility and helps to spread various forms of employment (including part-time work).
Today, the labor market actually already exists in the countries of Eastern Europe, and in China (where there is enormous excess power in the countryside), and in the states formed on the territory of the former USSR.
Among various categories Of the world's population, women are especially affected by unemployment. Unfortunately, there are still countries in the world where women have no political, social and economic rights at all. In some of them these rights are limited or only formal. Old traditions are still manifested today in such discriminatory measures as unequal pay for equal work with men, restrictions on hiring women, etc.
The largest part of the working population of the planet are peasants, which is explained by the agrarian nature of the economies of many underdeveloped countries. In second place in developing countries in terms of the share of the employed labor force is the service sector (in Latin America it even came out on top). The growth in employment in the service sector is largely due to the spread of small trade.
Industry and construction occupy only third place in developing countries as a share of the labor force.
In developed countries the picture is different. The share of the agricultural population here is immeasurably smaller, and the share of workers, office workers and intellectuals is greater. The share of the population employed in the service sector (passenger transport, retail, public utilities). In the UK, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden, about 40% of the economically active population works in this area, in the USA - more than 50%.
Many years of experience in countries with developed market economies suggests that the mechanism of market regulation is unable by itself to fully solve the problems of the labor market. This primarily applies to unemployment. Therefore, the problem of unemployment is the subject of close attention, both from the state and from trade unions. The practice of employment regulation in developed Western countries has shown that there are no general recipes or permanent means of employment policy. It varies from country to country depending on the characteristics of the socio-political and economic structure, cultural traditions, and is modified with changes in the situation in the economy and the labor market.
International Labor Organization - since 1946 a specialized agency of the United Nations whose field of activity is the socio-economic problems of workers. The ILO was created in 1919 in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. The objectives of the ILO are:
· regulation of working hours;
· regulation of labor recruitment;
· fight against unemployment;
· guarantees of wages that ensure normal living conditions;
protection of workers from occupational diseases and from accidents at work;
· protection of children, adolescents and women;
· regulation of social insurance issues and social security;
· organization of vocational training.
The ILO operates on a tripartite principle of representation, which provides, along with the representation of the governments of member countries, also the representation of trade unions and employers' organizations of these countries. The main bodies of the ILO are: the General Conference, the Governing Body and the International Labor Office (ILO).
The old branch of mechanical engineering is machine tool building. It provides modern machine tools and press-forging equipment, but relatively few machines with program controlled, automatic machines. Mining equipment is widely exported, unique rolling mills. Their production is located mainly in the centers of the metallurgical industry - Newcastle, Sheffield, Glasgow.
Among the new branches of mechanical engineering, the electrical and electronics industry, automobile manufacturing, and aircraft manufacturing play a major role. Automotive and aircraft manufacturing are often combined at the same enterprises. Approximately 50% of the UK car industry's capital comes from American companies. Automotive, aircraft, and electrical plants are concentrated mainly in Greater London, Oxford, Derby, Midland, and Lancashire.
In the chemical industry, there is a steady trend towards expanding petrochemical capacities, especially the production of polyvinyl chloride and benzene. Great Britain is a manufacturer and partly an exporter of plastics and synthetic resins - 2,304 thousand tons. Approximately 3,400 thousand tons of sulfuric acid are produced, about 576 thousand tons of chemical fibers. The production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers has been developed. Chemical industry enterprises are located in Southern England - at the mouth of the Thames, in Lancashire, in the northeast of England.
One of the oldest sectors of the UK economy is the textile industry, the structure of which includes the production of cotton and woolen fabrics based on imported raw materials. After the Second World War, the production of fabrics from artificial fiber began to develop widely. The most important areas of the cotton industry are Lancashire and wool-Yorkshire (Leeds, Bradford, etc.).
The food industry is developed, with numerous enterprises located throughout the country and working for the domestic market.
For a long time in England, industries producing goods for the colonies received priority development. For this reason, until the 1950s, this country had a relatively narrow industrial base. The economy relied on several main industries (coal, shipbuilding, production of railway equipment). In England, more than in other countries of developed capitalism, it turned out specific gravity light, and above all textile and food industries. This is due not only to the fact that the industrial revolution here began precisely with these industries or that they were largely oriented towards colonial markets, but also because for many decades the level of personal consumption, and primarily of the ruling classes, in England was higher than in competing countries. It is noteworthy that by the beginning of the 70s the share of the food, textile, paper and printing industries, and shipbuilding industries in England was greater than in Germany. The share of general mechanical engineering, instrument making, automobile and aviation equipment was also higher. However, in the 70s, the volume of production in these industries (excluding the aviation industry) in Germany far exceeded its level in England." The predominance of less dynamic industries in the British manufacturing industry compared to West Germany was one of the significant reasons for England's lagging behind in terms of economic growth and could not but be reflected in the position of this country in the international division of labor.
The weakening position of British international industrial monopolies, as emphasized in the work of the Economist research group, is due to the fact that they are concentrated mainly in older and traditional industries - food processing, textile clothing, paper, printing, manufacturing building materials. These are the least dynamic industries. On the one hand, international competition here is less pronounced than in new and cutting-edge industries, which reduces incentives for capital renewal; on the other hand, these industries have the smallest export production quota.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ranks sixth among the leading capitalist countries in terms of overall scale economic activity and by the size of gross domestic product (GDP).
The country's economy is highly monopolized: the 100 largest TNCs control over 50% of output industrial products and foreign trade.
The basis of the country's economy is industry, where about half of GDP and 90% of exports are produced. Recently, the country's industry has undergone significant restructuring, "re-industrialization." As a result, many traditional industries have reduced their output volumes and fallen into decline, while the newest 1 high-tech industries, such as electronics, electrical engineering, etc. , received the status of priority industries and began to develop rapidly. It is with the development of these industries that the British government and business circles associate prospects economic growth in the country and improving its export position. The leading positions are now occupied by the chemistry, electrical engineering, aerospace and electronics industries, automotive, clothing, footwear, and food industries. The UK is characterized by a high degree of development of the service sector - banking, insurance, freight, tourism, which currently accounts for 50% of export earnings. This sector of the economy is developing at a much faster pace than industry. The share of services in the country's GDP over the period from 1960 to the present has increased from 45 to 60%. In the future, government policy will be aimed at further stimulating the development of this sector of the economy, which largely determines the country’s place in the world economy in the context of its growing specialization.
Despite being poor in mineral resources, Great Britain. has significant oil reserves (3rd place in production among developed capitalist countries). North Sea oil is light, suitable for the production of gasoline and kerosene, the share of which in the overall balance of petroleum products consumption in the UK is less than 40%. Most of the consumption there is accounted for by heavy fractions of petroleum products - fuel oil, diesel fuel, produced from low-quality oil that the country imports.
The energy sector of the country's economy accounts for 8% of GDP. A very significant share of electricity production is nuclear power: Just under 20% of all electricity generated in the country.
UK agriculture is characterized by a high degree of use of scientific and technological progress and is extremely highly productive. She satisfies at the expense of her own; producing about 8% of its food needs produced in the temperate zone.
In general, until the end of the 90s, the UK, judging by most estimates, will maintain (or at least slightly worsen) its current position in the world capitalist economy. At the current stage, the country's government is particularly active in promoting the desire of British firms to further expand their business activities abroad, and in particular to increase the volume of exported goods.
The newest industries are high technology industries. They differ from the rest in their high knowledge intensity, that is, the highest level of costs for design, experimental, research and scientific work.
Such industries include: the creation of electrical equipment, microelectronics, the manufacture of high-precision electronic instruments, production computer technology, computer science, aviation and rocket industries, robotics, microbiological, space and nuclear industries and others.
The newest industrial sectors are classified as high-tech depending on how deeply they participate in technological process Human. The less participation of the latter, the higher the technology is considered.
Latest high-tech industries
Among the newest high-tech industries, the following stand out:
- Social technologies. This industry is the sum of certain techniques and influences that are used in order to achieve set objectives by social development. It is also designed to solve various social problems, change a person’s consciousness and influence him. Examples of such goals, for example, in business can be tasks for which technologies such as brainstorming, reflective gaming technology, business games. In politics, such a goal may be ideological influence and influence on public opinion. On a national scale, these technologies are used to create country development plans.
- Electronics industry and physical research. The most important developments in these industries concern the study of electrons and electromagnetic fields, microworlds, ways to create methods for storing data using electromagnetic energy, and more.
- Microelectronics and creation artificial intelligence(in the form of computer programs and intelligent machines).
- Wireless technologies, telematics and telecommunications. This industry studies and creates ways to transmit information using laser, optical or other radiation.
- Robotics is the most important branch of development in the field of production intensification.
- – the sphere of fundamental and applied sciences, working with practical and theoretical methods synthesis and analysis of methods for the production and use of products with a predetermined atomic structure.
- Alternative energy and energy saving – promising directions, studying the receipt, transmission and use of energy. They are not yet widespread, but they are interesting due to the expected benefits in the future. This type includes nuclear, hydrogen, solar energy, waste recycling and water and air purification.
- Security systems are the field of study of biometrics and electronic analyzers.
- Navigation technologies – creation of tracking and data transmission systems.
- Defense and dual-use technologies. This type includes technologies that are simultaneously used for the manufacture of weapons and for enterprises in civilian industries. This group includes rocketry, spacecraft manufacturing, and aircraft manufacturing.
- Biotechnological disciplines, microbiology. Studying the possibility of using meth odes of genetic engineering.
- Nootropic research. Carrying out developments in the field of neurometabolic stimulants that change the functions of the higher parts of the brain: stimulating mental activity, improving memory, increasing learning ability, resistance to heavy loads and hypoxia.
- Bioindustry and pharmaceuticals. This is the sphere of production and study of the latest enzymes, antibiotics, and selection methods using genes.