Causes of the February Revolution of 1917 presentation. Presentation February Revolution. The policy of the new government

February Revolution of 1917.

Target: give an idea of the main concepts of the topic.

Equipment: Textbook, presentation

During the classes: 1. Organizing time

2. Review questions 1-10 pp. 88-89

3. New topic questions page 89

Fall of autocracy.

Reasons for the fall of autocracy:

The peasantry suffered from poverty and lack of land.

Lack of labor legislation.

Crisis of autocracy.

People waiting for the end of World War I.

The economic devastation caused by the war led the population to impoverishment and starvation.

The Russification policy of the government gave rise to a desire for independence among national minorities.

Large queues for food, prices increased by 5-7 times, speculation. The people began to smash the shops.

Chronology of the events of February 1917

February 18 - strike at the Putilov factory, the dismissal of more than 30 thousand workers

February 23 - general strike, 128 thousand workers went on strike, calls for struggle, clashes with the police, classes were stopped educational institutions- the beginning of the revolution.

February 25 - general political strike. 300 thousand workers strike

February 25 - Decree on the dissolution of the State Duma

26.02 - a mass transition of soldiers to the side of the rebels began

February 27 - the Peter and Paul Fortress is captured, political prisoners are released.

February 28 - Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet

01.03-02.03 - creation of the Provisional Government

02.03 - abdication of Nicholas II

On February 26, 1917, Petrograd was captured by the rebels. The Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was formed in Petrograd. Head - N.S. Chkheidze. Such councils were formed in other major cities Russia.

Nicholas 2, being at the headquarters of the Supreme High Command, decided to return to the capital. But his train was stopped. He was persuaded to abdicate. On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his younger brother Mikhail, but Mikhail refused the throne. The autocracy has fallen.

Working with handouts Text 1

Read the text and answer the question: Why did Nicholas II agree to abdicate the throne?

A direct participant in the events, General Savvich S.S., describes the adoption of this decision by the king: The king was informed: “Your Majesty, the situation is not possible now to deal with the questionnaire, but events are rushing with such speed and worsening the situation so every minute that any delay threatens innumerable disasters ... I ask Your Majesty to listen to the opinion of my assistants, both of them are in the highest degree independent and, moreover, direct people." The sovereign turned to us and, looking at us, said: - Well, but I only ask for a frank opinion. ... Danilov saw no other way out of the difficult situation that had arisen, except for accepting the proposal of the Chairman of the State Duma. The sovereign, turning to me, asked: - Do you have the same opinion?

I was terribly worried. An attack of sobs squeezed

I am a straightforward person, and therefore I fully subscribe to what General Danilov said.

There was a general silence that lasted, it seemed to me, for about two minutes. The sovereign sat in thought, bowed his head. Then he stood up and said:

I made up my mind. I renounce the throne.

At the same time, the sovereign crossed himself. We all crossed ourselves..

Creation of the Provisional Government. From among the representatives of the State Duma, the Provisional Government (cadets and Octobrists) was formed, headed by Prince G.E. Lvov.

Reforms of the Provisional Government:

Providing democratic freedom - freedom words, press, meetings, political activities.

Abolition of the death penalty

Democratization of the army - the equalization of the rights of soldiers and officers, the election of commanders (Order No. 1)

April Crisis.

During the revolution, two authorities were formed, none of which was ready to fully take responsibility for the fate of the country: the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by a provisional executive committee.

Question: Why were both bodies called temporary?

The main negative results of the overthrow of the autocracy:

Transfer from evolutionary development society to develop along a revolutionary path, which inevitably led to an increase in the number of violent crimes against the person and infringement of property rights in society.

A significant weakening of the army (as a result of revolutionary agitation in the army and Order number 1), a drop in its combat effectiveness and, as a result, its ineffective further struggle on the fronts of the First World War.

The destabilization of society, which led to a deep split in the existing civil society in Russia.

Positive results of the fall of autocracy:

Short-term consolidation of society as a result of the adoption of a number of democratic legislative acts and a real chance for society on the basis of this consolidation to resolve many long-standing contradictions in the country's social development.

However, the leaders of the country, who came to power as a result of the February revolution, could not take advantage of these real, albeit extremely small (given that Russia was at that moment in a state of war) chances for this.

The first crisis of power arose in April 1917, the reason was the decision of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Milyukov to wage the war to a victorious end. The people were dissatisfied.

Bolsheviks and revolution. The Bolsheviks did not play a big role during the February Revolution. They started active later.

In April they held an all-Russian conference of the RSDLPb. Where the course of the party was determined. Party leaders V.I. Lenin, G.E. Zinoviev, N.I. Bukharin, L.D. Trotsky. Lenin proposed to transfer all power to the Soviets, to begin a general democratic transformation.

The Bolsheviks declared that if they came to power, they would begin work on making peace.

Formation of the Red Guard.

June and July crises of power.

Provisional Government in June 1917 offers to launch an offensive on the front line. To show your ability. But the country was undermined by the revolutionary movement, the industrial production. Reduced supplies to the front. With the start of the offensive, mass strikes took place in large cities of Russia. The attack ended in defeat. The provisional government is not trusted.

In July, the leaders of the Provisional Government, headed by Lvov, resigned, A.F. Kerensky became the head.

Message about Kerensky p. 98.

The Bolsheviks were accused of an anti-government uprising, they were persecuted, they were forced to go underground. Lenin fled to Finland.

Rice. Page 99

Speech by General Kornilov. In order to somehow strengthen his power, Kerensky turned to the officers. General Kornilov occupied the top of the army, (fig. p. 100) he proposed to introduce the death penalty, restore a combat-ready army and continue the war.

In August, Kornilov sent troops to Petrograd, but Kerensky, fearing that Kornilov would overthrow him himself, declared Kornilov a rebel, and proclaimed that the revolution was in danger. The Red Guard, which emerged from the underground, arrested Kornilov. The attempt to establish a military dictatorship failed.

The results of the revolution:

Liquidation of the monarchy
The proclamation of the republic, the beginning of elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (a parliamentary institution that was supposed to legislate new system authorities)
Formation of dual power or anarchy.

4. Anchoring:

Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies for the garrison of the Petrograd Military District.
By the garrison of the Petrograd district to all soldiers of the guard, army, artillery and navy for immediate and precise execution, and to the workers of Petrograd for information.
The Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies decided:

In all companies, battalions, regiments, parks, batteries, squadrons, and separate services of various military directorates and on ships of the navy, immediately select committees from elected representatives from the lower ranks of the above military units.
In all military units that have not yet elected their representatives to the Soviet of Workers' Deputies, elect one representative from the companies, who will appear with written certificates in the building of the State Duma by 10 o'clock in the morning on March 2.
In all his political speeches military unit submits to the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and to its own committees...

6. In service and on departure official duties soldiers
must observe the strictest military discipline ...
7. ... Rough treatment of soldiers of all military ranks and, in
in particular, addressing them with “you” is prohibited ...

On the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the organization of factory committees and conciliatory chambers.
An agreement was reached between the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Petrograd Society of Manufacturers and Breeders on the introduction of an eight-hour working day, factory committees and conciliation chambers in factories and plants.

1. Pending the issuance of a law on the normalization of the working day, an eight-hour working day (8 hours of actual labor) in all shifts is introduced in all factories and plants.

2. The day before Sundays work is done within 7 hours.

3. Reducing hours of work should not affect wages.

4. Overtime allowed with the consent of the factory committees.

Factory committees

1. At all plants and factories, factory committees (councils of elders) elected from among the workers are established this enterprise on the basis of universal, equal, etc. suffrage.

The task of these committees is: ... b) the formulation of opinions on the socio-economic life of the workers of a given enterprise; c) resolution of issues relating to internal relationships between the workers of the enterprise themselves ...

5. Summary of the lesson. Homework *10

Glossary: A revolution is a radical change in society. Reform - transformations in one or more areas that do not affect the political foundations Alternative - the possibility of choice Dual power - the simultaneous activity of two power centers of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies and the Provisional Government (Prince Lvov)

Prerevolutionary Situation V. Shulgin gg) “... The revolution is only half created from the revolutionary pressure of the revolutionaries. The other half of it consists of a feeling of powerlessness by the authorities ... "

Causes of the revolution A) social B) political C) economic -War fatigue -Lack of fair labor legislation -Infringement of the rights of national minorities -Crisis of the autocracy -Unresolved agrarian issue -Economic devastation

Factors contributing to the development of the revolutionary situation: "Ministerial leapfrog" "Rasputinism" "Ministerial leapfrog" "Ministerial leapfrog" - the expression of Purishkevich V.M. about the frequent change of ministries during the years of the First World War, 4 chairmen of the Council of Ministers, 6 ministers of the interior, 3 ministers of war were replaced. So, on December 26, 1916, A.F. Trepov resigned. and the appointment of Prince Nikolai Golitsyn as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia. In total, four prime ministers were replaced in Russia in 1916 (I. L. Goremykin, B. V. Shturmer, A. F. Trepov, N. D. Golitsyn), and many other ministers. The ministerial leapfrog was also associated with Rasputinism. In particular, Stürmer B.V. was appointed Prime Minister under the patronage of Rasputin G.E.

Chronicle of the Revolution February 18, the beginning of demonstrations February 25, Nicholas suspends the activities of the IV State Duma until April February 26 - the garrison is on the side of the revolution February 27 - the creation of the Petrosoviet in the Tauride Palace Khabalov report to the tsar on the impossibility of stopping the riots

Order 1 of the Petrograd Soviet March 1, 1917 From the text of the order: The title of officers is also canceled: Your Excellency, Nobleness, etc., and is replaced by the appeal: Mr. General, Mr. Colonel, etc. Rough treatment of soldiers of all military ranks and, in particular, addressing them as "you" is prohibited, and any violation of this, as well as all misunderstandings between officers and soldiers, the latter are obliged to bring to the attention of company commanders. Read this order in all companies, battalions, regiments, crews, batteries and other combat and non-combat teams. Work with the text of the document. What were the consequences of this order?

Leon Trotsky "History of the Russian Revolution" "Among the command staff, there was no one who would stand up for their tsar. Everyone was in a hurry to transfer to the ship of the revolution in the firm expectation of finding comfortable cabins there. Generals and admirals took off their tsar's monograms and put on red bows... Civil dignitaries were not required by their position to show more courage than military men. Everyone was saved as best they could."

From the memoirs of Shulgin Guchkov: “Russian people… Bare your heads, cross yourself, pray to God… The Sovereign Emperor, for the sake of saving Russia, removed himself… his royal service… The Tsar signed the abdication of the throne. Russia is entering new way... We will ask God to be merciful to us ... ”The crowd took off their hats and crossed themselves ... And it was terribly quiet ...” Nikolai himself on the same day, with his usual brevity, wrote in his diary: “All around is treason, cowardice and deception."

Evaluation of events Pavel Milyukov: The post-February situation is a "break in law." And for a Russian person, this is the most joyful, most cheerful situation. Here is a typical example of poetic creativity of those days: “Everyone is like children, the day is so pink. There is no night, there will be no sleep. As if there were no frosts. As if spring is blooming again.”

Tasks of the new government: Democratization of society Control of social production Preparation of elections to the CC Amnesty, Abolition of the death penalty Law on freedom of speech, assembly Abolition of class division Introduction of the card system 8 hour working day

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REVOLUTION OF 1917 Prepared by: history teacher of Gymnasium No. 118 in Rostov-on-Don Novolodsky A.S. 2017

REVOLUTIONS OF 1917

FEBRUARY

BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC

REVOLUTION OF 1917

Causes

CRISIS "VERKHOV"

Military defeats
Frequent turnover of ministers
"Rasputinism"

CRISIS "BOTTOM"

Strengthening the strike and anti-war movement
Food crisis in the winter of 1917

Revolution as a result of a national crisis and the inability of the supreme power to cope with urgent problems

First World War which exacerbated all the problems and accelerated the revolution

MAIN EVENTS

February 22 - lockout at the Putilov factory. The administration refused to raise prices by 50%.

February 23 - demonstration of working women in Petrograd. Workers' strike. Slogans: "Bread", "Down with war", "Down with autocracy".

February 25 - General strike in Petrograd. The police arrested up to 100 members of various leftist parties. Nicholas II dissolved the Duma for two months. The workers took over the Arsenal.

February 26 - by order of General Khabalov, the troops fired on the demonstrators. Clashes between troops and police. The first group of soldiers went over to the side of the demonstrators.

February 27 - the number of rebel soldiers amounted to 60 thousand people. Captured key points cities.

February 28 - the rebels captured the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Peter and Paul Fortress. The government of Prince Golitsyn fled. There are two centers of power.

Chairman - N. Chkheidze

Chairman - M. Rodzianko

Petrograd Soviet.

Menshevik at the head

N.S. Chkheidze

Education

Provisional government.

Chairman -

Prince G.E. Lviv

DUALITY

Nikolai Semenovich Chkheidze

Georgy Evgenievich Lvov

2nd of March- negotiations in Pskov of deputies of the State Duma G. Guchkov, V. Shulgin with Nicholas II.

Mikhail motivated his refusal with the condition: “I made a firm decision only if I accept the supreme power, if such is the will of our great people, expressed by the Constituent Assembly.”

From the Manifesto on the Abdication of Nicholas II

In the days of the great struggle with the external enemy, who had been striving to enslave our Motherland for almost three years, the Lord God was pleased to send Russia a new ordeal. The outbreak of internal popular unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of the stubborn war. The fate of Russia ... the whole future of our dear Fatherland requires bringing the war to a victorious end at all costs ... In these decisive days in the life of Russia, we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate for our people the close unity and rallying of all the forces of the people for the speedy achievement of victory and, in agreement with the State Duma, we recognized it as good to abdicate the throne of the Russian state and lay down the supreme power.

RESULTS

FEBRUARY

BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC

REVOLUTIONS OF 1917

The actual liquidation of the monarchy
The way is open for the democratic development of the country
Formation of dual power

Demonstration of Putilov factory workers

in the early days of the February Revolution

DUALITY

UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DUALITY (MARCH - JULY 1917)

Order No. 1- democratization of the army (adopted under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet): purge of the commanding staff; liquidation of courts-martial.

The real power in the army is concentrated in the hands of the soldiers' committees (they unite up to 300 thousand people).

The main activities of the Provisional Government:

Political rights and freedoms were proclaimed, national and religious restrictions were lifted, the death penalty was abolished, censorship was abolished, a political amnesty was held, Nicholas II and his ministers were arrested, and an Extraordinary Commission was created to investigate the illegal actions of the tsarist administration.

To combat the food crisis in March 1917, a decree was issued on the state trade monopoly on bread. In April, the government legalized factory committees that had arisen at enterprises and exercised "workers' control" over production. Laws were issued to expand the rights of zemstvo institutions. In addition to county and provincial zemstvos, volost zemstvos were introduced, which were supposed to replace the old volost governments. All citizens living in the area could participate in the elections.

The government proclaimed the conduct of the war to a victorious end and the fulfillment of all taken international circumstances.

She advocated the preservation of the unity of the Russian state on the basis of granting all residents of the country equal civil rights and freedoms.

Major political parties after February 1917

Cadets- in 1917 (70-100 thousand people) - P. Milyukov.

SRs(up to 1 million people) - V. Chernov, I. Avksentiev.

Mensheviks(up to 200 thousand) - P. Axelrod.

Bolsheviks(up to 25 thousand people in March 1917) - V.I. Lenin.

In the April Theses, he spoke of a peaceful transition to the second stage of the revolution:

power to the Soviets;
way out of the war, revolutionary defensism is a lie;
land nationalization;
Soviet control over production and distribution.

1st crisis of the Provisional Government

April Crisis

Cause

P. Milyukov's note to the allies:

the new Russia undertakes to fight the war to a victorious end

From the Note of the Provisional Government

Imbued with this new spirit of liberated democracy, the statements of the Provisional Government, of course, cannot give the slightest reason to think that the revolution that has taken place has entailed a weakening of Russia's role in the common allied struggle. On the contrary, the popular desire to carry the world war to a decisive victory was only strengthened by the awareness of the common responsibility of each and every one.

provisional government

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Octobrists, Progressives, Non-Party

Note N.P. Milyukov to the allies

about the continued participation of Russia in the war

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

coalition government a government made up of representatives of various parties.

2nd Crisis of the Provisional Government

June Crisis

June 3-24, 1917- I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (290 Mensheviks, 285 Social Revolutionaries, 105 Bolsheviks), which included the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

         

The congress spoke in favor of cooperation with the bourgeois parties and passed a resolution of confidence in the Provisional Government.
The congress banned the anti-war demonstration planned by the Bolsheviks for June 10 in front of the residence of the Provisional Government.
The congress appointed an unarmed demonstration for June 18, which was supposed to express support for the decisions of the congress by the workers of Petrograd.

June 18, 1917- 500,000th demonstration in Petrograd. Slogans - "All power to the Soviets", "Down with the war", "Down with 10 capitalist ministers"

The government tried to get out of the June crisis by launching a long-prepared offensive at the front. The military success was intended to bring down the wave of discontent.

Outcome- 60 thousand killed and wounded. The demoralization of the army is growing.

The failure of the offensive at the front was one of the reasons for the new,

the most serious political crisis in Russia - July.

July 2- Cadets ministers resign, dissatisfied with the activities of the military and naval minister A.F. Kerensky in the negotiations on the issue of granting independence to Ukraine.
July 3-4- mass demonstration (500 thousand people). "All power to the Soviets" - began the soldiers of the 1st machine gun regiment, they were supported by 25 units of the garrison, workers.
5'th of July- The Provisional Government, with the support of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, took the situation under its control. Military units from the front arrived in the city. The demonstrators were dispersed. The Bolsheviks were accused of attempting an armed overthrow of the government and of having links with the German headquarters. The issuance of an order for the arrest of V. I. Lenin and G. E. Zinoviev, the closure of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, the Bolshevik Party was proclaimed outside the law.
July 7- the resignation of the head of the Provisional Government G. E. Lvov. A.F. Kerensky becomes the Minister-Chairman.

3rd crisis of the Provisional Government. July Crisis

1st Coalition Provisional Government

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Disagreements in the government.

Unsuccessful offensive at the front.

July events in Petrograd

2nd Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Since most of the posts in it were occupied by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks,

it actually turned dual power into a fiction.

July 26 - August 3- VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) in Petrograd: a course was taken to prepare an armed uprising. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" has been temporarily removed.

August 12-15- A State Conference was held in Moscow, in which representatives of the main political parties, Soviets, commercial and industrial circles, and the military took part. The Bolsheviks, considering the meeting to be counter-revolutionary, boycotted it. At the state conference, the generals issued an ultimatum for severe measures to restore order in the rear and at the front.

A group of participants in the State Conference in August 1917 in Moscow.

A.F. sits in the center. Kerensky, next to him (in military uniform) - L.G. Kornilov

KORNILOV REBELLION

GOALS

Establishment of a military dictatorship
Suppression of the revolutionary movement
Bringing the war to a victorious end
Bringing the country out of the crisis

L.G. Kornilov, as supreme commander, withdrew troops from the front and sent them to Petrograd

All left-wing parties came out against Kornilov. A significant part of the army and the Petrograd garrison remained loyal to the government and the Soviet. The People's Defense Committee was formed. Red Guard detachments (up to 40 thousand people) were created at the factories. The rebellion was liquidated with the help of:

campaigning measures
revolutionary sabotage of railroad workers
partial military action

CONSEQUENCES OF THE KORNILOV REBELLION

Deepening socio-economic and political crisis in the country
Strengthening the positions of the Bolsheviks and the beginning of the Bolshevization of the Soviets
Power paralysis

         

Tasks -

work out the principles of governing the country before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

         

The Pre-Parliament was formed (20/IX - 25/X) for the final decision on the issue of the government.

         

The 3rd coalition Provisional Government was formed (25.09 - 25.10, 1917)

3rd Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Deepening the socio-economic

and political crisis in the country

4th Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Military spending reaches 86% of the budget. Hyperinflation (from January 1914 to January 1917, prices rose by 194%, from January 1917 to December 1917 - by 426%). State debt Russia reached 49 billion gold rubles.

Political instability led to a reduction in production (decreased by 35%). Real incomes of workers fell to 40% of pre-war levels. The food problem in cities is aggravated. Money trade is supplanted by the exchange of goods

CHRONICLE OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION

On the night of the 25th of October- the rebels occupy the Nikolaevsky and Baltic stations, the central power plant.

the 25th of October at 10 o'clock - the appeal of the Military Revolutionary Committee "To the Citizens of Russia" about the overthrow of the Provisional Government.

The majority were Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries who supported the plan of an armed uprising.
The Mensheviks and Right SRs sharply condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks and demanded that the congress begin negotiations with the Provisional Government on FORMATION OF A NEW CABINET OF MINISTERS, based on all sectors of society.
       

Not having received the approval of the congress, the Menshevik and Right Social Revolutionary factions left the meeting.

       

They deprived themselves of the opportunity to take part in the formation of new authorities, and therefore could not correct the actions of the Bolsheviks "from the inside."

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets

Decree on power -

Appeal "To the workers, soldiers and peasants!"

Transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies

The emergence of a new form of state - the Republic of Soviets

All-Russian Congress of Soviets

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK)

Composition: Left SRs, Menshevik-Internationalists, Bolsheviks, etc.

Composition: Bolsheviks. Chairman: V. I. Lenin

Council of People's Commissars

(Sovnarkom or SNK).

People's Commissariats (People's Commissariats)

Demolition of the old state apparatus and the creation of a new one

The formation of new higher authorities: the Congress of Soviets - the highest legislative body, between congresses - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; SNK - the highest executive body; people's commissariats are the executive bodies.
November 22, 1917 - decree on the court: the main judicial instance is local courts. Local courts and revolutionary tribunates are elected by the Soviets.
December 7, 1917 - the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) (headed by F. E. Dzerzhinsky).
January 15, 1918 - Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.
January 29, 1918 - Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet.

Peace Decree

Offer to belligerent countries and their governments:

conclude a democratic peace without annexations (captures) and indemnities;
abolish secret diplomacy;
respect the sovereignty (independence) of large and small nations

Russia got a chance to get out of the First World War. An attempt to combine the revolution in Russia with the world revolution.

December 2, 1917- the signing of a truce in Brest-Litovsk between the Soviet delegation (headed by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L. D. Trotsky) and representatives of Germany and the beginning of negotiations on a separate peace.

March 3, 1918- signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the Soviet delegation (headed by G. Ya. Sokolnikov) with Germany:

occupation by German troops of the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Northern Black Sea region. Russia's refusal from these territories;
the withdrawal of Russian armies from Finland, Ukraine, the conclusion of a separate peace with the latter;
the transfer of part of Transcaucasia to Turkey;
payment by Russia of indemnity to Germany (6 billion marks).

March 14, 1918- IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the new capital - Moscow: ratification (approval) of the Brest Peace.

Domestic political consequences of the signing of the Brest Peace:

intensification of internal party struggle;
aggravation of relations between the Bolsheviks and other socialist parties: the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars  the two-party Soviet government ceased to exist. But the representatives of the Left SRs remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Soviets at all levels.
the growth of dissatisfaction of political opponents of the Bolsheviks with the signing of a predatory peace.

The Right SRs and Mensheviks reacted very sharply to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The VIII Council of the AKP in May 1918 demanded that the treaty be annulled and declared that the elimination of Soviet power "is the next and urgent task of all democracy", that is, the party embarked on the path of armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.
The resignation of the Council of People's Commissars was demanded at the Fourth Congress of Soviets by the leader of the Mensheviks, Martov.

The Bolsheviks retaliated.

In June 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee expelled representatives of the Right Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from its membership and proposed to the Soviets of all levels to remove them from their midst.
      

In fact, this meant a ban on the Menshevik and Right SR parties.

Land Decree

Based on 242 local peasant orders on land put forward by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party:

confiscation of landed estates and church lands;
the abolition of private ownership of land;
the transfer to the state of highly cultured farms;
non-admission of hired labor on the ground;
equitable land use.

The answer to the age-old aspirations of the peasantry. The use by the Bolsheviks of the agrarian program of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to attract the peasants to their side.

May 9 and 27, 1918- decrees establishing a food dictatorship - a system of emergency measures to supply workers and the army with food: state monopoly grain trade, fixed prices for bread, centralization of procurement and distribution of products;

May 1918- sending food detachments of workers to the village to seize bread;

June 11, 1918. - the creation of committees of the poor (kombedov) (operated until November 1918).  Purpose - withdrawal and redistribution of grain stocks; weakening the influence of wealthy peasants (kulaks), who make up the majority in local village councils.

national equality and sovereignty of all nations and nationalities;
the right of peoples to free self-determination up to separation and formation of an independent state  separation from Russia of Finland, Poland, Turkish Armenia

IN November 1917 Decree on the destruction of estates and civil ranks the division of society into nobles, merchants, peasants, petty bourgeois was eliminated, princely, count and other titles, civil ranks were abolished. For the entire population, one name was established - a citizen of the Russian Soviet Republic. Men and women were equalized in civil rights.

January 20, 1918 has been approved Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church.

Nationalization of banks:

December 14, 1917- Decree on the nationalization of private banks  All banking operations are the monopoly of the state.

Nationalization of enterprises:

November 14, 1917- Decree on workers' control  factory committees received the right to control the process of managing enterprises;

November 17, 1917- Decree on the nationalization of the Likinskaya manufactory (near Orekhovo-Zuevo), water and railway transport;

December 2, 1917- Decree on the establishment of the Supreme Council National economy(VSNKh) (head - V.V. Osipami, from February 1918 - A.I. Rykov) -> goal - to ensure the transition from workers' control at the enterprise after nationalization to centralized management;

July 28, 1918- Decree on the transfer of management of all nationalized enterprises of the Supreme Economic Council.

January 10-18, 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd(during his work, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies merged with the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies)

REJECTION OF CIVIL WORLD AND

DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

January 10-18, 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (during its work, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies merged with the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies):

adoption of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People" as a constitution: Russia was proclaimed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the government (SNK) is no longer called provisional;
approval of all decrees of the Soviet government and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly;
making a decision on the need to prepare the Constitution of the RSFSR.

July 4-10, 1918- V All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Moscow: adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

legalized new form statehood - the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power;
guaranteed democratic rights and freedoms that could not be used to the detriment of the gains of the socialist revolution;
voting rights were granted only to the working population (workers and peasants); all who used hired labor, as well as former policemen and priests, are deprived of these rights;
an unequal representation of townspeople and villagers in the Soviets was established - approximately 1:5.

The 5th Congress approved the flag and coat of arms of the RFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR (1918, Section 6, Chapter XVII, § 90) provides the following description of the flag: "The trade, maritime and military flag of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic consists of a cloth of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which is one of the variants of the flag of the RSFSR in 1918. Near the pole, at the top, there are golden letters "RSFSR" or the inscription "Russian Socialist Federation active Soviet Republic".

In the Constitution of the RSFSR (Chapter XVII, Section 6, § 89): "The coat of arms of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic consists of images on a red background in the rays of the sun of a golden sickle and hammer, placed crosswise with handles downwards, surrounded by a crown of ears and with the inscription:

a) Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

b) Proletarians of all countries, unite!

Formation of a one-party system

July 6, 1918- an attempt by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (leaders: M.A. Spiridonova, B.D. Komkov, M.A. Natanson and others) to carry out a coup in Moscow in order to seize power: the murder of the German Ambassador Count W. von Mirbach by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries J. Blyumkin and N. Andreev; arrest of F. E. Dzerzhinsky.

July 9-11, 1918 - armed uprising against the Soviet regime in Simbirsk, organized by the commander of the Eastern Front, the Left Social Revolutionary M. A. Muravyov. The main slogan of the Left SRs: the resumption of the war with Germany

Suppression of the speech of the Left SRs

Consequences

Establishment of a one-party system in the country

The absence of legal opposition made it possible to avoid disagreements and crises of power in the conditions of the outbreak of the Civil War.
The transition of the opposition (Left Social Revolutionaries, Left Mensheviks, etc.) to the camp of opponents of the Bolsheviks determined the extremely bitter and protracted nature of the Civil War.
The absence of opposition led to the formation of a "rarefied" intellectual atmosphere around the authorities, which in such conditions could freely resort to extremes.

Literature:

Levandovsky A.A. History of Russia, XX - beginning of the XXI century. Grade 11. A basic level of.. 7th ed. M.: Education, 2013.
Katsva L.A. The history of homeland. Handbook for high school students and university students. 7th ed. M: AST-Press, 2012.
Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in charts and tables. M.: Eksmo, 2010.
Baranov P.A. History of Russia in tables: 6-11th grade: reference. materials. M.: Astrel, 2011.

February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 The second Russian revolution 1. Causes, character, driving forces 2. Main events of the revolution 3. Formation of the Provisional Government Chuprov L.A. MOU secondary school No. 3 with. K-Rybolov Khankaysky district of Primorsky Krai

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February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 Second Russian revolution Date: February 23 (March 8), 1917 - March 2, 1917 (?) The nature of the revolution is bourgeois-democratic. 1. 2. Reasons: 3. 4. 5. 6. The First World War exacerbated all the contradictions in society. The need to eliminate feudal-serf remnants that hinder the development of the country. Contradictions between landowners and peasants. Contradictions between the workers and the bourgeoisie. Contradictions between the center and the outskirts. Contradictions between government and society. Main goal: Elimination of feudal and serf remnants (liquidation of the monarchy and establishment of a republic, elimination of landownership), liberalization of the political system; improvement of working conditions; Organizers: Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, RSDLP. Driving forces: workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, separate parts of the army Opponents: Supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations, the Union of October 17 Demands: End of the war, liquidation of the autocracy, liquidation of landownership, creation of labor legislation, solution of the national question. The main forms of struggle: Strikes, strikes, armed uprisings, uprisings of peasants, seizure of land, arson of landowners' estates. Slogans: “Bread!!!”, “Return our husbands!” , "Down with autocracy!" "Down with tsarism!", "Down with war!"

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The First World War exacerbated all the existing contradictions in society

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The need to eliminate feudal-serf remnants that hinder the development of the country

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Contradictions between landowners and peasants

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Contradictions between the workers and the bourgeoisie.

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Contradictions between the center and the suburbs Kyiv 1917 Yakutsk 1917 Tomsk 1917 Central Asia 1917

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Contradictions between government and society. Dissolution of the Duma Political strike in the Caucasus Dissolution of the Duma Grigory Rasputin

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We fill in the table: "Events of the February Revolution of 1917." On February 17, a strike of workers at the Putilov factory, whose workers demanded:  an increase in prices by 50%  hiring laid-off workers. February 18 They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. February 23 demonstration of women, slogans: "Bread!", "Down with the war!", "Return the husbands!"  February 25:    The political strike develops into an uprising Beginning of the transition of the Petrograd garrison to the side of the rebels. The 4th company of the Pavlovsky regiment opened fire on the mounted police.    Autocracy was overthrown. The Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to "restore the state and public order." February 26 February 27 General political strike. Slogans: "Down with tsarism!", "Down with autocracy!", "Down with war!" Was dissolved. State Duma March 1 The Petrograd military garrison went over to the side of the rebels. March 2, the signing of the act of abdication by Nicholas II.

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The beginning of the first riots was put on strike by the workers of the Putilov factory on February 17, the workers of which demanded a 50% increase in prices and the hiring of laid-off workers. The administration did not meet the stated requirements. In solidarity with the Putilov workers, many enterprises in Petrograd went on strike. They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. Thousands of random people joined the crowds of workers: teenagers, students, small employees, intellectuals. On February 23, a demonstration of the women workers of Petrograd took place. February 18 - They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side.

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February 23 - a demonstration of women, slogans: "Bread!", "Down with the war!", "Return the husbands!" According to estimates, the number of strikers was about 300,000! In fact, it was a general strike. The main slogans of these events were: “Down with the autocracy!”, “Down with the war!”, “Down with the tsar!”, “Down with Nicholas!”, “Bread and peace!”.

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February 25: General political strike. Slogans: "Down with tsarism!", "Down with autocracy!", "Down with war!" On the evening of February 25, Nicholas II gave the order to stop the unrest in the capital. The State Duma was dissolved.

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February 26: Political strike develops into an uprising On the night of February 26-27, rebellious soldiers joined the workers, on the morning of February 27 the district court was burned and the house of pre-trial detention was seized, prisoners were released from prison, among whom were many members of the revolutionary parties who had been arrested in recent days. On February 27, the Arsenal and the Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown.

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The Arsenal and the Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown. On the same day, the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, and members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to "restore state and public order." February 27 Captured Formed Winter Palace Rifle arsenal

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March 1-2 - negotiations On March 3, 1917, the Provisional Government was created Prince Lvov G.E. Prime Minister Provisional Government (March 3 (16), 1917 - October 26 (November 8), 1917) - the highest legislative and executive body state power in Russia between the February and October revolutions.

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Negative results of the fall of the autocracy The main negative results of the overthrow of the autocracy by the February Revolution in Russia can be considered: 1. The transition from the evolutionary development of society to development along a revolutionary path, which inevitably led to an increase in the number of violent crimes against the individual and infringement of property rights in society. 2. A significant weakening of the army (as a result of revolutionary agitation in the army and Order No. 1), a drop in its combat effectiveness and, as a result, its ineffective further struggle on the fronts of the First World War. 3. Destabilization of society, which led to a deep split in the existing civil society in Russia. As a result, there was a sharp increase in class contradictions in society, the growth of which during 1917 led to the transfer of power into the hands of radical forces, which ultimately led to civil war in Russia.

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Positive results of the fall of autocracy: 1. One of the biggest remnants of feudalism, which seriously hampered the development of the country - autocracy, was eliminated. 2. Conditions were created for the real development of society along a democratic path. 3. There was a short-term consolidation of society as a result of the adoption of a number of democratic legislative acts and a real chance for society, on the basis of this consolidation, to resolve many long-standing contradictions in the country's social development. However, as subsequent events that ultimately led to a bloody civil war showed, the country's leaders who came to power as a result of the February revolution were unable to take advantage of these real, albeit extremely small (given that Russia was at that moment in a state of war) chances for this.

The main prerequisite for revolutionary actions in February 1917 is the revolution of 1905-1907 - it did not solve the main problems of society: landlessness, the working conditions of the proletariat, the issue of national self-determination of peoples as part of the Russian monarchy.

In the war of 1914-1918, Russia was on the side of the Entente. The fighting weakened the state: the economic crisis deepened, the strike movement intensified, a political opposition emerged that managed to create a strong social base. The level of economic development did not allow to adequately meet military needs, the country's external debt increased, factories stopped working, Agriculture was in decline.

The main reasons for the revolutionary events were: economic decline, loss of authority by the head of state, the anti-war movement, the crisis situation of the peasants.

Driving forces: proletariat, peasants. The center of events is Petrograd.

At the end of February 1917, the country was engulfed in a mass movement to overthrow the monarchy and end the war. The army went over to the side of the protesters. Petrograd was captured. It was announced the formation of the Provisional Government and the need to convene the Constituent Assembly. The Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed.

The result of the revolution was the abdication of the power of the monarch Nicholas II, the government of the state passed into the hands of the Provisional Government. There was a situation of dual power: the Provisional Government and the Council of Petrograd.

The highest legislative and executive functions were assigned to the Provisional Government. It wasn't strong enough. The core was made up of members of the parties of social revolutionaries and social democrats. A number of Bolshevik demonstrations took place against him in the summer of 1917 - the "July Days". During the "July days" the leaders of the Bolshevik movement were arrested. One of the ideologists of Bolshevism, Vladimir Lenin, ended up in exile.

August 1917: General Lavr Kornilov made an attempt to establish a dictatorship. The coup was unsuccessful.

Gradually, the Bolsheviks increased the number of their representatives in the Petrograd Soviet. After the Kornilov coup, Leon Trotsky became the head of the Soviet.

In October, the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet was formed, the task of which was to provide paramilitary support to the Bolshevik faction.

The revolutionaries captured the Winter Palace on October 25 (according to the new style - November 7). Representatives of the Provisional Government were arrested, and the head, Alexander Kerensky, fled. The event was called the October Revolution.

The main consequence: the proclamation of Soviet power.