Prepare your hands for a letter to print. Preparing your hand for writing. Olesya Zhukova's recipe. Capletherapy is a great way to prepare

Good day, friends! Some mothers and fathers, while preparing their child for school, pay close attention to whether the child can read and count. And they completely forget about other aspects of the process. For example, about the development of fine motor skills. But the success of a child's education at school directly depends on this. I hope you do not belong to the category of such careless parents. And today I want to tell you about how my beloved preparation Artemka and I are developing our hand for writing.

In general, I would not put an equal sign between the concepts of “fine motor skills development” and “preparation of the hand for writing”. I would put the sign "roughly true". Motor development is a broader concept. After all, motor skills are not only needed for writing, it also affects speech.

Any exercise to develop motor skills prepares the child for writing. But some of the tasks for preparing for writing for motor skills have nothing to do with it.

Lesson plan:

Hand preparation plan.

So, let's figure out how to make small hands withstand the load that will fall on them at school?

1. It is necessary to prepare the small muscles of the arm for work. In order to hold the handle and still perform many small movements, the muscles must be strong. What makes muscles strong? Training of course!
2. You need to make your fingers dexterous, capable of handling small objects. You need to teach your brain to give the right signals to your fingers. Try to remember your feelings when you first used Chinese chopsticks instead of the usual fork and spoon for eating. If this has not happened to you before, then be sure to try it. And you will understand what a small child is experiencing. The fingers do not obey. Not because they do not want to, but because they do not know what is required of them. But if you give them work all the time, they will quickly learn.
3. You need to teach your fingers to hold the handle correctly. And as early as possible. And also explain to the child how to sit at a desk, how to place a notebook in front of you.
4. Performing graphic exercises will definitely benefit the future first grader. Allows him to get used to a new type of activity.
5. A simple checkered sheet of paper is a great trainer for getting ready for school. It is necessary to teach the child to navigate on it.

Well, now in more detail about what exercises we are doing with my youngest son Artemka, who will also go to first grade in the new school year.

We develop arm muscles

All the simulators necessary for the development of manual muscles can be found in any home, these are:

• plasticine;
• scissors;
• paper;
• wire;
• dough;

The list goes on, but sometimes even these simple things are not needed.

Our classes are divided into:

1. Ordinary, familiar, creative work.
2. Finger gymnastics.

Typical creative work is:

• paper cutting;
• applications;
• work with the test;
• wire modeling;

Artem knows how to sculpt from plasticine and loves. So you don't have to force him. I buy the most ordinary plasticine. To knead it, warm it up, you have to try. And that's all we need.

Scissors are also a great simulator. Though dangerous. The main thing is to show the child how to use them correctly. It took a long time for Themes to cut. But we tried, trained and now he has already learned. And it also happens that we do not cut the paper, but tear it with our fingers. Such torn paper makes wonderful unusual applications.

When our grandmother prepares self-made dumplings, and she is a real specialist in this, she is Artyom's behest to help. He gladly helps her. And there is always a piece of dough for Artyom's personal use, with which he then plays, molds, rolls, kneads.

It is interesting to deal with the wire. You can do a lot of it too. Different rings and figures. Artem first makes a frame, and then covers it with plasticine on top. It turns out cool.

Finger gymnastics

I think there are hardly any parents who have never heard of her. There are a lot of different rhymes for which this gymnastics is done. But Artem said that he was already too big for such nursery rhymes. I had to come up with something more modern. And we got the system "Super - fingers!"

Super Fingers System

In essence, this is such a weird story-driven role-playing game. The main participants are my hands and Artyom's hands. We put our hands on the table and they come to life. They talk to each other with our voices. Sometimes, as they blurt out something, then you laugh for half an hour, you cannot calm down. In general, albeit a strange, but very fun game.

My hands are coaches, and Temins came to the fitness club to do sports. The coach shows what to do, the others repeat. Everything is like in life.

Our training plan:

1. "Warm-up". She is the first. Three palms together to warm up before training. Three until warm.
2. "Train the fingers." Starting position - palms on the table, fingers extended forward. And once - swing up the little finger of one hand, and two - swing the ring of the same hand, and three - swing the middle finger. And so we reach the little finger of the second hand, and then back. Next, we begin to wave with two little fingers, two ring fingers, etc.
3. "Barbell". Let's get down to strength exercises. Palms on the table, fingers extended. Clamp a pencil between the second phalanges of the index and middle fingers. And we try to hold the pencil with our fingers and lift it up.
4. "Race walking". The index and middle fingers are like legs. A pencil is again squeezed between them. Holding the pencil, we begin to walk on the table with our fingers. It is impossible to run in this position. The steps are very small.
5. "Rollers". Where do the videos come from in the fitness club? We will discuss this issue later. In the meantime, let's ride. Plastic bottle caps do well with the role of rollers. We "put" the rollers on the index and middle fingers and went for a drive on the table. Be careful, this is a very fast sport. Sometimes hands collide with each other, fall, lose the rollers, cannot stand up for a long time, jerk their legs and shout something unintelligible. And such moments cannot but cause laughter.
6. Ball Exercises. Instead of a ball, we use containers from under the kinders. Pour salt into them to make them heavier. And just roll from one hand to another.
7. And finally, a little entertainment. We arrange spider races. A little preparation, from the counting sticks we lay out the paths along which our spider hands will run. We put the handles at the start. The palms of the table are raised support for all five fingers, well, so that it looks like spiders. Attention! March! And the spiders ran, they are sorting out with their legs, in a hurry. Sometimes they forget, crawl onto the walls and even on our heads.
8. Training is over! You can go home! Stop! And what about "cleaning"? Sticks are scattered all over the table! We collect sticks with one hand, one piece at a time.

Finger dexterity

In order to learn how to handle small objects, you need…. small items.

Beading, knitting, embroidery - all this has a great effect on the development of motor skills. Once I bought Artem a set for making a frog from beads. But my son said that it was not a man's business to weave from beads and advised me to give the set to Alexandra. Sasha is his older sister. And so I did. Sashulya was glad! Artem too!

Well, for Temka they bought a Lego set with small details. He loves to play with him, he can sit for hours and build something. And he does it so well! Already takes pride!

We also have such an iron constructor, as we used to be. The Theme also makes crafts from it. Now he screws some screws, then unscrews the nuts, then attaches the wheels. Basically, different cars are obtained.

Well, for the development of finger dexterity, the child can be offered:

• string beads;
• tie shoelaces and bows on ribbons;
• wind the thread on a ball;
• sort out the grains or lay out pictures from them.

What's the point? Find something small, come up with a game and offer it to your child.

We hold the handle correctly

What is written with a pen cannot be knocked out with an ax!

And what is written with a simple pencil can be easily erased with an eraser.

That is why we do not carry pens for preparatory courses to school. The pencil case contains only simple and colored pencils and an eraser. As the teacher explained, this is necessary so that the children do not worry too much about mistakes and can correct them. They say that it will be so in the first grade.

Pay attention to how your child holds the pencil as he draws.

Correct hand position. The pencil is held by the middle and thumb, and the index finger covers the top of the pencil. The little finger is pressed against the paper. The palm is turned towards the table. We hold the pencil at a distance of 2 cm from the lead. And the free end of the pencil looks at the shoulder.

If you see that the child is holding the pencil incorrectly, then this must be corrected. We cannot close our eyes to this. Otherwise he will write very slowly at school.

You will find five different ways to teach your child to hold a pen correctly.

In order for the child to understand exactly how to hold the pen correctly, it is recommended to stand behind his back, put the pencil correctly in his hand, take his hand in his own and write together.

It is also worth taking care of your posture. Make sure that the child is sitting correctly. The back is flat, the body is slightly forward, but does not lie with the chest on the table. Legs do not hang, not lifted up on a chair, but stand on the floor. The thighs are parallel to the floor. The left hand holds the notebook. Left-handers have the right one.

The notebook is placed in front of the child at an angle, tilted. We put the lamp for right-handers on the left, for left-handers - on the right.

Graphic exercises

Graphic exercises include:

• hatching;
• coloring;
• outline;

To perform graphic tasks, you can purchase a special one, prescription, coloring. There you will find a lot of tasks for the development of graphic skills.

It is better to paint pictures not with felt-tip pens, but with colored pencils. They are more useful in terms of the development of fine motor skills. Since when drawing with pencils, you have to press on them. Make sure that the picture is painted neatly, evenly, without protrusions beyond the lines.

Coloring pages, by the way, can be used for hatching exercises. You need to hatch the pictures in different directions. Vertically, horizontally, diagonally. Follow your child while hatching. Pay attention to whether he turns the leaf over when he goes from vertical to diagonal hatching. This is mistake! You need to learn to control your hand, not a piece of paper.

They perfectly develop the accuracy of hand movements of tasks where it is proposed to circle something. For example, a picture depicted by a dotted line.

Many graphic exercises can be found in children's magazines. Do you buy magazines? We are now "addicted" to the "Extracurricular Journal". This is a very young publication. In March of this year, only issue 4 appeared on sale. In addition to exercises for hands, there are many interesting tasks for the development of memory, attention, thinking.

Orientation on a sheet of paper

To develop orientation, we use a leaf in a large cell.

First you need to explain to the child what a cell is. What do you mean when you say this word. Show where is the top side, bottom side, right side and left side. Try to count the cells.

It's the same with a piece of paper. Where is his center? Where are the top left, top right, bottom left, and bottom right corners? Offer the child tasks such as this, draw some figures in the center and in three corners, and leave one corner empty. Let the child draw something in this corner. Ask him, in which part of the sheet is his drawing?

Three more cool exercises:

1. Drawing by cells.
2. Copying patterns.
3. Mirror painting.

Drawing by cells

For kids 6 - 7 years old the most it. Place a dot on the sheet. This is the beginning of the drawing. The child puts a pencil at the point. And you tell him where he needs to go. For example, 2 cells down, one to the left, three up, etc. You speak, the child listens and draws.

Want to try? Let me dictate, and you draw:

• one cell up
• one cell to the right;
• one up;
• one to the right;
• six cells up;
• five to the left;
• one up;
• one to the right;
• one up;
• one to the right;
• one up;
• one to the right;
• one up;
• two to the right;
• one up;
• one to the right;
• one down;
• two to the right;
• one down;
• one to the right;
• one down;
• one to the right;
• one down;
• one to the right;
• one down;
• five to the left;
• seven down;
• one to the left;
• one down;
• two to the left.

Finished the exercise! Please tell us in the comments what kind of picture did you get?

Patterns are also drawn in cells. You can add creative elements to them, all sorts of circles, waves, dots, crosses. The task of the parents is to start the pattern, the task of the child is to continue it according to the pattern. Well, or you can find samples of patterns in the recipes.

Mirror painting

This is when one part of a symmetrical pattern is drawn, and the other is not. The child, relying on the drawn part of the picture and counting the cells, should draw the whole picture.

Well, that seems to be all, friends.

Ouch! I almost forgot! We also have the Twister game. Only not the one on which you stand with your feet, but a special one for the fingers. Tasks are as follows: thumb to red, middle to blue, little finger to yellow, etc. It only seems that everything is simple. In fact, during the game, your fingers get up so much that you can only marvel!

And let's, friends, be amazed together! From how beautiful our kids' handwriting is, and how wonderful everything is at their school! But for this now you need to work hard. Although, what kind of work is this? Sheer fun and fun games!

And here is also a video on how you can have fun teaching a child to hold a pen correctly.

Now that's all for sure. Those who want to express their point of view, as always, I wait in the comments. Thank you for your attention!

Always yours, Evgenia Klimkovich.

Nowadays, schools are interested in children entering grade 1 prepared, able to write and count.

At the initial stage of learning, many children most often have difficulties with writing: the hand quickly gets tired and "does not obey", letters, numbers and their elements turn out to be ugly, uneven, the child does not fit into the time allotted for the task.

These difficulties are caused by insufficient development of fine motor skills of the fingers and insufficiently formed skills of visual-motor coordination, attention, and analytical perception. This negatively affects the assimilation of the school curriculum by children.

To prevent this from happening, it is very important to start preparing the child's hand for writing in advance.

What is fine motor skills and why to develop it

Fine motor skills of the hands are a set of coordinated actions of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems, often in combination with the visual system in performing fine and precise movements of the hands and fingers.

Physiologists confirm the link between hand development and brain development. Scientists have shown that from an anatomical point of view, about a third of the entire area of ​​the motor projection of the cerebral cortex is occupied by the projection of the hand, located very close to the speech zone. Therefore, the development of a child's speech and intelligence depends on the development of fine motor skills of his hands. The famous teacher V. A Sukhomlinsky argued that "the child's mind is at the tip of his fingers",

The development of fine motor skills affects the general development of the child, his mental activity, visual and motor memory, attention, coordination, imagination, speech. This is also important because in our daily life we ​​constantly need precise coordinated movements of fingers and hands in order to eat, dress, write, do handicrafts, play musical instruments, etc. Therefore, a lot depends on the degree of development of fine motor skills.

And, of course, when preparing a child for school, in order for him to successfully master the skills of writing, it is simply necessary that the fine motor skills of his hands are sufficiently developed for this!

When a child goes to grade 1 with insufficiently developed fine motor skills of his hands, this most often indicates a certain lag in his general development. The child will be given graphic tasks with great difficulty, it will be difficult for him to hold a pencil or pen for a long time, the movements of his hand while writing will be awkward. And of course, this will affect not only handwriting, but also academic success and the development of various work skills.

At what age to start preparing a child's hand for writing

To prepare the child's hand for writing, which means that you can start training the fine motor skills of the child's hands from an early age.

At a very early age, fine motor skills develop in a natural way: the baby first learns to take objects with his hand, then to shift them from one hand to another, etc.

From 3-4 months, you can begin to massage the baby's hands, bend and unbend his fingers, act on the baby's hands and fingers sensory: stroking them, holding them with a fur or knitted toy, etc.

It is very important that these classes take place with a positive emotional background, bring joy to the child, and be a game for him. To do this, our wise ancestors did finger exercises with kids, accompanied by nursery rhymes, i.e. played finger games, such as: "Finger-boy, where have you been", "Magpie-crow", etc.

Finger gymnastics "finger games" is a reenactment of small stories and fairy tales in poetic form with the help of fingers. Finger games are an important part of developing fine motor skills with children of all ages, from toddlers to first grade students.

For greater efficiency in finger games, separate movements of each of the fingers should be used, and the movements for compression, stretching, relaxation of the hand should be alternated.

The duration of finger gymnastics increases with age: for babies up to 3-4 years old, the recommended time is from 3 to 5 minutes, for older children - 10-15 minutes a day.

Finger games are not difficult to find on the Internet through search engines.

From 8 months, it is recommended to train the child's pens more actively: under the supervision of adults, let him sort out and play various objects, at first large, and over time even smaller: details of constructors, mosaics or puzzles, as well as pebbles, shells, small sticks, buttons, stationery paper clips, counting sticks, cereals, etc.

As the child grows up, the activities and games available to him for the development of fine motor skills become much more, and they themselves become more diverse.

What activities help prepare your hand for writing

Children's creativity

Creative classes with children: drawing, applique, cutting, sculpting, etc., greatly contribute to the training of the muscles of the hands and fingers, the development of dexterity and skill of the hands, coordination of movements of both hands, etc., and also actively affect the brain zones responsible for the overall development of the child.

Examples of other activities and games

Also useful for small children's hands are activities such as:

• Drawing. You can draw anywhere and with anything, especially children love non-traditional materials and drawing techniques, for example, kids can be offered finger painting on a tray of sand, semolina or other cereals (for this, semolina is poured onto the tray with a thin layer, for example, and the child holds her finger),
• games with a ball, cubes, pyramids, sorters, mosaics, constructors, puzzles, etc.,
• fastening and unfastening buttons, buttons, hooks,
• stringing beads and buttons,
• lacing,
• weaving ribbons or ropes, weaving braids from them, tying and untiing knots and bows,
• unscrewing and screwing the caps of plastic bottles, cans, bubbles,
• attaching and detaching clothespins,
• search for small items (toys from a kinder, etc.) in a bowl or bag with cereals,
• theater of shadows from hands and fingers
• etc.

Hand massage and self-massage

Hand massage or self-massage is very useful. It needs to be carried out every day 2-3 times. This can be done in the following way.

The simplest massage: movements are performed towards the lymph nodes: from the fingertips to the wrist and from the hand to the elbow. Movement: stroking, rubbing, light pressure, light pinching, patting, flexion and extension of the fingers, and all together, and in turn.

Massage (self-massage) begins with rubbing fingers from the pads to the palms, first on one hand, and then on the other. Then, with the thumb of one hand, rub the palm of the other hand from the center to the edges.

Then various movements are performed, after each of which relaxing strokes or shaking of the hands are done:

• warming up your hands - rub your palms together vigorously so that your hands feel hot,
• movements as when washing hands,
• clench all fingers into a fist and unclench sharply,
• rub your thumb against the other fingers in turn: on the index, on the middle, on the nameless, on the little finger. The exercise is performed simultaneously with both hands,
• squeeze one hand into a fist, then insert the fingers of the other hand into it in turn and scroll several times.
• make "sawing" movements with the edge of one palm on the other,
• with the knuckles of the fingers of one hand clenched into a fist, draw up and down along the palm and fingers of the other hand.

Complete self-massage by relaxing the hands, for this you need to shake them.

So that the massage is not boring, it can be accompanied by verses, an example of verses for massage pens from the site.

Self-massage can be performed using various small objects, for example, rolling a ribbed pencil, bead, peas, cone or nut between your palms or with one hand on a table. This can be done with the words:
“I'm going, I'm going, to a woman, to my grandfather,
On a horse, in a red hat,
On a flat path
On one leg "

Graphic tasks

At the senior preschool age (5-6 years), the development of fine motor skills and hand coordination becomes one of the main stages of preparation for school and, in particular, for writing.

At this age, it is important to pay attention to such activities:

• coloring paper or closed contours in different directions for different drawings (each drawing should have strokes in only one direction),
• shading in different directions with different pressure and stroke length,
• contouring the drawing,
• creating an image using templates or outlining various objects (glasses, jars, your palm, etc.),
• drawing by points;
• drawing by cells according to the sample and by ear,
• additional drawing of images by cells and without them,
• various graphic dictations (for example),
• spelling elements of capital letters.

Most of these tasks are in various manuals for preparing children 5-6-7 years old for school.

Acquaintance with the hygienic rules of writing

Teaching a child to sit correctly when writing or drawing and to hold a pen correctly must begin in advance, before he goes to school. Because it will be very difficult to retrain him, especially in a very difficult period for him, when he will have to do a lot of new and difficult activity for him - writing.

The hygienic rules of writing are the following skills and abilities:

1. Sit correctly when writing.
2. Hold the handle correctly.
3. Correctly coordinate the movements of the fingers, hand, forearm, shoulder when writing.

Compliance with these rules allows you to form the correct writing technique, make it more convenient, easier, beautiful and faster.

And how exactly to do it correctly, an adult must show the child. He also has to monitor their implementation, tk. the child himself, concentrating on completing the task, forgets about them within a few minutes.

Crafts with preschool children

So, being creative and making crafts is very conducive to the development of fine motor skills of hands in children, as well as the acquisition of skills and abilities that children will need at school.

There are a lot of different techniques and ways of creating crafts. Consider the most basic and necessary to prepare for school.

Cutting with scissors. Unfortunately, there are not so few children who go to grade 1 without being able to cut at all. But cutting trains well the muscles of children's fingers, develops coordination of movements. It is necessary to pay attention to the child's ability to cut along straight, broken or curved lines, the ability to cut various shapes: a triangle, a circle, an oval, etc.

Application... The cut-out figures can be glued onto a paper or cardboard background to create an applique. The application can be done with young children who still do not know how to use scissors, if you offer them to glue colored paper torn by them to pieces or ready-made cut-out figures from self-adhesive paper, as well as images cut by an adult from old magazines or figures made with curly punches.

Working with paper and cardboard. Origami... From paper (paper patterns), by making a couple of folds (in more complex models, glue may be required), you can get various paper toys. Also, figures and toys can be made by folding paper (origami). From paper and cardboard, you can make many different crafts that have practical use: postcards, gifts and souvenirs, Christmas tree decorations and decorations, bookmarks.

Molding... You can sculpt from plasticine, salt dough, clay, modeling mass. First you need to learn how to sculpt basic shapes: balls, sausages, circles, and already collect them into various figures, letters, numbers. It is useful to knead plasticine (dough, clay, mass) in your hands, pinch off pieces (you can still cut them with a thread or a stack), and then put them back together again. With pieces of plasticine, you can lay out the contours of the drawings on cardboard or a background, on which you can then create an image using cereals.

To make the development of fine motor skills, as well as the necessary skills in cutting, applique and sculpting, more interesting for the child, you can invite him to play.

An example of playing with plasticine or salt dough: invite your child to roll a small sausage - it will be a worm (snake), and then imagine where the worm will go, what it will see, whom it will meet, etc.: “Once upon a time there was a worm. His name was (let the child come up with the name). The little worm loved to travel. Once he crawls, crawls (we give the worm's body characteristic curves) and sees a river (the child rolls a thick sausage from blue plasticine and flattens it). But the worm cannot swim. How can he get across to the other side? (listening to the child's answers) That's right, we need a bridge. But after all, the worm is so small, he cannot throw a log across the river by himself, you need to help him make a bridge! (the child makes a bridge: rolls out brown plasticine with a sausage and puts it across the "river"). Do you hear, the worm says to you, "Thank you very much for your help!" The worm crawled to the other side, and there - a beautiful flower (roll 7 balls of the same size, arrange the rest around one of them, flatten). And next to the flower is a chicken (roll 2 yellow balls, one larger, the other smaller, connect to each other, draw eyes on the smaller one, draw or glue a beak). Think about what the chicken was doing, whether the worm hid from him or made friends with him, and what happened next.

In a similar way, you can play not with sculpted, but with paper figures. Only all the characters will need to be drawn (at least contour), and then cut out of paper.

You can practice cutting out in other ways: play in the trading base, where the child (seller) must issue checks for purchases. The check must be double, and the seller must cut it exactly in half along the intended line in order to give one part to the buyer, and keep the other for himself for reporting.

You can offer a child to release a ghost, which really wants to fly, but it cannot, because bewitched. To disenchant it, you need to cut it out and tie it to a small twig - children love to run down the street with such toys on a string. And if they are made by hand! In order to get such a ghost, on a piece of paper you need to draw a spiral line rounded at the end with eyes and mouth.

• Thematic set of graphic assignments

P.S. This article is copyrighted and entirely intended solely for private use, publication and use of it on other sites or forums is possible only with the written consent of the author. Commercial use is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved.

Teaching a child to sit correctly when writing, to hold a pen correctly and to navigate in space must be started already in the preparatory period for school. When direct writing begins - a new and difficult activity for the child, it is much more difficult to do this.

· Exercises and tasks to work out the differentiation of the right and left parts of the body.

· Exercises to develop orientation in the surrounding space and on the plane.

· Exercises and flashcards to prepare the hand for writing.

· Exercises to develop tactile sensitivity and complex movements of the fingers and hands.

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Games and exercises to prepare your hands for writing.

The presented recommendations for preparing the hand of a preschool child for writing can be used by educational psychologists, educators, speech therapists and parents. It is known that motor deficiencies adversely affect the development of the visual activity of children, manifested in the difficulties of drawing simple lines, the implementation of small details of the drawing, and in the future - in the difficulties of mastering writing. All of the above speaks of the need for special classes for the development of motor skills of these children in preschool age.

Teaching a child to sit correctly when writing, to hold a pen correctly and to navigate in space must be started already in the preparatory period for school. When direct writing begins - a new and difficult activity for the child, it is much more difficult to do this.

• Exercises and tasks to work out the differentiation of the right and left parts of the body.
• Exercises to develop orientation in the surrounding space and on the plane.
• Exercises and flashcards to prepare your hand for writing.
• Games for the development of fine motor skills: drawing games, games with household items.
• Finger games.

In older preschool years, work on the development of fine motor skills and hand coordination should become an important part of preparing for school, in particular for writing.

Teachers and parents must understand: in order to interest the child and help him master new information, you need to turn learning into a game, do not retreat if the tasks seem difficult, do not forget to praise the child.

Children entering the first grade still have insufficiently developed hand muscles, coordination of movements of the fingers, forearm and shoulder of the writing hand. Children of this age are still poorly oriented in space and on a plane.

Being able to navigate in space is an important prerequisite for many types of learning. Therefore, it is necessary to devote a sufficient amount of time to practicing this skill, conducting classes with the child in the form of various exercises.

To work out the differentiation of the right and left parts of the body, the following exercises can be recommended:

• Show right hand, then left. If the child cannot name the left hand, the adult calls it himself, and the child repeats.
• Raise either your right or your left hand. Take the object with your right, then with your left hand.
• After clarifying the speech designations of the right and left hands, you can begin to distinguish between other parts of the body: right and left legs, eyes, ear.
• You can offer more difficult tasks: show your right ear with your left hand, show your left leg with your right hand, etc.

Having worked out the ideas about the right and left sides of the body, you can go tothe formation of orientation in the surrounding space, for example:

• Determination of the spatial arrangement of objects in relation to the child. "Show which object is on your right" or "Put the book on your left." If it is difficult for a child to complete this task, it should be clarified that on the right is closer to the right hand, on the left is closer to the left.

• Determination of spatial relationships between two or three objects or images.
• The child is invited to take a book with his right hand and put it near his right hand, take a notebook with his left hand and put it on his left hand. Next, the child is asked the question: "Where is the book, to the right or to the left of the notebook?"
• The child is asked to put a pencil to the right of the notebook; put the pen to the left of the book; say where the pen is in relation to the book - to the right or to the left; where is the pencil in relation to the notebook - to the right or to the left.
• Three items are taken. The child is asked to put a book in front of him, put a pencil to the left of it, a pen to the right, etc.

Difficulties in writing are associated, first of all, not with the very writing of the elements of letters, but with the unpreparedness of children for this activity. Therefore, in the preparatory period, it is very important to use a series of exercises that would graduallypreparing the child's hand for writing.These exercises are useful for both left-handed and right-handed children:

• A simple and effective way to prepare your hand for writing - coloring books. Coloring any pictures, the child learns to hold a pencil in his hand, uses the force of pressure. This lesson trains the small muscles of the arm, makes its movements strong and coordinated. We recommend using colored pencils rather than felt-tip pens.
• You can invite your child to copy the drawings they like onto transparent paper. Ornaments and patterns are very useful, as they have a large number of curved lines, which is a good preparation for the child's hand to write capital letters.
• We must not forget about regular exercises with plasticine or clay. Flexing, sculpting figures from this material with his fingers, the child strengthens and develops the small muscles of the fingers.
• There is an interesting way to develop the fingers of the hand - pinching. Children pinch off pieces of paper from a sheet of paper with their fingertips and create a kind of applique.
• In addition, you can recommend stringing beads on a thread, fastening and unfastening buttons, buttons, hooks.

When preparing a child for school, you can also carry out such tasks. Children are offered cards with various shapes (square, circle, cross) and tasks for them. For example:

• Write a letter (draw a stick figure) to the right or left of the vertical line.
• Put a circle, to the right of it - draw a cross, to the left of the cross, put a point.
• Draw a point, below the point - a cross, to the right of the point - a circle.
• Draw a square, to the right of it - a cross, put a dot above the cross.
• Determination of the right and left sides of the object. Take the book with both hands and then show the right and left sides of the book. Determine the right and left sides of the object that lies on the table.

Exercises to develop tactile sensitivity and complex movements of the fingers and hands.

• Identification of an object, letters, numbers by touch alternately with the right and left hand. A more difficult option - the child feels the proposed object with one hand, and sketches it with the other hand (with open eyes).
• Modeling of geometric shapes, letters, numbers from plasticine. For school-age children, modeling not only printed, but also capital letters. Then, the recognition of cobbled letters with closed eyes.
• "Rubber band". For this exercise, you can use an elastic band with a diameter of 4-5 cm. All fingers are inserted into the elastic band. The task is to move the elastic band 360% with the movements of all fingers, first in one direction and then in the other direction. It is performed first with one, then with the other hand.
• "Monkeys". Repeat the movement. An adult, sitting opposite a child, makes a "figure" with the fingers of his hand (some fingers are bent, some are straightened - any combination). The child must bring the fingers of his hand to exactly the same position - repeat the "figure". The task here is complicated by the fact that he still needs to mirror it (after all, the adult is sitting opposite). If this task is difficult for the child, then first you can practice by doing the exercise while sitting next to (and not opposite the child). This will make it easier for him to copy the position of the fingers of the hand.

Drawing games.

If the child has poorly developed fine motor skills and it is difficult for him, then you can play games with drawing.

• Outline squares or circles.
• Move along the maze drawn in advance (the most interesting is when the child draws the maze for the parent, and the parent for the child, and everyone tries to draw in a more confused way).
• Working with stencils.
• Drawing on a board, on a sheet of paper with both hands at the same time. Both hands first move in one direction, then in opposite directions. First, the child draws straight lines - vertical, horizontal, oblique, perpendicular; then various circles, ovals, triangles, squares.

Games with household items.

No special toys, manuals, etc. are required for the games. The games use improvised materials that are in any home: clothespins, buttons, beads, cereals, etc.

• Take a bright tray. Sprinkle fine cereals on a tray in a thin, even layer. Run your finger over the child's rump. You will get a bright contrasting line. Let the kid draw some chaotic lines himself. Then try to draw together some objects (fence, rain, waves), letters, etc.
• From a button mosaic, you can lay out a tumbler, butterfly, snowman, balls, beads, etc.
• Pour 1 kg of peas or beans into a saucepan. The child puts his hands in there and depicts how the dough is kneaded, saying:

"Knead, knead the dough,

There is a place in the oven.

Will - will be out of the oven

Buns and rolls ”.

• Put the peas on a saucer. The child takes a pea with his thumb and forefinger and holds it with the rest of his fingers (as when picking berries), then takes the next pea, then again and again - this is how he picks up a whole handful. You can do this with one or both hands.
• Pour dry peas into a mug. For each stressed syllable, the child places the peas one by one in another mug. First with one hand, then with two hands at the same time, alternately with the thumb and middle fingers, thumb and ring, thumb and pinky.
• We put two stoppers from plastic bottles on the table with the thread up. These are “skis. The index and middle fingers fit into them, like feet. We move on "skis", taking one step for each stressed syllable.

“We are skiing, we are racing down the mountain,

We love the fun of a cold winter. "

You can also try to do this with both hands at the same time.

• The child collects matches (or counting sticks) with the same fingers of different hands (pads): two index fingers, two middle ones, etc. We build a "blockhouse" from matches or counting sticks. The higher and smoother the frame, the better.

• With a clothespin (check on your fingers that it is not too tight), alternately "bite" the nail phalanges (from the index to the little finger and back) on the stressed syllables of the verse:

“The kitten bites badly - silly,

He thinks it's not a finger, but a mouse. (Change of hands)

But I'm playing with you baby

And if you bite, I'll tell you: "Shoot."

• We take a rope (as thick as the little finger of a child) and tie 12 knots on it. The child, fingering the nodes with his fingers, for each node names the month of the year in order. You can make similar devices from beads, buttons, etc.
• We pull the rope at the level of the child's shoulders and give him a few clothespins. For each stressed syllable, the child clings a clothespin to the rope:

“I'll pinch the clothespins deftly

I'm on my mother's rope. "

• The child crumples, starting from the corner, a handkerchief (or a plastic bag) so that it all fits into the fist.
• The child rolls a walnut between his palms and says:

“I roll my nut,

To become the roundest of all. "

• The child holds two walnuts in one hand and rotates them one around the other.

Games for the development of fine motor skills.

• Exercise with a pipette (collect water, press the pipette with two fingers - pour out the water).
• Exercise with tweezers (grab small objects).
• Sorting small items.
• Doll clothes on clothespins (“wash and wring out” doll clothes and hang them on a rope to dry with clothespins).

• A box with clothespins (fasten clothespins along the edge of the box).
• Bolts and nuts (loosen and tighten nuts).
• Hole punch exercises.
• Cocktail tubes (cut and string).
• Beads (string on a string or fishing line).
• Bean drawing (on cardboard, a child draws a simple image, for example, a person). After that, he applies glue on the lines from the pencil and sticks on the beans. Working with small objects such as beans trains the muscles of the hand and fingers.
• Seed sorting (place seeds in a box with cells).
• Mosaic from small pieces of colored paper.
• Toothpick (piercing holes along the contour of the drawing).
• Colored sand (applying sand to the contour drawing).
• Winding threads.
• Transfusion (pouring seeds) of liquids.
• Constructors and plasticine.
• Graphic drawing (stencils, curly rulers), shading.
• Origami - paper construction. The developmental potential of origami is very high. The attractive force of this art is the ability to awaken children's imagination, memory, spatial thinking.

A very important part of the work on the development of fine motor skills isfinger games.These games are very emotional, exciting, captivate the child with their improvisation, spontaneity, theatricality, elements of surprise and presuppose a situation of success. They contribute to the development of speech, creativity and thinking. Finger games, as it were, reflect the reality of the surrounding world - objects, animals, people, their activities, natural phenomena. In the course of finger games, children, repeating the movements of adults, activate hand motor skills. Thus, dexterity is developed, the ability to control their movements, to concentrate attention on one type of activity.

• "Building a house."

Hands are clenched into fists, the thumb is raised up - this is a hammer. Throughout the poem, the hammer drives in the nails (moving from top to bottom with the thumb - first straight, then bent).

All day long knock and knock,

There is a loud knock.

The hammers are knocking

We build a house for rabbits.

The hammers are knocking

We are building a house for squirrels.

This house is for squirrels.

This house is for squirrels

This house is for bunnies

This house is for girls

This house is for boys.

That's what a nice house

How glorious we will live!

We will sing songs

Have fun and dance.

All show finished houses (hands clenched into fists). The teacher praises the houses built by the children.

This house is for Sveta,

It is large and light.

Alyosha lives here,

He's a good boy.

Masha is in this house,

You are our sun.

This one is for Marat,

He will be rich ...

• "A Walk in the Woods".

We went to the forest by bus. We looked at the trees. The wind blew, the branches swayed, the leaves fluttered. Such mushrooms grew under the trees - white and boletus mushrooms. And such a snail was crawling over the fungus. Different flowers grew in the clearing. These are daisies, and these are lilies of the valley, bells. Butterflies fluttered over the flowers and bees buzzed. On the tree there were such birds flying like a nest.

• "Kitten".

The kitten is small, mischievous, fluffy, sharpens its claws. (All fingers are bent so that their pads touch the base of the fingers. The palm is open. The bent fingers "run" in this pressed position. The thumb is necessarily involved.)

This kitten sharpens its claws. The kitten released its claws (fingers open, tensely bent) and began to scratch (fingers run quickly, in this tense bent form).

Ay-yay-yay, kitten, what a naughty you are, it's not good to scratch. Well, hide the claws. ("Kitten" hides the claws, but then starts sharpening them again, etc.)

• "Let's iron a handkerchief for mom."

A crumpled sheet of writing paper is placed in front of each player. It is necessary, using all the fingers of both hands, to smooth it out so that it does not puff up and so that not one of its edges remains closed.

Then do the same using one hand (options are possible: using two thumbs, repeat the same or index fingers, etc.).

• "Cams".

Squeeze your fingers into a fist. Place your hands on your knees. Squeeze them tightly, so that the bones turn white. My hands are tired. We relaxed our hands. We are resting. The hands were warm. It became easy, pleasant. We listen and do as I do. Calmly. Inhale - pause, exhale - pause.

This and each subsequent exercise is repeated 3 times.

Hands on your knees, fists clenched

Strongly, with tension,

Fingers pressed (squeeze fingers)

We squeeze our fingers harder -

Letting go, unclenching.

Easy to pick up and drop

Relaxed brush.

Know girls and boys

Our fingers are resting.

Exercises for finger gymnastics.

You can spend 1.5 - minutes in morning exercises or 2-3 minutes in class to train the movements of the fingers. It is necessary to constantly monitor that there is no overdose. Exercises should be given in small portions, but they should be done with an optimal load, with a large range of motion. Careless, relaxed exercise is ineffective. Particular attention should be paid to training movements of increased complexity, that is, those that our fingers do not do in everyday life. It is this training of the fingers that gives a visible effect.

• "Freezing" - breathe on your hands and rub your palms from the "cold".
• "Seaweed" - put your palms upright (fingers up) and wiggle your fingers.
• "Waves" - bend your elbows, interlace your fingers, connecting your hands. Make several smooth undulating swaying with clasped hands, raising one or the other elbow.
• "Stones" - clench your hands into fists and put them on the table.
• "Crayfish" - press your fists together. The thumbs are on top, and the index and middle fingers are extended forward - these are the "claws" of the cancer; move your fingers - this is how "claws" work.
• "Birds are flying" - with the fingers of both hands, raised towards you with the back side, make up and down movements.
• "Pies" - transfer imaginary pies from hand to hand.
• "Broom" - with the tips of your fingers apart, drive along the table from left to right and from right to left, as if you sweep the floor with a broom.
• "We wash the dishes" - put one palm on the other and make circular motions, as if you were washing dishes.
• "Web" - spread the fingers wide on both hands, and then fold the fingers of the right hand on the fingers of the left so. So that they intersect like the threads of a spider web.
• "Bunny" - squeeze your fingers into a fist, and then, putting up the index and middle fingers, move the "ears".
• "Wolf" - put your palms together so that the thumbs are raised up and slightly apart to the side. These are wolf ears. Bend your index fingers - this is a wolfish "forehead". The rest of the fingers form a "snout".

The above techniquespreparing hands for writing in a preschoolercontribute to the development of not only the muscles of the hand, their coordination, but also the eye, as well as the formation of internal speech, figurative and logical thinking.

Yulia Onokhova
Preparing the hands of preschool children for writing

1. Introduction.

2. Relevance.

5. Formation of elementary graphic skills

6. Conclusion.

1. INTRODUCTION

In senior preschool age there is a rapid development and restructuring in the work of all physiological systems of the body baby: nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal. The child quickly gains in height, weight, body proportions change. Significant changes in higher nervous activity occur.

The physiological readiness of the child to study at school is formed.

Senior preschool age plays a special role in mental development baby: during this period of life, new psychological mechanisms of activity and behavior begin to form.

Senior preschool age- a period of active development and formation of cognitive activity. By the end preschool age children give a clear preference for intellectual activities over practical ones.

During this period, there are significant changes in the structure of the content of children's activities.

The child develops psychological and personal readiness for systematic schooling.

Question preparing a preschooler for writing skills is part of the problem preparation for learning for school, which every year, in the light of changes in school curricula, becomes more and more relevant.

Today the task of training preschoolers letter does not have an unambiguous solution. Some scholars and methodologists strongly oppose the inclusion of letters to the preschool education program, even in preparatory groups, motivating their opinion by the insufficient readiness of the child's body for this type of activity, the high probability of deterioration in his health, not knowledge of the educational methods of teaching letter... Others, on the other hand, believe that many learning difficulties children letter in elementary school can be avoided by conducting purposefully preparatory work at the preschool stage.

Other authors suggest abandoning the task preparing preschoolers for school, since this, in their opinion, "Denies the intrinsic value of living in the era of childhood"... It is difficult to agree with this. Firstly, any period of a person's life has an intrinsic value and uniqueness. Secondly, mental development is a stage-by-stage process that has a cumulative (cumulative) character. This means that the transition to a higher stage of development is possible only when the necessary prerequisites for this are formed at the previous stage - age-related neoplasms... If by the end age period they are not formed, then in this case they speak of a deviation or delay in development.

Consequently, preparation a child by the school period of development is one of the most important tasks preschool training and education. Thirdly, the main condition for the full development in children's age is purposeful and deliberate guidance from adults - teachers and parents. And this, in turn, is possible only when work with a child is built on a clear understanding of the laws of mental development and the specifics of subsequent age stages, knowing what age neoplasms are the basis for the further development of the child.

2. RELEVANCE

The practice of teaching in grade 1 shows that the greatest difficulties for first graders during the literacy period arise when performing graphic exercises. Causes of this: first, lack of interest in mastering letters and performing graphic exercises; secondly, insufficient "maturity" small muscles of the hands; thirdly, lack of experience in performing graphic exercises. In conditions preschool institutions, children acquire graphic skills in the classroom of the fine arts, and small hand movements are developed in the process of design and during the performance of labor actions. Observations of children starting school show that this is not enough to preparing hands for writing, a well-thought-out system of special classes and exercises for the formation of children graphic skills not only in preschool but also at home.

Have children in a number of speech disorders, general motor impairment expressed in varying degrees is noted, as well as deviations in the development of movements of the fingers, since the movements of the fingers are closely related to speech function. Authors such as NS Zhukova, EM Mastyukova, T, B. Filicheva describe individual techniques for the development of motor skills in children... such scientists as E. M. Mastyukova, M. I. Ippolitova L. A. Danilova give more detailed recommendations on the formation of motor skills and differentiated fingers.

Scientists who study the activity of the child's brain, psyche children, note the great stimulating value of the function arms... Employees of the Institute of Physiology children and adolescents of the APN found that the level of speech development children is in direct proportion to the degree of formation of fine movements of the fingers (M. M. Koltsova).

Defined suggestions for initial training letter were entered by E... V. Guryanov on the basis of both laboratory experiments and experimental teaching in individual schools (proposals for setting only one problem in the initial introduction letters, O letter without oblique mesh and others). As a result of the experiment in individual schools and when checking the results of the experiment, E.N.Sokolova created a new method of teaching graphic skills letters.

It is quite natural that any new technique develops on the basis of

previous achievements. But in some periods of the existence of the method of teaching graphic skills letters it was not creatively applied, but dogmatic, which could lead to stagnation in teaching or even cause him some harm. An example of this can be the indication that existed at one time that children should not be shown an erroneous image of letters and syllable combinations. This indication took into account only one feature. children- their imitation.

Another example of a dogmatic attitude towards this method can be considered a complete denial of the possibility of using the copying method.

The lack of scientific development of verification of techniques leads to the fact that

certain provisions are mechanically transferred from one teaching aids to others without taking into account the changing learning conditions, tools letters and others... So, for example, until recently, instructions were given in the methodology for letter hold the pen in your hand so that its upper end is directed to the right shoulder. This position has been extended for the most comfortable quill pen letters... When switching to letter with a ballpoint pen, this requirement has become completely unjustified. It is better to formulate it So: the free end of a ballpoint pen at letter at the beginning of the line is directed to the right of the writer. As the line fills, it becomes more and more directed towards the writer.

It is very important to do a lot of research on the process of mastering the skills letters not only individual methodological techniques, but also studying the effect of mastering a tool letters on the quality of the letter and its speed.

In order for the teaching of calligraphy and the use of methodological techniques to be less dogmatic, a certain culture of the teacher is necessary (knowledge of not only methods, but also the laws of the formation of skills in a certain age, in perspective, knowledge of individual capabilities children, creative approach to the learning process, passion for their work.

Methodology for teaching calligraphy skills letters is given to the teacher so that in certain specific conditions he can apply methodological techniques, taking into account the individual characteristics of individual students and the average level of the majority of students in the class. This applies most of all to speed. letters and letter combinations.

Let us dwell on what problems are currently

controversial and how they are resolved in different countries. Currently, the main problems in teaching methods can be considered following: a) how to teach writing children 5-6 years old; b) how to teach detachable and non-detachable letter; c) how to apply the ruled in teaching letter; d) how to teach straight or oblique letter; e) which hand to teach letter; f) what should be written font.

The most controversial problem is learning children letter to

age 6 years... As you know, in this aged hand of a child(small

muscles of the fingers, coordination of movements, not finished ossification of the hand) is not ready for rapid mastery by letter... Children in this age can successfully master the reading process, but development is slow letters inhibits the child's acquisition of literacy.

If training letter goes simultaneously with the mastery of reading, then the child masters reading better, consolidating what is learned in the lessons letters... At the same time, the child writes so slowly that either he will not fix almost anything from what he is reading, or, if not rushed, he is in a hurry from the very beginning and spoils the developing handwriting. This contradiction prompted methodologists from different countries to search for a solution to the problem. So, in England, America, Germany, Sweden and a number of other countries in initial training instead of italic letter was entered in block letters, a font with a small number of elements; letter called the manuscript. However, this did not lead to a solution to the problem - speed and quality letters have not improved, and in addition, a special

concern was when and how to retrain children writing italic.

In some countries (for example, in Czechoslovakia, in order to facilitate the work of children and eliminate the most difficult finger movements during letters, first taught by large in writing, then smaller and smaller. In Poland, teaching to read was practiced on written font, thus the child memorized at first a smaller number of designated letters.

In some US schools, instead of the original letters the original machine printing was introduced.

In Bulgaria during the transition to education children from 6 years of age learning to write

lags behind learning to read. First, they teach reading, and at this time, preparation and writing - writing elements, exercises for the development of finger movements.

Although there is much rational in this quest, the problem of learning children 5-6

years old letter is not resolved... Recently, questions have been resolved about the role of creating a visual and tactile image of a letter, an attempt preparation motor skills before and during training letter... In our work, there were attempts of this kind (Yu. I. Fausek, N. G. Agarkova, E. N. Sokolova, N. A. Fedosova, N. A. Zaitsev). An introduction to initial learning about machine typing, combined with other techniques, can speed up the solution to this problem.

Many authors believe that in the initial teaching of calligraphy children the primary school process should be equipped with more than just the use of samples letters in the form of words and display teacher letters... It is also necessary to create educational films, display process letters, misspelling and others.

Further research and development by graphic scientists letters and the teacher's creative experience will lead to improved methods of forming calligraphic skills letters.

5. Three directions preparation the child to learn the technique letters

In order to reduce the costs of physical, mental, nervous forces, to reduce the psychological stress on the child, it is necessary to conduct a significant preparatory work.

For the formation of a skill, it is required that the student is prepared to teaching this skill, and each skill requires preparation their specific areas. Sometimes it can be formed only on the basis of another skill that has already been significantly formed.

What does a child need to successfully master by letter?

Very important for mastering the skill letters development of finger and hand movements arms... These movements develop in the child gradually throughout preschool period... If the grasping of objects - a ball, a cube - is formed in a child by about 15 months, then graphic movements require more complex coordination. If you do not specifically exercise the child's hand, children even at the age of six have difficulty performing graphic exercises. Beautiful letter necessarily requires compliance with not only the same height of the letters when letter, but also constant distances between elements of letters and between letters, as well as certain distances between words on a line. That is why one of the requirements for mastering graphics letters the development of spatial representations in the child appears.

The main indicator of good handwriting, in addition to its clarity, is smoothness, rhythm, lightness and speed. letters... Indeed, the rhythm in letter relieves muscles from excessive tension, the hand gets tired much less, movements are easier. In turn, the rhythm of the writer depends on the speed. letters... In this regard, according to scientists (A.R. Luria, E.V. Guryanov, O.I. Galkina, T.S. Komarova, I.N.Sadovnikov, M.M. letters are needed: coordination of movements, spatial representation. Feelings of rhythm.

The process of mastering the skill letters obeys the laws of the formation of any motor skill. In this regard, the development of the motor component letters on preschool stage plays an extremely important role. The richer the child's motor experience, the easier motor skills are formed. this experience, aimed at a specific motor action ( letter, can be successfully acquired by performing specially selected exercises.

Exercises aimed at the development of motor skills must be performed systematically for a more effective, early correction of the child's speech and preparing his hand for writing.

Preparing children to teaching calligraphy is carried out in several directions:

Gymnastics of fingers and hands;

Orientation on a sheet of paper;

Formation of elementary graphic skills (from 5-5.5 years old - recommended by physiologists and doctors).

The maturity of fine motor skills of the hands ensures the accuracy of graphic actions due to muscle control. This is the dexterity of the fingers and hands, the coordination of their movements. For the development of fine motor skills of the hands, the following techniques are used and exercises:

o Hand massage,

o Finger gymnastics and finger games,

o Performing movements with small objects (mosaic, construction set, stringing beads, tying strings, buttoning, cutting with scissors,

o Special exercises for preparing hands for writing.

The development of motor skills is closely related to the development of the child's speech. Therefore, the earlier the child will be offered games and exercises aimed at developing motor skills, the earlier the child will begin to speak correctly and clearly. There are many easy ways to develop motor skills. preschool children.

exercises for the lips exercises for the tongue

ARTICULATION

MOTORIKA

SMALL TOTAL

Application - theatrical activity

Carving - plastic sketches

Modeling - outdoor games

Drawing - games for coordination of speech and movements

Hatching logo

Stroke - dance activity

Completing the subject

Point-to-point connection

Collecting a pattern from objects

(beads, rice, buttons, etc.)

Finger theater

Finger games

Finger gymnastics.

Scientists have come to the conclusion that the formation of speech areas occurs under the influence of kinetic impulses from the hands, or rather from the fingers. Performing various exercises with the fingers, the child achieves a good development of fine motor skills of the hands, which not only has a beneficial effect on the development of speech (since this inductively inductively occurs in the centers of speech, but also prepares the child for drawing, letter... The hands acquire good mobility, flexibility, stiffness of movements disappears, which will further facilitate the acquisition of skills letters... Finger games are very emotional and exciting. They seem to reflect the reality of the surrounding world - objects, animals, people, their activities, natural phenomena. In the course of finger games, children, repeating the movements of adults, activate hand motor skills. Thus, dexterity, the ability to control their movements, to concentrate on one type of activity are developed.

For finger and hand exercises, you can use any of the Finger gymnastics released in our country. Some manuals also include exercises to develop the child's ability to navigate on a piece of paper.

Gymnastics for the fingers is divided into passive and active. Passive gymnastics is recommended as a preliminary stage before active gymnastics for children with a low level of fine motor development.

Passive hand exercises include hand massage, which should not cause unpleasant sensations in the child. It is advisable to use the following techniques massage: stroking, light rubbing and vibration. Massage movements are performed from the fingertips to the wrist. Start with stroking and finish the massage session with stroking (stroking is carried out slowly, smoothly)... When performing the rubbing technique, more pressure is applied than when stroking. Vibration consists in striking one after another with the tips of bent fingers. Massage is best done with one hand. The massaged limb is fixed with the other hand. The duration of the massage is 3-5 minutes. Massage can be performed daily or every other day 10 - 12 times, if necessary, the course can be repeated after 10 - 30 days. During the massage, you can listen to pleasant, better classical music. More details about the rules of massage, massage exercises can be found in the book by E. Krause "Speech therapy", 2003 and other scientists.

Active gymnastics includes games with objects, finger games with the accompaniment of words, exercises without speech accompaniment.

Gymnastics for fingers and hands is carried out for 2-3 minutes at the beginning and in the middle of each lesson for preparation for literacy... Children will memorize the words accompanying gymnastics with great interest if the game is related to the topic of the lesson or the material already passed. Therefore, I propose a collection of special exercises, which contains games aimed at developing general and fine motor skills on various topics.

Development arms playing with mosaics and other small objects, modeling, drawing, weaving, rhythmic exercises, physical education also contribute.

Complexes of finger exercises are offered. "Finger games" is a dramatization of any rhymed stories, fairy tales with the help of fingers. Many games require the participation of both hands, which makes it possible for children to navigate in the concepts of "right", "left", "up", "down", etc., such games develop not only fingers and speech, but also form spatial-imaginative thinking, sensory perception, creative imagination and logic of the child.

These games are very important for the development of creativity. children... If the child has mastered any one "finger game", he will definitely try to come up with a new dramatization. Children over 5 years old can decorate games with a variety of props - houses, cubes, small objects, etc. to prepare for the letter, start with"finger games" to stretch the fingers, activate hand motor skills for the children to successfully complete various graphic exercises. Carrying out time 3 - 7 minutes.

Games with cereals, beads, buttons, small stones.

These games have an excellent tonic and healing effect. Children are encouraged to sort, guess with closed eyes, roll between thumb and forefinger, press down alternately with all fingers of both hands to the table, while trying to make rotational movements. You can teach a child to roll one fingers arms two walnuts or pebbles, with one fingers arms or between two palms with a hexagonal pencil. You can invite children to lay out letters, silhouettes of various objects from small items: seeds, buttons, twigs, etc. All lessons using small items should be under the strict supervision of adults.

Cutting with scissors.

The teacher pays special attention to mastering the basic cutting techniques - the skills of cutting in a straight line, the ability to cut various shapes (rectangular, oval, round)... The challenge is to fail children to a generalized understanding of the ways of cutting out any objects. When explaining an assignment, you must learn children not only passively assimilate the cutting process, but also encourage them to give a verbal description of the teacher's hand movements when showing cutting methods. Getting symmetrical shapes when folding accordion-folded paper, children must learn that they are not cutting out the whole shape, but half of it.

Elder preschoolers begin to master without preliminary drawing, preparation contour lines with silhouette cutting skills. When teaching silhouette cutting, the technique of tracing the contour of an object in the air is successfully used. The development of the ability to "see" an object in the air is facilitated by the systematically conducted games "Guess what I'm drawing?" (children or a teacher outline an object in the air, guess)... Before you start cutting out a silhouette, you should think about where, from what angle, in which side of the sheet, to direct the scissors, that is, learn to plan the upcoming action.

The ability to confidently use scissors plays a special role in the development of manual skill. For it is difficult for preschoolers, requires coordination of movements. Symmetrical cutting, cutting out various figures from old postcards, magazines is a useful and exciting activity for future first graders.

Drawing, coloring.

Need to teach children paint carefully, without going beyond the contours of the depicted objects, evenly applying the desired color. Coloring, as one of the easiest activities, is introduced largely for the sake of learning by children necessary for letters hygiene rules. At the same time, it continues to be a means of developing coordinated actions of the visual and motor analyzers and strengthening the motor apparatus of the writing arms... A child, performing coloring work, in contrast to the work associated with writing letters, does not feel tired, he does it with pleasure, freely, although his hand does the same manipulations as in letter... Since this work does not hinder the child, he can concentrate on the main task - the implementation of hygiene rules. letters.

Drawing with different materials (pen, pencil, colored pencils, chalk) requires varying degrees of pressure in order for a trace of the writing object to remain on the paper. This also contributes to the development of manual skill.

Working with paper. Origami. Weaving.

The development of precise movements and memory is helped by weaving rugs from paper strips, folding boats, paper animal figures. It is necessary to introduce children with tools for processing paper, show the techniques of folding and folding paper, give initial information about the types of paper (writing, drawing, newspaper, wrapping).

After studying special literature, based on the results of conversations with teachers preschool institutions and primary school teachers, I consider it appropriate to systematize the work aimed at developing graphic skills in kindergarten. So, for example, various exercises aimed at the development of fine motor skills should be used not only in specially designed activities (construction, modeling, drawing, but also in the process of studying the world around them, mathematics, speech development, literacy training, carry out exercises directed on a separate line) on the development of graphic skills in perspective and scheduling. (Application) It is also necessary to carry out work among parents: advise, explain the importance of work aimed at developing graphic skills in preschool age, suggest literature and special exercises.

6. Formation of graphic skills

Preparation for learning writing it is advisable to lead simultaneously in all directions.

The formation of interest in graphic exercises should begin in play activities, first putting play tasks: "Draw a pattern in the cells", "Draw an object point by point", "Connect the dots" etc., these play exercises provide hand training child and make it possible to perform more complex tasks in the future.

Letter from the very beginning is a conscious act. Teaching him is associated with the requirement of a correct and clear image. written signs, as well as with the education of perseverance, the desire to achieve the best results, the education of accuracy, respect for the notebook.

Education letter impossible without the development of attention, observation and such complex forms of mental activity as analysis and synthesis. Learning success letter largely depends on how active the child is, which, in turn, is determined by the education of the correct attitude towards writing assignments.

Orientation exercises on a sheet of paper are usually advisable at the end of the lesson.

In the book « Preparation for literacy training» clearly tells how the child should sit correctly when letter how to position the notebook, how to hold the pen correctly. Also, at present, a lot of workbooks and developmental recipes are being produced (edited by E. I. Sokolova, V. Dmitriev "Magic recipes", S. E. Gavrina, N. L. Kutyavina "Learning to write and draw", Pushkov A.E. "Exercises to develop clear lines", Tatarinkova L. Yu. "Preparing a hand for letter» and others) where the system of work on the formation of graphic skills is described in detail and, most importantly, practical material is given.

At the initial stage of training letter children need a lot of time to realize the actions that they must carry out, and then consolidate their correct execution and bring them to automatism through repeated precise repetitions. Requirement "write faster" leads to the fact that the child does not have time to fix the correct way of drawing lines.

Every person has their own pace letters... The desire of an adult to accelerate the formation of a skill at the initial stage letters without taking into account the characteristics of the child, it can lead to the opposite result. When forming a graphic skill, the correctness and thoroughness of each task is important, and not the speed of actions and not the amount of writing. Duration of execution of graphic tasks should not exceed 5-6 minutes.

For preparatory graphic exercises initially use unlined paper. The sequence of tasks in the currently issued workbooks is based on the patterns of the formation of graphic skills letters as a motor act. First of all, rhythmic circular movements are practiced. arms having a wide scope. For this, outline images of objects such as a snail, a ball of thread, a hose, etc. are given. Children circle, for example, "House" snails, start with the largest turn and, trying not to tear the pen from the paper, carry out smaller and smaller turns. Wavy lines, semi-ovals, ovals, loops are located in the drawings so that the child moves from wide movements to smaller ones. It is advisable to precede the lines on paper "Rehearsal" the upcoming movement in the air.

The children then shade various geometric shapes. Hatching is a new stage in the development of the voluntary activity of a 6–7 year old child. Children have to comply with rather tough requirements: hatch, without going beyond the contour of the drawing, only in the given direction, observe the same distance between the lines.

The systematic performance of a variety of tasks on unlined paper and shading allows children to painlessly move to letter in the student notebook. They learn to circle a working line, draw borders within it, and write elements of letters. In order to make it easier for the child to memorize graphic images of complex elements of letters, they are associated with real objects (for example, a straight line with a rounding - umbrella handle).

Graphic exercises and shading.

First, they are performed on unlined paper. Contribute preparing hands for writing... The development of fine motor skills is determined not only by the clarity and beauty of the image of the lines, but also by the lightness and freedom: movement arms should not be constrained, tense. Correctly maintaining graphic proportions, writing fluently and symmetrically is important for developing a beautiful and clear handwriting. The child should try not to pull the pen off the paper or break the lines. When drawing straight lines, clearly visible handwriting clarity and confidence of movement arms... The ability to freely draw smooth lines from left to right is important when shaping handwriting.

The ability to write with a slope from top to bottom and from bottom to top is essential in the formation of handwriting. Graphic exercises also contribute to the development of accuracy of movements, attention and control of one's own actions.

Hatching is one of the most important exercises. Mastering the mechanism letters children develop such confidence to stroke that when they begin writing in notebooks, they will get it like a person who wrote a lot.

Shading rules:

Only hatch in the specified direction.

Do not go beyond the contours of the figure.

Observe the parallelism of the lines.

Do not bring the strokes together, the distance between them should be 0.5 cm.

Performing various exercises for preparing for the letter, the child and the educator must constantly remember and observe hygiene rules letters, bringing their execution to automatism. Compliance with hygiene rules will help the child to overcome the difficulties of the technical side in the future. letters.

Education letter.

Developing the correct posture, an inclined position of the notebook on the desk and the ability to hold a pencil and pen when writing and drawing.

Preparatory exercises for the development of the eye, hand arms and small muscles fingers: stroking and shading paths, connecting lines and shapes, drawing and painting patterns and borders in a continuous motion arms... Mastering the line. Preparing to write letter elements.

Letter elements letters: straight oblique short sticks, straight oblique long sticks, sticks with a rounding at the bottom, long sticks with a loop, sticks with rounding up and down, semi-oval and oval.

Letter- a complex coordination skill that requires well-coordinated work of the muscles of the hand, the entire arms, correct coordination of movements of the whole body. Mastering the skill letters- a long and laborious process that is not easy for all children. Preparing to write- one of the most difficult stages preparation child to systematic education. This is due to the psychophysiological characteristics of a 5-6 year old child, on the one hand, and with the process itself letters, on the other side.

According to psychologists and physiologists, children of this age small muscles are poorly developed arms, coordination of movements is imperfect, ossification of the wrists and phalanges of fingers is not complete. Visual and motor analyzers, which are directly involved in the perception and reproduction of letters and their elements, are at different stages of development, at the very initial stages of learning letter children do not see elements in letters. They cannot distinguish them from the whole letter, and they do not fully perceive the configuration of the letter, not noticing small changes in the elements of its structure.

The success of the work on the formation of motor skills depends on its systematicity and regularity. Classes on preparing hands for writing are held 2 times a week, the duration of the lesson is 30 minutes. for children 5 - 7 years old.

Tasks should bring joy to the child, boredom and overwork should not be allowed.

Exercises are offered to children to develop graphic skills in 5-6 year olds children... Further, the child will have to learn to draw circles, semi-ovals, ovals, loops. A regular checkered notebook should be used here.

6. CONCLUSION.

So, preparing children for school, to the successful fulfillment of their future social function of students is one of the most important tasks preschool educational institution.

IN preschool institutions are given attention preparing children for learning... Under the guidance of educators, children acquire the most necessary knowledge and basic skills in various types of educational work. They learn the simplest actions of almost all disciplines of elementary school - drawing, sculpting, singing, learning poetry, getting to know the number and letters, observing nature, doing physical exercises. But only letter not included in the training program, as this age for most children it is not available.

Thus, a number of authors who have studied the problem of learning letter, recommends on preschool stage of education and training to actively use the available means. They highlight drawing, modeling, applique as the most effective activities for preparing children to mastering graphics letters.

However, the movements made in the process letters, cannot be reproduced in full, neither in drawing, nor in modeling - the closest to writing activities... Process letters involves other finger movements in the work, visual perception is also subordinated to other goals than in visual activity.

In teaching practice letter sometimes there is an undesirable transfer of some of the techniques learned by children in preschool drawing... For example, the techniques for holding a pencil are transferred to the position of the pen in the hand when letter... And they don't quite match. The habit of drawing straight lines leads some children to that that the requirement to write on oneself when the paper is tilted leads to a straight letter... A stick at any position of the paper is written perpendicular to the line of the line. Of course, not everyone is equally influenced by past experience. However, special techniques are required to overcome this habit. (Zheltovskaya L. Ya., Sokolova E. N.).

Unfortunately, the use of special notebooks in which exercises aimed at developing graphic skills are published are not used in preschool institutions, due to the fact that they are not provided for by the software requirements. After studying special literature, research by scientists and educators preschool institutions, as well as the opinion of primary school teachers, I believe that it is necessary to make a separate line of exercises aimed at developing graphic skills in perspective and scheduling in learning and development preschool children.

Application

thematic plan

month week Topic total

September 1 Introductory lesson. 2

2 Autumn. Shading 2

3 Autumn leaf fall (work with beads)... Contour 1

4 Migratory birds (origami)... Shading 1

October 1 Fruit (stencil printing)... point trace 1

2 House (modular application)... Contour 2

3 Autumn tree in the rain (drawing)... Hatching

4 Berries (stencil printing)... Contour 1

November 1 Pets (application)... point trace 2

2 Fairy tales (origami)... Shading 1

3 Mother's Day (plasticine picture)... Contour 2

4 First snow (finger drawing) Hatching

December 1 Winter ... point trace 2

2 Spruce branch ... Hatching

3 Making a panoramic New Year's card Contour 2

4 Decorating the Christmas tree ... Shading 1

1 Snowman (wire work)... Contour 2

2 Patterns on glass (magic drawings).

3 Trees in the snow ... Hatching

4 White birch (drawing with applique elements)... point trace

1 Zimushka - winter (drawing)... Contour 1

2 Polar bear admires the northern lights (drawing and applique)... point trace 2

3 Clothes ... Shading 1

4 Tea set (applique.) point trace 1

2 The kingdom of wild beasts (work with threads). 2

Blooming spring (drawing)... Contour 1

4 Spring flower (origami) point trace 1

April 1 Aquarium (volumetric applique)... Shading 1

2 Cosmonautics Day ... Contour 1

3 Lilies of the valley ... point trace 2

4 First puddles (drawing on a wet sheet)... Shading 1

May 1 Spring rain (painting technique spatter). 1

2 In the meadow (work with beads and cereals)... Contour 1

3 Insects (origami)... Shading 1

4 Insects (volumetric applique) point trace 2

Section, topic

Goals and objectives, type of activity.

Practical activities.

Drawing

Topic "Pictures in the Sand"... Reveal the level of formation of graphic skills in children,

Ability to trace a drawing by points and color it

Identifying the leading hands in children

Check the ability to navigate on a piece of paper,

Work on the development of coordination of movements with speech

Learn to connect dots without lifting the pencil from the sheet, learn to control the force of pressure on the pencil.

Dotted Drawing

2. Autumn drawing

"Leaf fall"

To develop an aesthetic perception of color in nature and the art of landscape; learn to create a decorative composition, placing images over the entire surface of the sheet.

Develop color perception. Teach children see the borders of the drawing.

Mixing paint directly on the leaves.

Topic "Autumn".

Autumn forest

Beadography

Learn to make a base from plasticine, lay out a drawing from beads.

Development of fine motor skills

To acquaint with the method of creative work by beading. Creating a pattern using different materials.

4 Birds (migratory) origami Development of fine motor skills.

Continue teaching to follow verbal instructions

Getting to Know the Art of Origami Origami Bird

Exercise in stencil printing technique; instill the skill of working in a team.

Introduce a new method - stencil printing. Develop a sense of rhythm.

Creating a drawing using a stencil.

6. Modular application. We will build a house ourselves

Continue to work on the development of general and fine motor skills, to exercise in coordination of speech with movement

Train arm muscles

Master the methods of modular application.

Learn to tear off paper along the contour Form the ability to plan work and technologically implement a creative idea

Modular application

7. Drawing "Autumn tree in the wind and rain"

Exercise in the ability to build your activities according to verbal instructions.

Learn to portray a tree in windy weather.

The development of fine motor skills of the hands, exercise in the coordination of hand movements.

To consolidate the skills of working with colored pencils (shading, drawing vertical lines, curved lines with different pressure, without lifting the pencil from the paper

Drawing "Berries" Development of fine motor imagination, aesthetic taste.

Learn to navigate on a piece of paper.

Learn to control movement arms, brushes, control the pressure.

imprint

9. Pets (application)... Develop a sense of color, composition. Continue learning to navigate on paper. Learn to perform a plot application consisting of two characters. applique

10 Fairy Tales (origami)... Create interest in preparing mini performances based on familiar fairy tales.

The development of fine motor skills, continue to teach how to perform the task according to the model Working with paper, continue to teach how to fold paper according to the model, carefully, calculate the strength of the brush when smoothing the paper

11 Mother's Day (plasticine picture)... Development of the imagination of fine motor skills of the sense of color.

Acquaintance with the type of painting - portrait Continue to teach children work with plasticine, teach in proportion to draw parts of the face with a pencil, select a contrasting color of beads

Modeling drawing, working with beads

12 First Snow (finger drawing) Development of imagination.

Continue teaching orientation on a piece of paper.

Development of fine motor skills of hands

Introduction to the technique of drawing with your fingers Drawing with your fingers

13 Winter (drawing with applique elements)... Arouse interest in depicting a winter landscape. Emotional response to poetic images.

Use a cold range of colors when transferring winter flavor.

Training arm muscles Learn to use the drawing technique - poke (drawing with a hard, semi-dry brush, and sprinkling

Adding birch (volumetric applique) by gluing Drawing with paints. applique

14 spruce branch (drawing with cotton swabs)... Development of visual - spatial perception.

Creation of a festive mood, a positive emotional response.

Learn to draw needles at a certain distance from each other Acquaintance with an unconventional drawing technique - cotton swabs Drawing by an unconventional method

15 Making a panoramic New Year card (applique with construction elements) Development of visual - motor functions, exercise in orientation on the sheet. Creation of a festive mood, a positive emotional response.

Learn how to make homemade greeting cards with a surprise. Application with construction elements.

16 Decorating the Christmas tree (application using cotton pads)... Learn to follow the pattern, learn to use glitter, cotton pads in the applique.

Development of fine motor skills, attention, imagination. Learn to work with glue, cotton pads, gloss. Monitor the accuracy of the work.

Application using cotton pads.

17 Snowman (wire work)

Learn to work with wire, familiarity with safety precautions

Bulky work. Wire product

18 Patterns on glass (magic drawings)... Creation of a festive mood, a positive emotional response.

The development of fine motor skills of the hands.

Learn to paint, evenly placing one tone of paint on the sheet. Drawing is a surprise. Work with paints

19 Trees in the snow (work on a plasticine base and with cereals)... Call at children interest in depicting a winter landscape, teach to reflect the impressions received while observing winter nature. Learn to make a plasticine base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. Along a given contour, press the groats one by one, so that you get a silhouette of a tree in the snow.

Picture - plasticine

20 White birch (drawing with applique elements)... Learn to create a plot composition, portray a winter (silver) birch based on the poem.

Work on the development of motor skills and visual perception.

Harmoniously combine different visual techniques.

Drawing with applique elements.

21 Zimushka - winter (drawing)... Learn to reflect the impressions received while observing the winter landscape.

Exercise in orientation on the plane, work on the development of visual-spatial perception

Continue learning to use non-traditional drawing techniques Drawing

22 Polar bear admires the northern lights (drawing and applique).

Development of fine motor skills, imagination.

Improve graphic skills and abilities. Teach to create a plot composition, using the collage technique. Drawing with applique elements.

23 Clothing (decorative painting with applique elements)... Development of imagination.

Training of arm muscles, development of visual-spatial perception.

Consolidate knowledge childrens seasonal clothes... Learn to create original images based on the silhouette of your arms Decorative drawing with applique elements.

24 Tea set (applique.) Development of general and fine motor skills.

Development of aesthetic perception, learn to apply the same ornament

Development of logical thinking imagination.

To learn how to perform the applique by cutting off.

Learn to select and distinguish between warm and cold tones for composition Applique

Arouse positive emotions.

Development of fine and general motor skills. Learn to control your actions, monitor the accurate performance of work. Volume postcard

26 Kingdom of Wild Beasts (work with threads)... Continue to work on the development of general and fine motor skills, train the muscles of the arms.

Acquaintance children with the technique of applique - gluing the silhouette with finely cut threads to convey the effect of fluffy fur.

Learn to apply glue to the base evenly, in a thin layer. Application

27 Blooming spring (drawing)

Development of imagination, fine motor skills.

Finger technique of drawing is fastening. Drawing

28 Spring Blossom (origami)

Development of motor skills, logical thinking. Learn to follow the pattern, teach to fold paper, press, smooth.

29 Aquarium (volumetric applique).

Development of imagination, logical thinking, general and fine motor skills, visual - spatial perception. Continue to learn to cut along the contour, to teach the technique of paper twisting. Bulky teamwork

30 Cosmonautics Day (applique made of colored paper, fabric, foil)... Learn to observe the contrast of color, complement the drawing with compositional lines that create a beautiful rhythm and accent.

Development of imagination, fine motor skills. Continue to learn to cut along the contour, Learn to select and distinguish between warm and cold tones for the composition Application

31 Lilies of the valley (picture - plasticine work with beads)

Learn to make a plasticine base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. Press the beads piece by piece along a given contour Picture - plasticine

32 First puddles (drawing on a wet sheet)... Continue to work on the development of general and fine motor skills, train the muscles of the arms.

Development of attention, imagination.

Learn to follow the pattern Drawing

33 Spring Rain (painting technique spatter)... Use a range of colors

Continue to work on the development of general and fine motor skills, train the muscles of the arms.

Acquaintance and learning of a new drawing technique Learn to create original images based on a silhouette Learn to create a plot composition

34 In the meadow (work with beads and cereals)... Development of imagination, logical thinking, general and fine motor skills, visual - spatial perception. Training of arm muscles, development of visual-spatial perception.

Learn to make a plasticine base with a thickness of 2-3 mm. Press in beads and cereals by the piece along a given contour Picture - plasticine

35 Insects (origami).

Arouse interest in working with colored paper, origami.

Development of motor skills, logical thinking To teach to perform actions according to the model, to teach to fold paper, press, smooth. Origami

36 Insects (volumetric applique) Development of imagination, logical thinking, general and fine motor skills, visual - spatial perception. Learn to control your actions, monitor the accurate performance of work. Application

MATERIAL PREPARATION OF ONOKHOV YU... E.

TEACHER-LOGOPEDER MKDOU No. 4 R. P. OKHOTSK

Tips for parents: "Preparing hands for writing in children 6-7 years old"

Writing is a complex coordination skill that requires well-coordinated work of the muscles of the hand, the entire arm, and correct coordination of movements of the whole body. Mastering the writing skill is a long and laborious process that not all children find easy. Preparing for writing is one of the most difficult stages in preparing a child for systematic learning. Psychologists note that children 5-6 years old have insufficiently formed ability to assess spatial differences, on which the completeness and accuracy of perception and reproduction of letterforms depend. In addition, children find it difficult to orientate themselves in such necessary spatial characteristics as the right and left sides, top - bottom, closer - farther, under - above, around - inside, etc.

The accuracy of graphic actions in children 6-7 years old is ensured by muscular control over the fine (fine) motor skills of the hands. This is the dexterity of the fingers and hands, the coordination of their movements. The development of small finger movements can be judged by observing how the child draws or paints over the details of the drawing. If he constantly turns the sheet, he cannot change the direction of the lines with the help of fine movements of the fingers and hand, then the level of development of fine motor skills is insufficient.

Thus, the writing process requires not only physical, intellectual, but also emotional efforts from the child. All kinds of overload and the associated overwork in the most negative way affect the mastery of graphic skills and, moreover, the development of the child's body. Therefore, in preschool age, it is precisely preparation for writing that is important, and not teaching it. It is important to develop the mechanisms necessary for mastering writing, to create conditions for the accumulation of motor and practical experience by the child, and the development of manual skills.

Develop the child's perseverance, hard work, the ability to bring things to an end

Form his thinking abilities, observation, inquisitiveness, interest in knowing the environment. Make riddles to the child, make them up with him, conduct elementary experiments. Let the child reason out loud.

If possible, do not give the child ready-made answers, make him think, investigate. For example, if he claims that trees die in winter, you can cut a branch with him and put it in the room. After a while, leaves will appear on it.

Put the child in front of problem situations, for example, ask him to find out why yesterday it was possible to sculpt a snowman out of snow, but not today.

Talk about the books you read, try to find out how the child understood their content, whether he was able to delve into the causal connection of events, whether he correctly evaluated the actions of the characters, whether he is able to prove why he condemns some heroes, approves others, etc.

Special mention should be made of the specifics of teaching a preschool child. It has an "oral" character, that is, word of mouth. When teaching in kindergarten, we do not use texts, printed word. Learning is by ear using visual game methods.

A special place in preparing children for school is occupied by mastering some special knowledge and skills - literacy, counting, solving arithmetic problems. The acquisition of literacy and elements of mathematics in preschool age can affect the success of schooling. It is important that the child is able to hear the sounds of a word, to be aware of its sound composition. Reading should be continuous or syllable. Reading letter by letter will complicate the teacher's work, as the child will have to be retrained.

One of the most important tasks of preparing children for school is the development of the child's "manual skill" necessary for writing.

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Play methods and techniques for the development of fine motor skills and preparation of the hand for writing in children

These game techniques will help improve the coordination of movements of fingers and hands, teach you to navigate on a piece of paper, prepare your hand for learning to write, develop accuracy, graphic skills, ...