Driving loop knot. Marine knots. III. knots for tying two cables

Burlatskaya loop

English sailors call it a harness loop or a Pushkar knot. Apparently, the sailors borrowed it from gunners, who used this knot in cases where they had to harness additional horses or soldiers to the team on steep mountain roads or off-road. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable and in its middle. Burlatskaya loop is designed for the application of traction in any direction. It ties easily and holds securely. True, before a load is applied to the loop, it should be tightly tightened by hand, since with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slides along the cable for some time. A few loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or go down a steep cliff.

Marine knots. - M.: Transport. L. M. Skryagin. 1984

See what the "Barlatskaya loop" is in other dictionaries:

Just like the burlatskaya, the riding loop is designed for traction in any direction and can be tied in the middle of the cable. She knits more in a complicated way than the burlatskaya loop, but it is more durable and reliable. Rice. 74. Riding Loop ... Sea Knots

- (see oak loop) (see. Own loop) (see the Flemish loop) (see Honda) (see Eskimo loop) (see the perfect loop) (see. Fisherman loop) (see Bourlatian loop) (see. Drive loop) (see. Grassing loop) (see Double ... Sword ...

Burlatskaya loop
English sailors call it a harness loop or a Pushkar knot. Apparently, the sailors borrowed it from gunners, who used this knot in cases where they had to harness additional horses or soldiers to the team on steep mountain roads or off-road. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable and in its middle. Burlatskaya loop is designed for the application of traction in any direction. It ties easily and holds securely. True, before to, it should be tightly tightened with your hands, since with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slides along the cable for some time. A few loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or go down a steep cliff.

Driving loop
Just like the burlatskaya, the riding loop is designed for traction in any direction and can be tied in the middle of the cable.
It is knitted in a more complicated way than the burlak loop, but it is more durable and reliable.

Arbor knot
People not familiar with nautical terminology may think that the name "arbor" comes from the verb "conversate" or from the noun "arbor". In our maritime language, the name of this node comes from
"arbors", but not from the usual, but from the marine arbor, which is a small wooden board - a platform that serves to lift a person onto the mast or lower it overboard during painting or other work.
This board with the help of cables is attached to the lifting cable with a special knot, which is called the gazebo knot. Its second name is bowline. It originated from English term"Bowline", denoting the tackle, which is used to pull the windward side luff of the lower straight sail. This tackle is knitted to the luff

sails with the Bowline Knot, or simply
"bolinem".
It makes sense to dwell on this node in more detail.
Indeed, it is admired by those who deal with cables and viscous knots. This is one of the oldest and most amazing knots ever invented by man. Archaeologists testify that the gazebo was known to the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians for 3000 years BC. In English marine technical literature, he is often referred to as the “King of knots” (King of
knots). Not every knot be compared with him in the number of positive properties that he possesses.
Given the scope of its application and excellent qualities, the gazebo is rightfully awarded the royal title in a huge dynasty of marine and non-marine knots. By appearance it looks like a weaving knot, but its running end does not go into the loop of the other end, but into the loop of its root end.
The arbor knot, despite its amazing compactness, simultaneously contains elements of a simple knot, half-bayonet, weaving and straight knots. The elements of all these nodes in a certain combination give the gazebo node the right to be called universal. It is surprisingly easy to knit, even with strong traction it never tightens.
“tightly”, does not spoil the cable, never slides along the cable, does not untie itself, but it is easy to untie it when necessary.

The main purpose of the gazebo is to tie a person with a cable under the armpits as a means of insurance when climbing to a height, lowering overboard or in a smoky room during a fire on board a ship. You can insert a gazebo into the non-tightening loop of this knot. A loop tied with a gazebo knot on the mooring line reliably serves as a fire. This knot can be successfully used to tie two cables of any diameter or to tie a thick vegetable cable with a steel one (in this case, the cables are connected by loops, and the knots are knitted at their root ends). Of all the ways of tying two cables from different material(for example, hemp and steel, dacron and manila), a connection using two arbor knots with loops will be the most reliable. In addition, a reliable tightening loop can be made from the gazebo (see Fig. 85). It can be used for mooring and for attaching the cable to the hook. The gazebo knot can also be safely used to temporarily shorten the cable or in the case when it is required to exclude a worn piece of cable from work by tying the knot so that this piece falls on the loop.
In life, the ability to quickly tie a gazebo knot around your waist can always come in handy. You need to be able to do this with one hand with one continuous movement of the brush, in the dark, in 2-3 seconds. It's not hard to learn this at all.

Grab the root end of the cable left hand, encircle the running end behind you around your waist with your right. Take the running end in your right hand and, stepping back from its edge about 10 centimeters, hold it in your fist. Take the root end in the left hand and stretch the left hand forward. Now, having the root end of the cable slightly taut, with the right hand, with the running end clamped in it, go around the root end of the cable from top to bottom towards you and up away from you. Try to make such a movement with the brush so that it does not completely fall into the loop. Next, wrap the running end around the stretched root end to the left and intercept it with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. Pulling the right hand out of the loop, simultaneously push the running end into the small loop. Holding the running end with the right hand, pull the root end with the left hand.
The knot is tied around your waist according to the diagram in fig. 76. After doing this several times in a row, you will learn how to tie a bow knot on yourself in the dark or with your eyes closed.
Imagine the following situation: you are overboard in the water, you are thrown from the deck of the end, along which you cannot climb up, because it is slippery. By tying a harness knot around your waist and moving the resulting loop under your arms, you can ensure that you are safely pulled out of the water onto the deck. This magnificent knot has saved the lives of sailors more than once. To untie the gazebo knot, it is enough to slightly move the loop of the running end along the weakened root of the cable.

Double gazebo
This knot, which has two non-stretching loops, is used instead of a gazebo for lifting a person to a height, for lifting or lowering a person who has lost consciousness, and in other cases. When knitting a knot, one of the loops is made almost half the size of the other. A person sits in one loop, the second loop wraps around his torso under the armpits. This allows him, having risen to a height, to work with both hands.
In marine practice, there are several ways to tie a double bow knot. Explain the most

simple. The knot is knitted with a cable folded in half. After entering the running end (in the form of a loop) into the small loop of the knot, this end needs to be pulled out a little and, wrapped around the large loop, placed in the upper part of the knot. Holding the root of the cable with one hand, pull down the right side of the large double loop with the other hand. After that, the knot will tighten and be ready for use.

boatswain knot
This ancient maritime knot is sometimes called the "Spanish pavilion". It, like the double gazebo, serves to lift a person up or to lower him from a height.
Using the boatswain's knot, a foot is inserted into each of its two loops and a hand is held on the cable. With this knot, you can raise (or lower from a height) an unconscious person. So that he does not fall out of two loops, one or two half-bayonets are additionally tied on his chest with the running end of the cable.

French top knot
The loops of this knot on the tops of the masts of sailing ships served to fasten the back stays, which were tied into them with a clew knot. The free ends of the knot were tied with a straight knot and thus a third loop was obtained, which was used to fasten the stay. One knot simultaneously fastened three standing rigging gear.

Knot Southern Cross
Such a romantic name was given to this knot by sailors of the distant past. It is sometimes referred to as the "sea cross". In essence, this is also a top knot, but of a different knitting method and principle. If you stretch out three loops of the knot, then it will turn out to be a cross in shape (hence the name).
This node was used earlier for the same purposes as the top node.

Running simple knot
This is the simplest knot that forms a tightening loop. When pulling at the root end, the loop is tightened, but it can be increased in size by pulling the running end away from the loop. A knot can be tied anywhere on the rope. With it, you can tighten the bag, tie a bale, attach a cable to something, moor a boat behind a pile.

Sliding figure eight knot
Based on the figure-eight principle, this knot belongs to the category of reliable, highly tightened loops. It has the property of smoothly and evenly tightening when pulling at the root end.

knot running bowline
A running bowline is the same bow knot with a small loop through which the root end is passed. It is based on the lasso principle. The running bowline works flawlessly. In the maritime business, it is used for catching floating logs and driftwood, they are looking for and raising the Admiralty anchors left at the bottom.

Silk knot
This knot is borrowed from the uncomplicated technique of birders. Snares made from horsehair or the thinnest nylon line with such a knot work flawlessly. The silk knot is considered one of the most smoothly and easily tightened knots.

scaffold knot
The name of the node indicates its purpose. This is one of the ancient knots developed by the centuries-old practice of the death penalty by hanging. However, despite its gloomy purpose, it can be successfully used for many other purposes, for example, for temporarily attaching a cable to various objects.

Knot tightening noose
Like the previous one, this knot is also called the scaffold, or "hanging" knot. But despite this, it also finds other uses in maritime affairs. It is used for temporary fastening of a cable for objects floating in the water or for throwing and fastening a cable for any object on the shore. This knot has an advantage even over such a good knot as a garrote with half bayonets (see Fig. 65), in that the running end of the cable cannot slip out of the loop, and therefore a tightening garrote is considered more reliable.

On sailboats, this knot was used to fasten the root ends of the mars-sheets and mars-git and other gear in those cases when it was necessary to have these ends ready for recoil.
To tie this knot, the cable is laid in the form of two loops of the same size. Both loops are surrounded several times with the running end of the cable, after which this end is passed into the loop facing the root of the cable, and, pulling out the extreme loop, they are clamped in it.
A tightening noose can always be easily untiedif you pull on the root of the cable.
This gloomy knot can be used well in maritime affairs in two ways. Firstly, according to the scheme of its knitting, it is convenient to store the cable in the form of a compact bay. By making this knot without a loop at the running end of the throwing end, you will get excellent lightness. If you find it not heavy enough, dip it in water before use.

drunk knot
In this section of knots there are knots with two tightening loops. When pulling simultaneously on the running and root ends, the loops are tightened. This node is
From time immemorial, Rus' has been called “drunk”: apparently, it was used to pacify excessively roaming people, putting loops on the wrists behind the back and tying the ends on the chest.

shackle knot
It is very similar to the "drunk" knot. Its name on English language means handcuffs. A node can serve the same purpose. Despite the external similarity, these are two different nodes (see Fig. 90 and 89). In any case, without untying them and removing the ends from the central loop, it is impossible to turn one knot into another. Some sailors call this knot a double top knot, as it is sometimes used in a similar way to a head knot.

Untying simple knot
This knot serves well as a simple stopper, which can be quickly given away even under cable tension. When jerking the running end, it will instantly untie. It can be used in all cases when you need to temporarily fix something in such a way that at any moment you can release the rope.

Unleashing figure eight
If an ordinary figure eight (see Fig. 3) is made with a loop, i.e., skip the running end folded in half into its last loop, then we will get a good quick-release stopper

Untying a running simple knot
A running simple knot (see Fig. 82) can be easily turned into a quick-untying one without changing its function, that is, using it as a running, and not as a quick-untying knot. To do this, you need to enter the running end, folded in half, into its loop. In this case, it will have two properties at once - tighten and quickly untie if you pull on the running end sticking out of the loop. With the help of this knot, you can moor the boat beyond the coastal fell in such a way that, if necessary, the painter can be given away without leaving the boat by pulling on the running end, left long enough. This is a very common knot. In any case, all over the world, it is they who tie horses by the bridle to a leash. To prevent the knot from being accidentally untied, the end of the bridle is pushed into the loop.

reef knot
It got its name from the word “reef-shtert” - a small end of the cable tied into the sail cloth, with which they “took reefs”, that is, they tied the part of the sail matched to the lower luff of the sail or to the boom in order to reduce its area in strong wind.
On large sailing ships with direct armament, reefs were taken with the help of reef seasons - the flat ends of the cable, with which the upper luff of the sail was tied to the reefer. The reefs were connected in such a way that at any moment, if necessary, they could be untied or, as the sailors say, “tear apart”. For this purpose, a reef knot was used. It is very similar to a straight knot and is knitted in the manner shown in fig. 25, except that when knitting the second half-knot, its running end is threaded into the loop folded in half. When jerking the running end, the knot is instantly untied.

In maritime affairs, this knot is used for tying the pins of canvas covers of lifeboats, winches, compasses and other devices on the upper navigation open bridge.
This knot is known colloquially as the "one-bow knot". He is familiar to everyone, many tie their shoelaces with them. In principle, this is a simple and useful node.

double reef knot
Sometimes it is called a file knot. But sailors almost never use it: a reef knot is enough for a temporary bunch of shters and other ends. In the dictionary of Vladimir
Dahl, it is called the "loop knot" and "repeik
(bow)". Often it is also called a byte node.
It is knitted in the same way as a straight knot, but in the second half-knot, the running ends of the cable are tied doubled. It is an indispensable knot for tying shoelaces, rope, bows around the neck and bows in the hair, as well as on bundles and boxes.

Untying weaving knot
An excellent weaving knot is a "sibling" to the clew knot.
It can be improved if the running end of the cable is passed under the root folded in half. At the same time, it will hold just as securely, but at any moment it can be untied, even under tension.

Kalmyk knot
It is one of the practical and reliable nodes. Its name suggests that it appeared in our country. And although the Kalmyk steppes are not associated with the sea and ships, it has long been used in the navy. Foreign sailors do not know him, and, oddly enough, he does not appear in any of the many manuals on knitting knots published abroad.
On fig. 97 is a schematic diagram of the knitting of the Kalmyk knot, which shows only the relative position of the ends of the cable relative to each other. In practice, this beautiful knot is knitted almost instantly as follows.

Get the running end of the cable behind the object and take it, slightly stepping back from the end, from above with your left hand thumb to yourself. With your right hand, place the root end over the left fist, in which the running end is already clamped, and make the root of the cable complete a turn around it.
Then, with the movement of the left hand, move the root end under the root of the large loop while carrying the running end around the same part of the cable and then intercepting the running end with the fingers of the left hand. After that, gently pull the running end in the form of a loop through the root end hose located on the left hand (by dropping the hose) so that the running end does not straighten out, and tighten the knot with the root end.
The Kalmyk knot securely holds and quickly unties if you pull on the running end. It is used for temporary fastening of the throwing end to the mooring line when the latter is fed from the ship to the berth. It is used "for attaching the reins to the bridle, as well as for tying the horse in the stable. If you skip the running end that is not folded in half into the loop of the Kalmyk knot, then the knot will not be quickly untied. In this form it is called the Cossack knot.

unleashed self-tightening knot
If you skip the running end folded in a loop into the loop of this knot, then the knot will still retain its main property, but if desired, it can be quickly untied. To do this, you just need to pull the running end.

^ Flemish loop (Fig. 68). Knotted in a figure-eight on a cable folded in half, it is a strong and easily untied loop at the end of the cable. The Flemish loop is suitable for knitting on both thick and thin cables. It almost does not weaken the strength of the cable. It is used for attaching strings. musical instruments and for other purposes.

"Honda"(Fig. 69). Archaeological finds indicate that this method of tying a loop is one of the oldest. Long before our era, people on different continents of the Earth attached a bowstring to a bow in this way.

An additional knot at the end of the walking cable serves as a stopper, which, when pulled, does not allow it to slip out of the loop of the knot.

Honda is American name such a loop. Until now, cowboys in Mexico and the southern states of the United States use it for knitting lasso.

eskimo loop(Fig. 70). The Eskimos used this loop to attach the bowstring to the bow. The official name of this loop "Eskimo Bowstring Knot". It has an important property for this purpose: its size can be changed after the knot has already been tied.

When tensioned by the root end of the cable, the loop remains motionless.

^ perfect loop (Fig. 71). The knot with which this fixed loop is knitted at the end of the cable is simple, reliable and does not slip even on the thinnest synthetic fishing line. The perfect loop is very popular with anglers abroad.

fishing loop(Fig. 72). She is often called English loop or fisherman's light. It can be tied both at the end and in the middle of the cable. When tightening, the knots need to be brought together. This loop is widely used by anglers. Sailors use it instead of a factory fire when a mooring cable breaks and in cases where it is necessary to securely fasten the cable to an object.

^ Burlatskaya Loop(Fig. 73). English sailors are called her harness or Pushkar knot. Apparently, the sailors borrowed it from gunners, who used this knot in cases where they had to harness additional horses or soldiers to the team on steep mountain roads or off-road. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable and in its middle. Burlatskaya loop is designed for the application of traction in any direction. It ties easily and holds securely. True, before a load is applied to the loop, it should be tightly tightened by hand, since with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slides along the cable for some time. A few loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or go down a steep cliff.

^ Riding Loop(Fig. 74). Just like the burlatskaya, the riding loop is designed for traction in any direction and can be tied in the middle of the cable. It is knitted in a more complicated way than the burlak loop, but it is more durable and reliable.

"Herbal" loop(Fig. 75). This is another variation of the non-tightening single loop. Her knitting should begin with a simple knot. It got its name from the name of the node to which it corresponds.

Arbor knot(Fig. 76). People not familiar with nautical terminology may think that the name "arbor knot" comes from the verb "to chat" or from the noun "arbor". In our maritime language, the name of this node comes from the "gazebo", but not from the usual, but from the marine arbor, which is a small wooden board - a platform that serves to lift a person onto the mast or lower the ship overboard during painting or other work. This board with the help of cables is attached to the lifting cable with a special knot, which is called the gazebo knot. Its second name bowline. It comes from the English term "bowline", denoting tackle, which is used to pull the pointed leech of the lower straight sail. This tackle is knitted to the leech of the sail with The Bowline Knol, or simply Bowline.

It makes sense to dwell on this node in more detail. Indeed, it is admired by those who deal with cables and viscous knots. This is one of the oldest and most amazing knots ever invented by man. Archaeologists testify that the gazebo was known to the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians for 3000 years BC. In English marine technical literature, it is often referred to as "king of knots"(King of Knols). Not every sea node can be compared with it in the number of positive properties that it possesses. Given the scope of its application and excellent qualities, the gazebo is rightfully awarded the royal title in a huge dynasty of marine and non-marine knots. In appearance, it looks like a weaving knot, but its running end does not go into the loop of the other end, but into the loop of its root end.

The arbor knot, despite its amazing compactness, simultaneously contains elements of a simple knot, half-bayonet, weaving and straight knots. The elements of all these nodes in a certain combination give the gazebo node the right to be called universal. It is surprisingly easy to knit, even with strong traction it never tightens "tightly", does not spoil the cable, never slides along the cable, does not untie itself, but it is easy to untie it when necessary.

The main purpose of the gazebo is to tie a person with a cable under the armpits as a means of insurance when climbing to a height, lowering overboard or in a smoky room during a fire on board a ship. You can insert a gazebo into the non-tightening loop of this knot. A loop tied with a gazebo knot on the mooring line reliably serves as a fire. This knot can be successfully used to tie two cables of any diameter or to tie a thick vegetable cable with a steel one (in this case, the cables are connected by loops, and the knots are knitted at their root ends). Of all the ways of tying two cables of different materials (for example, hemp and steel, dacron and manila), connecting with two arbor knots with loops will be the most reliable. In addition, a reliable tightening loop can be made from the gazebo (see Fig. 85). It can be used for mooring and for attaching the cable to the hook. The gazebo knot can also be safely used to temporarily shorten the cable or when it is required to exclude a worn piece of cable from work by tying the knot so that this piece falls on the loop.

There are many ways to knit a gazebo knot. The reader is offered the most rational and most simple.

In life, the ability to quickly tie a gazebo knot around your waist can always come in handy. You need to be able to do this with one hand with one continuous movement of the brush, in the dark, in 2-3 seconds. It's not hard to learn this at all.

Take the root end of the cable in your left hand, with your right hand encircle the running end behind you around your waist. Take the running end in your right hand and, stepping back from its edge about 10 centimeters, hold it in your fist. Take the root end in the left hand and stretch the left hand forward. Now, having the root end of the cable slightly taut, with the right brush with the running end clamped in it, go around the root end of the cable from top to bottom towards you and up away from you. Try to make such a movement with the brush so that it does not completely fall into the loop. Next, wrap the running end around the stretched root end to the left and intercept it with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. Pulling the right hand out of the loop, simultaneously push the running end into the small loop. Holding the running end with the right hand, pull the root end with the left hand. The knot is tied around your waist according to the diagram in fig. 76. After doing this several times in a row, you will learn how to tie a bow knot on yourself in the dark or with your eyes closed.

Imagine the following situation: you are overboard in the water, you are thrown from the deck of the end, along which you cannot climb up, because it is slippery. By tying a harness knot around your waist and moving the resulting loop under your arms, you can ensure that you are safely pulled out of the water onto the deck. This magnificent knot has saved the lives of sailors more than once. To untie the gazebo knot, it is enough to slightly move the loop of the running end along the weakened root of the cable.

Double gazebo(Fig. 77). This knot, which has two non-stretching loops, is used instead of a gazebo for lifting a person to a height, for lifting or lowering a person who has lost consciousness, and in other cases. When knitting a knot, one of the loops is made almost half the size of the other. A person sits in one loop, the second loop wraps around his torso under the armpits. This allows him, having risen to a height, to work with both hands.

In marine practice, there are several ways to tie a double bow knot. Let's explain the most wait. The knot is knitted with a cable folded in half. After entering the running end (in the form of a loop) into the small loop of the knot, the goth end needs to be pulled out a little and, wrapped around the large loop, placed in the upper part of the knot. Holding the root of the cable with one hand, pull the right side of the large double loop with the other hand. After that, the knot will tighten and be ready for use.

boatswain knot(Fig. 78). This ancient maritime knot is sometimes called "Spanish pavilion". It, like the double gazebo, serves to lift a person up or to lower him from a height.

Using the boatswain's knot, a foot is inserted into each of its two loops and a hand is held on the cable. With this knot, you can raise (or lower from a height) an unconscious person. So that he does not fall out of two loops, one or two half-bayonets are additionally tied on his chest with the running end of the cable.

^ French top knot (Fig. 79). The loops of this knot on the tops of the masts of sailing ships served to fasten the backstays, which tied the free ends of the knot into them with a clew knot, tied them with a straight knot and thus received a third loop, which was used to fasten the stay. One knot simultaneously fastened three pieces of standing rigging.

^ Top node(Fig. 80). It was also used on the tops of the masts of sailing ships instead of yokes with butts (forged rings with staples) for fastening backstays and stays. This knot was used for fastening temporary guys when installing masts and driving piles,

In English, the name of this knot is "Shamrock Knot", which means shamrock (hare cabbage or sour), which is the emblem of Ireland. The knot can be used on the shore for attaching flagpoles and antenna masts, seedling trees, etc. If you have a jug, the neck of which has a more or less large protrusion, using the top knot, you can make a convenient handle for it.

But the best thing, as the author of the book was convinced, use this knot to carry watermelons and large melons. After all, once on military sailing ships it was used to carry nuclei. From a piece of any cable 3 meters long, a reliable basket for the largest watermelon is obtained. At the same time, the knot should not be completely tightened, and its three loops should be tied with two free ends. Of the four known ways of knitting this top knot, the one shown in the diagram is considered the best.
^ VI. Drawstring loops

According to the bookLev Scriabin "Sea Knots"

5. Non-tightening loops.

oak loop(Fig. 66). This is the simplest loop of all existing non-tightening loops. It is knitted with a simple knot at the end of the rope, folded in half. The oak loop is strong and secure, but greatly weakens the cable by bending it. Unlike the oak knot, it can be used on synthetic rope. Its significant drawback is that the knot at the end of the cable is strongly tightened and the loop is very difficult to untie.

Vein loop(Fig. 67). If, by tying an oak loop, with a doubled running end to make an additional hose, you get a loop that will be a little easier to untie (hereinafter, the working loop is indicated by a cross in the diagrams). It is used for thin fishing lines.

Flemish loop(Fig. 68). Knotted in a figure-eight on a cable folded in half, it is a strong and easily untied loop at the end of the cable. The Flemish loop is suitable for knitting on both thick and thin cables. It almost does not weaken the strength of the cable. It is used for fastening the strings of musical instruments and for other purposes.

An additional knot at the end of the walking cable serves as a stopper, which, when pulled, does not allow it to slip out of the loop of the knot.

“Honda” is the American name for such a loop. Until now, cowboys in Mexico and the southern states of the United States use it for knitting lasso.

eskimo loop(Fig. 70). The Eskimos used this loop to attach the bowstring to the bow. The official name of this loop "Eskimo Bowstring Knot". It has an important property for this purpose: its size can be changed after the knot has already been tied.

When tensioned by the root end of the cable, the loop remains motionless.

perfect loop(Fig. 71). The knot with which this fixed loop is knitted at the end of the cable is simple, reliable and does not slip even on the thinnest synthetic fishing line. The perfect loop is very popular with anglers abroad.

fishing loop(Fig. 72). She is often called English loop or fisherman's light. It can be tied both at the end and in the middle of the cable. When tightening, the knots need to be brought together. This loop is widely used by anglers. Sailors use it instead of a factory fire when a mooring cable breaks and in cases where it is necessary to securely fasten the cable to an object.

Rice. 72. Fishing loop

Burlatskaya loop(Fig. 73). English sailors are called her harness or Pushkar knot. Apparently, the sailors borrowed it from gunners, who used this knot in cases where they had to harness additional horses or soldiers to the team on steep mountain roads or off-road. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable and in its middle. Burlatskaya loop is designed for the application of traction in any direction. It ties easily and holds securely. True, before a load is applied to the loop, it should be tightly tightened by hand, since with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slides along the cable for some time. A few loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or go down a steep cliff.

Driving loop(Fig. 74). Just like the burlatskaya, the riding loop is designed for traction in any direction and can be tied in the middle of the cable. It is knitted in a more complicated way than the burlak loop, but it is more durable and reliable.

Arbor knot(Fig. 76). People not familiar with nautical terminology may think that the name "arbor knot" comes from the verb "to chat" or from the noun "arbor". In our maritime language, the name of this node comes from the “gazebo”, but not from the usual, but from the marine arbor, which is a small wooden board - a platform that serves to lift a person onto the mast or lower overboard during painting or other work. This board with the help of cables is attached to the lifting cable with a special knot, which is called the gazebo knot. Its second name bowline. It comes from the English term "bowline", denoting tackle, which is used to pull the pointed leech of the lower straight sail. This tackle is knitted to the leech of the sail with The Bowline Knol, or simply Bowline.

The arbor knot, despite its amazing compactness, simultaneously contains elements of a simple knot, half-bayonet, weaving and straight knots. The elements of all these nodes in a certain combination give the gazebo node the right to be called universal. It is surprisingly easy to knit, even with strong traction it never tightens “tightly”, does not spoil the cable, never slides along the cable, does not untie itself, but it is easy to untie it when necessary.

The main purpose of the gazebo is to tie a person with a cable under the armpits as a means of insurance when climbing to a height, lowering overboard or in a smoky room during a fire on board a ship. You can insert a gazebo into the non-tightening loop of this knot. A loop tied with a gazebo knot on the mooring line reliably serves as a fire. This knot can be successfully used to tie two cables of any diameter or to tie a thick vegetable cable with a steel one (in this case, the cables are connected by loops, and the knots are knitted at their root ends). Of all the ways of tying two cables of different materials (for example, hemp and steel, dacron and manila), connecting with two arbor knots with loops will be the most reliable. In addition, a reliable tightening loop can be made from the gazebo (see Fig. 85). It can be used for mooring and for attaching the cable to the hook. The gazebo knot can also be safely used to temporarily shorten the cable or when it is required to exclude a worn piece of cable from work by tying the knot so that this piece falls on the loop.

There are many ways to knit a gazebo knot. The reader is offered the most rational and most simple.

A Rice. 76. Arbor knot

double gazebo knot(Fig. 77). This knot, which has two non-stretching loops, is used instead of a gazebo for lifting a person to a height, for lifting or lowering a person who has lost consciousness, and in other cases. When knitting a knot, one of the loops is made almost half the size of the other. A person sits in one loop, the second loop wraps around his torso under the armpits. This allows him, having risen to a height, to work with both hands.

Rice. 77. Double gazebo knot

boatswain knot(Fig. 78). This ancient maritime knot is sometimes called "Spanish pavilion". It, like the double gazebo, serves to lift a person up or to lower him from a height.

Rice. 78. Bosun's knot (Spanish gazebo)

French top knot(Fig. 79). The loops of this knot on the tops of the masts of sailing ships served to fasten the backstays, which tied the free ends of the knot into them with a clew knot, tied them with a straight knot and thus received a third loop, which was used to fasten the stay. One knot simultaneously fastened three pieces of standing rigging.

Top knot(Fig. 80). It was also used on the tops of the masts of sailing ships instead of yokes with butts (forged rings with staples) for fastening backstays and stays. This knot was used for fastening temporary guys when installing masts and driving piles,

In English, the name of this knot is "Shamrock Knot", which means shamrock (hare cabbage or oxalis), which is the emblem of Ireland. The knot can be used on the shore for attaching flagpoles and antenna masts, seedling trees, etc. If you have a jug, the neck of which has a more or less large protrusion, using the top knot, you can make a convenient handle to it.

But the best way, as the author of the book was convinced, is to use this knot for carrying watermelons and large melons. After all, once on military sailing ships it was used to carry nuclei. From a piece of any cable 3 meters long, a reliable basket for the largest watermelon is obtained. At the same time, the knot should not be completely tightened, and its three loops should be tied with two free ends. Of the four known ways of knitting this top knot, the one shown in the diagram is considered the best.

"South Cross"(Fig. 81). Such a romantic name was given to this knot by sailors of the distant past. Sometimes it is called "Sea Cross" In essence, this is also a top knot, but of a different knitting method and principle.

If you stretch out three loops of the knot, then it will turn out to be a cross in shape (hence the name). This node was used earlier for the same purposes as the top node.

Rice. 81. "Southern Cross"

simple knot(Fig. 1). This is the simplest of all known knots. To tie it, you need to make a half-knot behind its root end with the running end of the cable. It can be tied at the end or at the middle of the rope. To do this, the running end of the cable is once encircled around its root part and passed into the loop formed.

Depending on how it is tied, a simple knot can be left (Fig. 1, a) or right (Fig. 1, b).

It is not only the simplest of all knots, but also the smallest in size. When the cable is pulled, it is so tightly tightened that it is sometimes very difficult to untie it. The Russian folk proverb fits him perfectly: "The knot is not big, but it is tightly tightened."

This knot, like no other, spoils the cable, as it bends it strongly. If, for example, a new vegetable (hemp, manila, or some other) cable is used to lift a weight, on which an ununtied simple knot remains, then the cable, although designed for lifting this load, will break, and in the place where a simple knot is tied. It is generally accepted among sailors that the strength of a new vegetable cable, on which a simple knot was tightened with strong traction, which was then untied, will be less than two times than the strength of the same cable, on which there was no knot.

However, in the Navy, a simple knot has long been used. When working with plant cables, it served as a temporary means to prevent their cables and strands from unwinding. It was also knitted at regular intervals of 20-30 centimeters on the inclined bowsprit and jib feathers so that the sailors' legs would not slip when working with the front oblique sails. A simple knot was successfully used to fasten wooden balusters to temporary ladders. With this knot, the fishermen of some countries took the so-called "Spanish reef": they tied the upper corner of the jib to reduce its area. Here, perhaps, are all the cases of using a simple knot by sailors in the past.

A simple knot can be useful in everyday life. Sometimes a person gets into trouble: during a fire, in order to save a life, he ties a rope from strips of sheets. Usually in this case, direct or woman's knot(see below fig. 25, 23). Applying the latter, at the ends of the strip from the sheet, you need to tie a simple knot. This will ensure that the woman's knot will not untie under the weight of a person who will descend the tied rope from the window.

A simple knot is always used to tie a thread at the end so that it does not slip out of the fabric, and to prevent the end of the rope from unwinding if the person does not know how to apply a mark. A simple knot, despite its primitiveness and its ability to tighten strongly, is an integral element of many knots, which we will talk about later.

"Bloody" knot(Fig. 2). This knot differs from a simple knot in that its running end, being inserted into the loop, wraps around the root of the cable one more time. This almost doubles the size of the node.

The ancient inhabitants of Peru - the Incas - used similar knots with a different number of hoses in the knot letter they invented. Tying knots on ropes of a certain color and with the number of hoses inside each knot from one to nine, they kept count up to a five-figure number.

There are two ways to knit such knots. If the number of hoses does not exceed three, they are made by the running end of the cable inside the loop (Fig. 2, a), and if it is more, then the hoses are made around the root of the cable and the running end is passed inside (Fig. 2, b).

Since the distant times of the sailing fleet, sailors have such multiple simple knots different countries called "bloody". In the register of punishments for sailors of the military fleets of the past, there is a beating, forgotten today, with molts and whips, which were called "cats". They were a whip woven from a hemp cable, which had from seven to thirteen braids, but more often - nine. Each of the braids ended in a knot, on which there were from two to nine hoses. "Cats" were divided into simple and thieves. The latter were more difficult. They were flogged for theft,

When punished with a "cat", the offending sailor was lowered by the hands to a lattice hatch, which was placed vertically on the quarterdeck, or to the barrel of a cannon. As a rule, at the same time, the entire crew of the ship was lined up along both sides, and the boatswain (or his assistant), to the beat of a drum, struck blows with a “cat” on the bare back of the punished. The number of hits was in the dozens. Depending on the offense, the sailor could receive from one to twelve dozen as a punishment. Usually, after the third blow, blood appeared on the back of the “guilty person”, as the knots, tightly tightened at the ends of the “cat” pigtails, cut through the skin (hence the name of the knot). After the first dozen blows, the bloody pigtails of the “cat” stuck together into one bundle and the blows became unbearable, the sailors lost consciousness and died in a state of shock. In order not to lose well-trained sailors in this way in peacetime, the British Admiralty in the middle of the 17th century issued a sanctimonious order: after the first dozen blows, the boatswain's assistant was obliged to separate the pigtails of the “cat” stuck together from the blood. This procedure was called "combing the cat." It was repeated after every dozen strokes. But even the most hardy sailors could not withstand six dozen blows, lost consciousness from pain and died.

In modern English, the idiomatic expression "To scraich the cat" - "comb the cat" has been preserved, which, recalling the barbaric punishment on ships, now has the meaning "to alleviate suffering."

Nowadays, the “bloody” knot has lost its purpose and there is another use both in everyday life and in various professions, for example, in tailoring and bookbinding to thicken the end of the thread.

Eight(Fig. 3). This knot is considered a classic. It forms the basis of one and a half dozen other, more complex nodes for various purposes. In the form in which it is shown here, this knot in maritime affairs serves as an excellent stopper at the end of the cable so that the latter does not splash out of the block pulley. Unlike a simple knot, even with strong traction, it does not spoil the cable and can always be easily untied. To tie the figure eight, it is necessary to encircle the running end of the cable around the main one and then pass it into the loop formed, but not immediately, as in a simple knot, but first winding it for yourself.

Rice. 3 - Eight

In everyday life, the figure eight is widely used. First of all, it is very useful for securing the cable when it passes through a hole in an object, such as the wooden handle of an outboard motor rope starter.

This knot can be applied to the rope handles of a wooden pail or bucket if the rope passes through two holes on the protruding ends of the wooden staves. In this case, passing the rope through both holes, at its ends with outside parties rivets are tied in eights. With two eights, you can securely attach the rope to the children's sled. To prevent the hand from slipping off the end of the dog leash, we advise you to tie a figure eight. In addition, it serves well for attaching strings to the tuning pegs of violins, guitars, mandolins, balalaikas and other musical instruments.

Stevedoring knot(Fig. 4). Like the figure eight, this knot is a stopper for the cables passing through the pulleys of the blocks. It is knitted in the same way, but with the only difference that the running end is inserted into the loop after it has been wrapped around the root end of the cable twice. When tightening this knot, make sure that the hoses at the root end do not twist and slip into the loop. A tightened stevedoring knot is easier to untie if you pull on the loop that is closer to the root end.

The name of this node is of American origin. It first appeared in Webster's Dictionary of the English Language in 1890. The compilers of this dictionary borrowed it from the knotting manual issued by the American rope company Stevedore Ropes.

Ufer node(Fig. 5). In the days of the sailing fleet, this ancient marine knot was used to tension the shrouds with the help of cable lanyards and yufers. It was knitted at the end of the lanyard in order to hold the latter in the hole of the lufer. The diagram shows two ways to knit it. The first method (Fig. 5, a), based on a simple knot, involves inserting the running end into the loop from below between the root and annual ends, followed by passing it under itself. The second way of knitting a lufer knot (Fig. 5, b) involves tying a figure eight and dragging both condos into its corresponding loops, as shown by two arrows.

The peculiarity of the lufer knot is that it is relatively easy to untie it even if it is strongly tightened.

oyster knot(Fig. 6). Despite its name, this knot, like the eight, due to its symmetry, is successfully used by musicians to attach violin, guitar, mandolin and other musical instrument strings to pegs. In size, a tightened oyster knot is much larger than a figure eight, and therefore it is used in cases where the holes on the pegs for some reason are larger than necessary for a particular string.

This knot has one feature of tying: it is tightened in two steps (Fig. 6, a). First, tie a running simple knot (see Fig. 82 below) and tighten it. After passing the running end of the cable into the loop, tighten the knot again. If the oyster knot is tightened in one step, then it is not formed correctly.

On fig. 6, b shows the scheme of the oyster knot, indicating its symmetry. In this form, it can serve as a good decorative ornamental knot for finishing a women's dress or a pattern for embroidery.

Rice. 7. Multiple eight

Multiple eight(Fig. 7). Imagine that you need to tie a large cardboard box, a bale or an old suitcase with a rope. Having done this, you found that one and a half meters of rope remained unused. By tying the running end of the rope around that part of it for which you have to carry this load, with a multiple eight you will not only shorten the rope, but also make a convenient handle for this burden. The “multiple eight” knot can be used in all cases when it becomes necessary to temporarily shorten the cable or exclude an unreliable part of its length from work if there is a fear that it will break. The multiple eight is a good handle for both a dog leash and a children's sledge rope.

To make the knot even and tight, as you tie it, pull each hose, moving it to the previous one. If you later need to use the entire length of the rope, the multiple eight is easy to untie. No matter how tightly it is tightened, this knot will not spoil the rope.

"Fire escape"(Fig. 8). In the daily activities of sailors, steeplejacks, builders, firefighters, mine rescuers and rock climbers, it is often necessary to use the so-called pendant with musings. In the Navy, a pendant is a vertically hanging plant cable attached to something by the upper part, and musings are thickenings on it, woven into it in the form of knots, at regular intervals. With the help of such cables, the sailors sit in the boats standing at the side of the ship. But the made pendant with musings is not always at hand when you urgently need to go down the cable overboard or climb a sheer wall if there is neither a ladder nor a ladder. Imagine, for example, such a situation. A man fell into the water from the deck of a ship in the port. On the deck there is a free coil of plant cable. If you drop a line to a fallen one, it is unlikely that he will be able to climb aboard: the cable may be synthetic, and in the port there is usually a layer of oil on the surface of the water. The hands of a person who has fallen overboard will slide along a cable that does not have musings. In such a situation, the "fire escape" helps out.

As already mentioned, a simple knot is a component of many useful knots. The "fire escape" consists of a series of simple knots that are knitted one after the other very quickly (20 knots can be tied in half a minute). It is magnificent in its simplicity and effectiveness, but it requires skill and clarity in execution.

The knitting of this knot begins with the formation of a certain number of pebbles wound one after another. Take the running end of the cable in your left hand, stepping back from its edge 15-20 centimeters. Make the first peg with a diameter of no more than 10 centimeters so that the root end of the cable is at the bottom. Then make exactly the same pebble and press the thumb of your left hand to the tips of the others. In the same way, make 5-7 pebbles, evenly stacked one on top of the other. So that they do not move out and are not tangled, put them on the fingers extended upwards (except the thumb) of the left hand. You will get a kind of rope "glass". Carefully remove it from your fingers so that it does not crumble or flatten. Now the running end that you held in your left hand, pass inside this “cup” and bring it out on the other side. Place the "glass" on your left palm and clasp it on all sides with five fingers. With the bent fingertips of your right hand, hold the upper hose of the “cup” and slowly, without jerking, pull the running end of the cable sticking up from the “cup”. As this running end is pulled out, simple knots will be tied on it. Their number will correspond to the number of pebbles made, and the distance between them will correspond to the length of their circumference.

In the described way, you can quickly tie knots, fasten one end of the rope to the battery, to the leg of the bed (table), throw the other end out the window and, if necessary, go down the rope (for example, in case of fire).

Such a situation is also possible. You need to pull out a car stuck in the mud. There is a long rope and people ready to help. To make it more convenient for them to pull, tie a “fire escape” on the ground so that the knots go about every meter.

II. NO TIGHTENING KNOTS

Simple half bayonet(Fig. 9). A simple half-bayonet, being the simplest of non-tightening knots, is widely used in maritime affairs. It serves as the final element of many knots. Enclose the running end of the cable around the object to which you want to tie the cable, then around the root end of the cable and pass it into the loop formed.

After that, attach the running end of the cable with a grapple to the root end. The knot tied in this way reliably withstands strong traction. It may move towards the subject, but it will never drag on.

A simple half-bayonet is used to connect two cables with "alien" and "own" ends.

simple bayonet(Fig. 10). Two identical half-bayonets make up a knot that sailors call a simple bayonet. The expression “throw half a bayonet” means to add another run-out and crossing of the running end around the root end of the cable to the already made knot.

The diagram shows a non-tightening knot widely used in maritime affairs - one of the simplest and most reliable knots for fastening mooring lines to mooring bollards, bitten, guns and poles. To distinguish a correctly tied bayonet from an incorrect bayonet, the two loops of the knot must be brought together. If this turns out to be a knotted knot (see Fig. 48), then it means that a simple bayonet was tied correctly. For such a bayonet, its running end, both after the first and after the second peg, should exit equally above or below its end. In an inverted, i.e., incorrectly tied simple bayonet (Fig. 10, b), the running end after the second pebble goes in the opposite direction, not like after the first. When two loops of an inverted knotted bayonet are brought together, a cow knot is obtained instead of a bleached one (see Fig. 46). If the half-bayonets of a simple bayonet are made in different directions, then when the cable is pulled, they will converge together, and the knot will be tightened. The main use of a simple bayonet in the navy is to fasten the mooring ends to the mooring fixtures, fasten the falls of the guy lines of cargo arrows to the butts and eyelets, and fasten the cargo pendant to the load being lifted.

The maximum number of half bayonets in such a knot under any circumstances should not exceed three, since this is quite enough and the strength of the knot as a whole will not increase with a larger number of half bayonets. The reliability of this mooring knot is eloquently expressed by the old English maritime proverbs: “Two half-bayonets saved the queen’s ship” and “Three half-bayonets are more than enough for the royal yacht.”

Sailors often use two simple bayonets to temporarily connect two mooring lines, cable lines and perlines.

On the shore, this simple but reliable knot can be used in all cases when the cable needs to be temporarily attached to some object for strong traction, for example, by a hook when towing a car.

Bed bayonet(Fig. 11). For many centuries, sailors on ships were bedded by a hammock-shaped canvas hanging bunk with a thin crushed cork mattress. On the plan, it looks like a rectangle, on the small sides of which there are eight eyelets for the so-called stentros.

Rice. 11. Bayonet

These shkentros are connected in rings, which, in turn, are hung by the bunk posts to special eyelets in the beams or to rods made in the cockpit of the ship for hanging beds for the night. During the day, rolled-up bunks, along with a pillow, blanket and sheet, were stored in the so-called bed nets along the side on the deck and served as a reliable parapet from cannonballs and shrapnel during the battle. In the evening, before lights out, at the command "Bunks down!" they were carried below deck and hung. Tying a knot to hang a bunk is serious business. Here you need to use a knot that would not be tightened, easily untied and held securely. The most important thing is that it does not untie itself under the influence of the continuous pitching of the ship. Sailors used various knots to hang their beds, but the bayonet was considered the most reliable.

A simple bayonet with a hose(Fig. 12). This knot differs from a simple bayonet by one additional hose around the object to which the cable is attached.

It also serves mainly for fastening cables and pearls when mooring for bollards, bitengs and pals, but, unlike a simple bayonet, it is used in cases where there is no need to quickly give up the mooring lines. This knot is also convenient for attaching a cable to a hook, fire, eye, etc. Two hoses around the object make this knot more reliable during long stops, in any case, due to the additional hose, it will not fray as quickly as a simple bayonet.

A simple bayonet with two hoses(Fig. 13). In fact, this is also a kind of simple bayonet. The difference from the previous node is an additional, third hose. It increases the strength of the knot if the cable experiences constant friction against the bollard or bitten. Attaching the cable to the hook using this knot is a very reliable method.

Bayonet(Fig. 14). If for a simple bayonet with two hoses the latter pass to the side of the attachment point of the root end, then for this knot they are placed one on each side. This gives the knot greater symmetry, the knot, in the event of a change in the direction of the thrust, moves less along the object for which it is tied.

Fishing bayonet (anchor knot)(Fig. 15). One of the most important cases of using a knot in maritime business is tying an anchor rope to an anchor. For five thousand years of the existence of shipping, people for this purpose could not come up with a more reliable knot than a fishing bayonet. Proven by centuries of experience in maritime practice, this knot is recognized by sailors of all countries as the most reliable for attaching a rope to an eye or to an anchor bracket.

The fishing bayonet (or anchor knot) is somewhat similar to a simple bayonet with a hose (see Fig. 12). It differs from it in that the first of the two half-bayonets passes additionally inside the hose that wraps around the object. When using this knot for anchoring, it is always necessary to grab the running end with a scrum to the root. In this case, even with a very strong pull, the fishing bayonet does not tighten and holds securely. It can be safely used in all cases when working with cables, when they are subject to strong traction.

Rice. 16. Reverse bayonet

reverse bayonet(Fig. 16). When mooring ships to marinas and berths, a situation often arises when it is very difficult to enclose the running end of the cable around a bollard or log. Sometimes you have to literally crawl under the pier in order to thread the end of the log or eye from the bow of the boat or boat. Using a reverse bayonet, you can wrap the cable around the desired object once and at the same time tie a knot with two hoses around the object to which you are attaching the moorings. To do this, the running end of the cable must be doubled over a length of 2-3 meters and, looping forward, passing it around the object, pull the loop towards you. Now the running end of the cable must be threaded into this loop, and for the root end, take out the slack and finish the knot with two half bayonets. The reverse bayonet is convenient for use in cases where access to the object to which they want to attach the cable is difficult or inconvenient for tying a knot, such as a tow hook, for some car brands.

Towing knot(Fig. 18). This knot is used to fasten the cable to the towing hook or bitten. They can delay or bleed the towing line. Due to the successive application of several cable hoses to the bit, the towing end can be etched from the bit, and when the tension of the tug is loosened, it can be selected again in the form of loops thrown over the bit from above.

Port node(Fig. 19). To hold the mooring synthetic end on a twin bollard is a simple matter. But what if, instead of a double bollard, you have a single bollard (or biteng) at your disposal, and there is no fire at the end of the mooring line? For this purpose, there are several original knots in marine practice. Let us explain the principle of one of them, which can be attributed to the number of non-tightening knots.

First, around a single bollard, you need to make several hoses with the running end of the mooring cable. After that, fold the running end in half and in this form, in a loop, pass it under the stretched root part of the cable, turn the loop 360 degrees and throw it on top of the bollard. This knot does not slip, holds securely. The cable can be given away at any moment, even if the mooring lines are under strong tension. To do this, you need to select a little the running end passing under the root end and increase the loop, after which it will not be difficult to throw it off the bollard.

III. KNOTS FOR CONNECTING TWO ROPES

oak knot(Fig. 20). Sailors use it only in exceptional cases, when it becomes necessary to tie two cables very quickly. Although the connection of plant cables with an oak knot is quite reliable, it has a serious drawback: a tightly tightened knot is very difficult to untie later, especially if it gets wet. In addition, a cable tied in such a knot has less strength and, during operation, creates a danger of catching on something during its movement. Its only positive qualities are the speed with which it can be tied, and reliability.

To connect two cables, their ends must be folded lengthwise together and, retreating 15-20 cm from the edges, tie both ends as one with a simple knot.

Do not try to tie synthetic cables and fishing line with this knot: it crawls on them.

flemish knot(Fig. 21). This is one of the oldest marine knots, which was used on ships to connect two cables, both thin and thick. In fact, this is the same figure eight, tied with two ends. There are two ways to knit this knot. The first one is shown in the diagram.

First, make a figure eight at the end of one of the cables tied together (see Fig. 3). Towards the exit of the running end from it, enter the running end of the second cable and repeat the figure "8" tied on the first cable. After that, grasping each two ends, left and right, evenly begin to tighten the knot, trying to keep its shape. To finally tighten the knot, pull on the root ends of the cables.

To connect two cables with a Flemish knot in the second way, put the running ends of the connected cables parallel to one another so that they touch each other approximately along the length of one meter. At this point, tie a figure eight with two cables folded together. In this case, you will have to carry around and thread into the loop along with the short running end of one of the cables and the long root. This is precisely the inconvenience of the second method of knitting the Flemish knot.

The connection of two cables with a Flemish knot is considered very strong. This knot, even when tightly tightened, does not damage the cable, and is relatively easy to untie. In addition, it has excellent quality - it does not slip and holds securely on synthetic fishing line.

water node(Fig. 22). No less durable is the connection of two cables with a water knot. To tie it, lay the ropes to be tied with their ends towards each other so that their ends run parallel and touch each other. Holding the running and root ends of two different cables in one hand, begin to knit an oak knot with them (see Fig. 20), but instead of one run-out of the root end, make two. Before finally tightening the knot, check that one pair of ends comes out of the loop from above, and the second from below, as shown in the diagram (see Fig. 22).

The water unit is simple and reliable. In the Navy, it has not found wide application, because with strong traction it drags on so much that it is very difficult to untie it.

Babi knot(Fig. 23). Let us make a reservation in advance that the author deliberately placed this knot in the book, as an example to explain the principle of other marine knots.

A woman's knot... How much irony and disdain can be heard from sailors to this primitive and, unfortunately, firmly rooted knot in our life! What sailors shouldn't do is tie a woman's knot. The naval man, who unluckily tied this knot even on the shore, will surely be ridiculed by his colleagues: they say, a shame for the fleet! But, alas, among land people this knot is a station wagon. The vast majority of people who are not familiar with rigging, or those who, by their profession, do not deal with ropes, ropes, or threads, use a woman’s knot in all cases when they need to tie, tie or tie something. It seems that people, having mastered this knot in childhood, believed in its utility so much that they don’t even want to hear about any other complex marine knots. But, nevertheless, seriously speaking, this traitor knot has done a lot of trouble in the entire history of mankind and even claimed a lot of human lives.

The Babi knot consists of two half-knots tied in series one above the other in the same direction. If he ties two ropes and pulls, then it is immediately clear that he begins to move along the rope, slide along it. And if you tie it close to one of the connected ends of the rope, then when pulling it, it can slip and will certainly slip if the connected ropes are of different thicknesses. Unfortunately, not everyone knows about this and continues to use it.

In our country, this knot got its name due to the fact that from time immemorial women tied the ends of headscarves with it (it is very convenient for this purpose). Abroad, it is called "grandmother's", "stupid", "veal", "false", "salaga" knot.

But, oddly enough, the woman's knot is used in their work by sailors and fishermen of some countries. In addition to its negative qualities (to slip and not succumb to untying), they caught one of its positive properties - when certain conditions instantly turn into a simple bayonet (see Fig. 10) - into one of the simplest and most reliable maritime knots for securing a mooring vessel on the shore to a bollard, bollard or bollard. But in order to tie a simple bayonet when mooring, you need to get off the ship ashore and do it directly at the fell or put the end on the shore so that those on the shore do it. But it turns out that a simple bayonet can be tied to a bollard without leaving the ship ashore. And this is done with the help of a woman’s knot despised by sailors ... To do this, at the end of the cable, which they intend to bring ashore for fastening it with a simple bayonet around the fell, a loop is made, the running end of the cable is connected to the root end of the woman’s knot, which is not completely tightened. From the side of the ship, this loop is thrown onto the fell. When jerking at the root of the mooring line, the woman's knot turns into a simple bayonet.

"Teschin" knot(Fig. 24). Surprising but true. Some people, by tying two ropes together, somehow manage to tie the so-called "Teschin" knot, somewhat reminiscent of

straight knot(Fig. 25). This wonderful knot is worthy of being told in more detail about it. Archaeological finds indicate that the Egyptians used it about five thousand years before our era. The ancient Greeks and Romans called it Nodus Hercules - the Hercules or Hercules knot, because the mythical hero Hercules tied the front paws of the skin of the lion he killed on his chest in this way. The Romans used a direct knot for stitching wounds and in the treatment of bone fractures. It consists of two half-knots, sequentially tied one above the other in different directions. This is the usual, easiest way to knit it (Fig. 25, a).

Sailors, who have been using this knot since ancient times to tie cables, use a different knitting method (Fig. 25, b).

Weavers who use a straight knot to bind broken threads of yarn tie it in a special, convenient way for them (Fig. 25, c).

The author of the book takes the liberty of declaring that a gross mistake was made in interpreting the characteristics of the direct knot and in the recommendations for its use, published in all domestic publications without exception. It has not been corrected until now, they forgot about it and believed that this knot "reliably serves to bind two cables of approximately the same thickness" and that "it is very difficult to untie it if it is tightened."

This is what modern marine reference books and textbooks published in our country in recent years tell us about the direct knot. “A straight knot is used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong tension and getting wet, the straight knot is tightened and it can be very difficult to untie it. Therefore, when tying thick cables with a direct knot, it is necessary to insert a “toggle” into the knot (Handbook of marine practice. M .: Voenizdat, 1969, p. 192). Almost the same is said about the straight knot in the atlas of V. V. Grigoriev and V. M. Gryaznov “Ship rigging” (M .: Transport, 1975, p. 3): “A straight knot is used when tying cables of approximately the same thickness. With heavy loads on the tied cables, as well as when the cables get wet, the straight knot tightens strongly. To prevent over-tightening, a wooden insert is inserted into the loops of the knot.

The idea of taking reefs with a direct knot will seem absurd to today's sailors. But it was with them, with a direct knot, that in the days of the sailing fleet they took reefs on ships with direct armament: with two reef seasons they tied the upper part of the straight sail panel to the reef leer. The reef knot (see Fig. 94) was used to take reefs on small vessels (yawls, longboats and yachts), picking up part of the sail along the luff, and tying it to the reef studs.

A few years ago, the author of these lines drew attention to the fact that in almost all marine dictionaries and textbooks on marine practice published in our country in the last century, the knot in question had two names - “straight”, and, oddly enough, it is also “reef”. For example, let's take a look at the Explanatory Marine Dictionary compiled by V.V. Bakhtin and published in St. Petersburg in 1894 (pp. 265–266): “A straight or reef knot (Reef Knot; Right Knot) is knitted from two ends.

First, a simple knot is knitted, then the end, extended with the right hand, is passed to the left, and the other end, taken over the first, is threaded under it and fitted. From this it can be seen that the reef knot consists of two simple knots knitted one above the other. The corresponding ends of both simple knots must be on the same side of the whole knot, then only it is called straight; otherwise, a skew knot will come out.

The Soviet Admiral K.S. Samoilov in his two-volume "Naval Dictionary" (M.–L.: Voenmorizdat, 1939–1941, p. 465) also gives the second name of this knot: cut."

Having made an excursion into the old and modern encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries and textbooks on maritime affairs published abroad, the author can state the following.

In English, the straight knot was called and is still called "The Reef Knot" - the reef knot. This name was introduced into his marine dictionary by the English admiral John Smith in 1627. The term "straight knot" (The Square Knot) was introduced into the English maritime language by the American writer Richard Dana in 1841. He is known for the fact that, being a lawyer by profession, he was hired as a simple sailor on a merchant sailing ship, sailed for two years and after that he published an excellent book “Two Years as a Sailor” and compiled an excellent English explanatory marine dictionary. In addition to these two names, English-speaking sailors call the straight knot sailor's, correct, strong and ordinary. But the official and most common name for the knot, which we call the direct knot, in English is still "The Reef Knot" - a reef knot. Scandinavian sailors call it a reef knot: the Swedes - "Rabandsknop", the Danes and Norwegians - "Raabandsknob".

It turns out that in the days of the sailing fleet, a straight knot was used primarily not “for tying cables of approximately the same thickness”, but for taking reefs. Here is what is said about this in one of the best English maritime sailing dictionaries, the Dictionary of Marine Terms, compiled by A. Anetsd in 1897, which has since been regularly reprinted every 5–7 years in Glasgow: “The most common knot for a ligament is a reef, or straight, knot. It is applicable in many cases, as, for example, for tying the luff of a sail to a gaff, to a yard, etc., but it got its name (reef) due to the fact that reef seasons have always been knitted with this knot.

The exact and exhaustive formulation of the direct knot is given by Rene de Kerchov in his International Marine Dictionary (New York, 1972): “A reef knot is a knot consisting of two semi-knots tied in series, which serves to tie cables of the same thickness. It was usually used to take the reefs of sails because of the ease with which it can be torn apart.

What we mean by the name "reef knot" (see Fig. 94) is referred to in all marine manuals in English not just "The Reef Knot", but "The Slipped Reef Knot" (sliding reef knot) or "The Draw Knot" and "The Half Bow Knot". René ds Kershov writes about it this way: “The sliding reef knot - a knot similar to the usual reef knot, is untied even more easily. Also called The Half Bow Knot.

How, then, is a straight knot untied, which, according to the characteristic unanimously accepted by our specialists, is so tightened that it cannot be untied and will have to be cut? A straight knot, even wet and tightly tightened, is untied very simply, in 1-2 seconds. Tie a straight knot as shown in the top diagram of fig. 25, d. Take ends A and B in your left hand, and ends C and D in your right hand. Pull them strongly in different directions and tighten the knot as tight as possible. After that, take the root end A in your left hand (so that it does not slip out of the hand, make a couple of hoses around the palm). Take the running end B in your right hand (it can also be wound around the palm of your hand). Pull the ends sharply and strongly in different directions. Without releasing end A from your left hand, hold the rest of the knot in your fist with your right hand, holding it with your thumb and forefinger. Pull root end A to the left side - the knot is untied.

The whole secret lies in the fact that when the ends of A and B are jerked in different directions, the straight knot turns into two half-bayonets and completely loses all its properties. It will just as easily untie if you take root end A in your right hand and strongly pull the running end B to the left. Only in this case, end A must then be pulled to the right, and the rest of the knot (half bayonets) to the left. When untying a straight knot in this way, remember that if you pulled the running end to the right, pull the root to the left and vice versa.

When untying a straight knot, one should not forget that with what force it was tightened, it is necessary to pull one of its running ends with the same force. Even a wet straight knot tied on the thickest vegetable cable, which was under strong traction (without an inserted toggle), can always be untied by taking one of the running ends onto a capstan or winch. In any case, you do not need to cut the cable.

So, the reader now apparently agrees that the characterization of the direct knot, which has appeared for some unknown reason over the past seventy years in our country, is erroneous. Moreover, it is extremely important for our authors of manuals on marine practice and rigging to reconsider the interpretation of the very essence of the direct knot and the recommendations for its use.

Apparently, only in our country there is an unreasonably respectful attitude towards this knot. Sailors of other countries treat him more soberly and even with prejudice. For example, not a single foreign manual on knots contains such a dangerous recommendation for a straight knot, which is contained in the "Handbook of Marine Practice" we mentioned: "A straight knot is used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness."

The Ashley Knot Book (New York, 1977), widely known abroad, says the following about a direct knot:
“Previously, this knot had a specific purpose in the navy - they tied reef seasons of sails when they took reefs. Previously, sailors had never used it to tie two ropes if the latter were of different thickness or dressing. It should not be used to connect two cables that will be subject to strong traction. This knot creeps and is dangerous when it gets wet. After tying the knot, each of its running ends must be grabbed with a line to the root end. Elsewhere in his book, Ashley writes: "This knot, used to tie two cables, claimed more lives than a dozen other knots put together."

Not very enthusiastic about the direct knot was the well-known American sea captain Felix Riesenberg, the author of one of the best textbooks for sailors in English: “Model Maritime Practice for Merchant Marine Sailors” (New York, 1922). He wrote: “The reef, or straight, knot, as its name indicates, was used for knitting reef seasons ... This knot is used in many cases, although it can never be reliable enough if its running ends are not tacked. It should not be used for tying ropes for traction. This is a good knot for packing things, bundles, etc.”

Unfortunately, many compilers of various manuals and manuals for riggers, builders, firefighters, rock climbers and mine rescuers still recommend a straight knot for tying two cables. Try to tie two nylon cables of “approximately the same thickness” with a straight knot and you will immediately see that even with not very strong traction, this knot does not hold, and if you accidentally jerk at one of its running ends, it will surely lead to tragedy.

And, finally, finishing the reasoning about the direct knot, we note that here the most paradoxical thing is that the ancient Romans called it the “female knot”, because it was the Heracles knot that young Roman women tied the sashes of their tunics on their wedding night. The young spouse had to untie this knot. And, according to legend, if he did it quickly, the bride was not threatened with infertility.

Thieves knot(Fig. 26). At first glance, it almost does not differ from a direct knot (see Fig. 25) and it seems that it is akin to it. But if you look closely, it becomes clear that the running ends of the thieves' knot come out of it diagonally. The thieves' knot, as well as the women's and mother-in-law's knots, are shown for clarity, in order to emphasize their similarity and difference with the direct knot. The use of these four nodes is not recommended, as they are unreliable for tying two cables.

The origin of the name "thieves' knot" is curious. It appeared on English warships in the early 17th century. Theft of royal property and the theft of personal belongings of sailors on British ships were considered commonplace. In those years, the sailors of warships kept their simple belongings and food, mainly in the form of biscuits, in small canvas bags. The bag, of course, cannot be closed with a lock, it can only be tied. As a rule, sailors tied their personal bags with a straight knot. Thieves, mostly recruits who were not yet accustomed to the starvation of the ship's diet, having stolen other people's biscuits, could not properly tie the knot with which the bag was tied. They knitted something similar - a knot that sailors began to call thieves'. There is also a second version about the origin of this name: in order to prove the act of stealing from a bag, the owner deliberately tied a knot very similar to a straight one, and the thief, not paying attention to the trick, tied the robbed bag with a straight knot. But be that as it may, the origin of the knot, like its name, is connected with the fleet.

Surgical node(Fig. 27). As already mentioned at the beginning of this book, knots have long been used for various purposes, not only in maritime affairs, but also in medicine. They are still used by surgeons to tie threads of ligatures to stop bleeding and to stitch tissues and skin together. Nowadays, medicine has not yet abandoned the use of knots, and doctors skillfully use them. During abdominal operations, surgeons have to suture catgut (a special material obtained from the mucous layer of the intestines of a ram or sheep), which resolves after 3-4 weeks. When tying, the catgut slides, and, making knots on it, surgeons use special clamps.

During microsurgical operations, doctors use extremely thin suture material - a synthetic thread 10-200 times thinner than a human hair. It is possible to tie such a thread only with the help of special clamps under an operating microscope. These threads are used in the suturing of the walls of blood vessels, for example, in the replantation of fingers, in the suturing of individual nerve fibers. Basically, they use baby, straight, bleached, surgical knots and the so-called “constrictor” knot, which will be discussed later.

When tying a surgical knot, first two half-knots are made one after the other with two ends, which are then pulled in different directions. Then they tie from above, but in the other direction, another half-knot. The result is a knot very similar to a straight knot. The principle of the knot is that the first two half-knots do not allow the two ends to disperse in different directions while another half-knot is knitted on top.

It is convenient to use this knot when there is a need to pull off and tie some elastic bale with a rope, or I carry and tightened the first half of the knot on the rope, without releasing its ends with my hands, I have to press it with my knee.

academic node(Fig. 28). It is very similar to the surgical knot, differing only in that instead of one second half-knot, it has two of them. It differs from its, if I may say, progenitor - a direct knot in that the running end of the cable is wrapped around the running end of another cable twice, after which the running ends lead towards each other and again run around them twice. In other words, there are two half-knots at the bottom and two half-knots at the top, but tied in the opposite direction. This gives the academic knot the advantage that when the cable is heavily loaded, it does not tighten as much as a straight knot and is easier to untie in the conventional way.

flat knot(Fig. 29). The name "flat knot" came into our maritime language from French. It was introduced for the first time in his "Dictionary of Marine Terms" by the famous French shipbuilder Daniel Lascals in 1783. But the knot was, of course, known to sailors of all countries long before that. What it was called before, we do not know. It has long been considered one of the most reliable knots for tying cables of different thicknesses. They even tied anchor hemp ropes and mooring lines.

Having eight weaves, the flat knot never tightens too much, does not creep and does not spoil the cable, since it does not have sharp bends, and the load on the cables is evenly distributed over the knot. After removing the load on the cable, this knot is easy to untie.

The principle of a flat knot lies in its shape: it is really flat, and this makes it possible to choose the cables connected by it on the drums of capstans and windlasses, on the welps of which its shape does not interfere with the even overlap of subsequent hoses.

In marine practice, there are two options for knitting this knot: a loose knot with tacking of its free running ends to the root or half-bayonets at their ends (Fig. 29. a) and without such a tack, when the knot is tightened (Fig. 29. b). A flat knot tied in the first way (in this form it is called the “Josephine knot”) on two cables of different thicknesses almost does not change its shape even with very high traction and is easily untied when the load is removed. The second knitting method is used for tying thinner than anchor ropes and mooring lines, cables, with the same or almost the same thickness. At the same time, it is recommended to first tighten the tied flat knot with your hands so that it does not twist with a sharp pull. After that, when a load is given to the connected cable, the knot crawls and twists for some time, but, having stopped, it holds firmly. It is untied without much effort by shifting the loops covering the root ends.

As already mentioned, a flat knot has eight interlacing cables and it would seem that it can be tied in different ways - there are 2 ^ 8 = 256 different options for tying it. But practice shows that not every knot from this number, tied according to the principle of a flat knot (alternating intersection of opposite ends “under and over”), will hold securely. Ninety percent of them are unreliable, and some are even dangerous for tying cables designed for strong traction. Its principle depends on changing the sequence of intersection of the connected cables in a flat knot, and it is enough to slightly change this sequence, as the knot gets other negative qualities.

In many textbooks and reference books on maritime practice published in our country and abroad, the flat knot is depicted in different ways and in most cases incorrectly. This happens both due to the negligence of the authors, and due to the fault of the graphs, which, redrawing the knot scheme from the author's sketches in one color, cannot always make out whether the end passes over or under the other end. Here is given, one of the most the best forms flat knot, proven and proven practice. Other valid variants of this node are deliberately not given by the author so as not to scatter the reader's attention and not give him the opportunity to confuse the scheme of this node with any other. Before putting this knot into practice for any responsible business, you must first remember exactly its scheme and tie the cables exactly along it without any, even the most insignificant deviations. Only in this case, the flat knot will serve you faithfully and will not let you down.

This marine knot is indispensable for tying two cables (even steel ones, on which a significant effort will be applied, for example, when pulling a heavy truck stuck in mud on half a wheel with a tractor).

dagger knot(Fig. 30). In foreign rigging practice, this knot is considered one of the best knots for tying two large-diameter plant cables. It is not very complicated in its scheme and is quite compact when tightened.

It is most convenient to tie it if you first lay the running end of the cable in the form of the number "8" on top of the root end. After that, thread the elongated running end of the second cable into the loops, passing under the middle intersection of the figure eight, and bring it out over the second intersection of the first cable. Next, the running end of the second cable must be passed under the root end of the first cable and inserted into the figure-eight loop, as indicated by the arrow in the diagram in Fig. 30. When the knot is tightened. two running ends of both cables stick out in different directions. The dagger knot is easy to untie if one of the extreme loops is loosened.

"Herbal" knot(Fig. 31). Despite its name, this elementary assembly is quite reliable and can withstand heavy loads. In addition, it is easily untied in the absence of traction. The principle of the knot is half-bayonets with other people's ends (Fig. 31, a).

Packet node(Fig. 32). Its name suggests that it is convenient for tying bags and bundles. It is simple, original and designed for quick knitting. The packet knot is somewhat reminiscent of a herbal knot. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to the latter.

Fisherman's knot(Fig. 33). In Russia, this knot has long had three names - forest, fishing and English. In England it is called English, in America it is called a river or water knot.

It is a combination of two simple knots tied with running ends around other people's root ends. To tie two cables with a fishing knot, you need to put them towards each other and make a simple knot with one end, and pass the other end through its loop and around the root end of the other cable and also tie a simple knot. Then you need to move both loops towards each other so that they come together and tighten the knot. The fishing knot, despite its simplicity, can be fearlessly used to tie two cables of approximately the same thickness. With strong traction, it tightens so tightly that it is almost impossible to untie it. It is widely used by anglers for tying fishing line (not synthetic) and for attaching leashes to the fishing line.

snake knot(Fig. 34). This knot is considered one of the most reliable knots for tying synthetic fishing tackle. It has quite a lot of weaves, is symmetrical and relatively compact when tightened. With a certain skill, they can even tie the strings of the piano. To do this, the place of the string bundle must be carefully degreased and covered with shellac.

The snake knot can be successfully used to tie two cables made of any material when a strong, reliable connection is required.

weaving knot(Fig. 35). In weaving, there are about two dozen original knots for tying a broken thread of yarn and for connecting new coils. The main requirements imposed by the specifics of production on each weaving knot are the speed with which it can be tied, and the compactness of the knot, which ensures the free passage of the thread through the machine. Experienced weavers are truly virtuosos in knitting their ingenious knots! They tie a broken thread in just a second. They have to do it without stopping the machine. Almost all weaving knots are designed primarily for instant tying, so that in the event of a thread break, the looms will continue to run smoothly.

Some of the weaving knots are very similar to sea knots, but differ from the latter in the way they are tied. Several weaving knots have long been borrowed by sailors in their original form and serve them reliably.

The weaving knot shown in fig. 35, can be called the "sibling" of the clew. The only difference is in the way it is tied and in the fact that the latter is tied into a krengels or sail fire, while the weaving knot is knitted with two cables. The principle of the weaving knot is considered classical. Truly this is the embodiment of reliability and simplicity.

Versatile knot(Fig. 36). This knot is similar to weaving in its principle. The only difference is that in a knotted knot, the running ends look in different directions - this is very important when tying yarn threads. It is not inferior to a weaving knot in terms of simplicity or strength and is just as quickly tied. This knot is also known for the fact that on its basis it is possible to tie the “king of knots” - the gazebo knot (see Fig. 76).

Polish knot(Fig. 37). It can be recommended for tying thin cables. It is widely used in weaving and is considered a reliable knot.

clew knot(Fig. 38). It got its name from the word "sheet - a tackle that is controlled by a sail, stretching it by one lower corner, if it is oblique, and simultaneously by two, if it is straight and suspended from the yard. Sheets are named after the sail they are attached to. For example, the fore-sheet and main-sheet are the tackle with which the lower sails are set - the fore and main, respectively. Mars-sheets serve to set the topsails, jib-sheets pull back the clew of the jib, and the fore-staysail-sheets pull back the clew of the fore staysail, etc. In the sailing fleet, this knot was used when it was necessary to tie the tackle into the fire of the sail in the middle, such as, for example, Mars-fox-sheet.

The clew knot is simple and very easy to untie, but it fully justifies its purpose - it securely holds the sheet in the crank of the sail. Strongly tightening, it does not spoil the cable.

The principle of this knot is that the thin running end passes under the main end and, when pulled, is pressed against it in a loop formed by a thicker cable. When using a clew knot, you should always remember that it holds securely only when traction is applied to the cable. This knot is knitted in almost the same way as a straight one, but its running end is passed not next to the main one, but under it.

A clew knot is best used for attaching a cable to a finished loop, krengels or thimble. It is not recommended to use a clew knot on a synthetic rope, as it slips and can spill out of the loop. For greater reliability, the clew knot is knitted with a hose. In this case, it looks like a bram-sheet knot; the difference is that his hose is made higher than the loop on the root of the cable around the splash. The clew knot is an integral element of some types of wicker fishing nets.

Bram-sheet knot(Fig. 39). Just like the clew knot, it got its name from the name of the tackle - the bram-sheet, which stretches the clew angles of the lower edge of the straight sail when setting the bramsails. If single sheets of the lower sails are tied with a clew knot, then bram-sheets and bom-bram-sheets, bram-halyards and bom-bram-halyards, as well as bram-gits are knitted with a clew knot.

The brahm-sheet knot is more reliable than the clew knot, because it does not immediately untie when the pull on the cable stops. It differs from the clew knot in that the loop (or krengels) is surrounded by the running end not once, but twice, and also passed under the root end twice.

In the days of the sailing fleet, the bram-sheet knot was widely used when working with gear. It was used when it was necessary to take some tackle with the end into the fire, for example, bram-sheets and bram-gits. Usually they were used to tie bram-gintsy into bram-fal and gintsy into topenant of the lower yards.

Bram-sheet knot is also reliable for tying two cables of different thickness. It holds well on synthetic cables of equal thickness.

docker node(Fig. 40). In marine practice, it often becomes necessary to attach a much thinner cable compared to it to a thick rope. Such a need always exists during the mooring of the vessel to the berth, when one or several mooring lines must be supplied from the deck. There are several ways to attach the throwing line to a mooring line that does not have fire, but the most common of them is the use of a docker knot.

To tie this knot, the running end of the thick cable to which you intend to attach the thin cable must be folded in half. Insert a thin cable into the loop formed from below, make one run around the root of the thick cable, pass it under the thin cable, then over the running end of the thick cable and, passing under three cables, insert it into the loop. The docker knot is reliable enough to pull out (or lift onto the deck from the shore) a heavy mooring line with a throwing end, and quickly unties. It is best used as a temporary knot.

furrier knot(Fig. 41). It seems strange that this wonderful knot, long known to furriers, has so far gone unnoticed by sailors. His scheme speaks for itself. It is relatively simple, has sufficiently crossed ends and is compact (Fig. 41, a). In addition, the furrier knot has excellent property: Designed for strong traction, it tightens firmly, but also without special work unties. This knot can be successfully used for tying synthetic cables and fishing lines. On fig. 41, b shows the second way to knit it.

creeper knot(Fig. 42). This knot, although not widely used in the Navy, is one of the original and reliable knots for tying cables. It is unique in that, with a very simple weave, each end separately holds tightly with very strong traction and, moreover, it is very easy to untie after removing the load on the cable - just move any of the loops along the corresponding root end and the knot immediately crumbles. It does not slip on synthetic fishing line and can be successfully used by anglers.

hunting knot(Fig. 43). The invention of a new knot by the English retired doctor Edward Hunter in 1979 caused a kind of sensation in the maritime circles of many countries. British patent experts, granting Huntsr a patent for his invention, admitted that the knot was indeed new. Moreover, it holds perfectly on all cables, including the thinnest synthetic lines.

In essence, the hunting knot is a successful interlacing of two simple knots tied at the ends of the cables. Dr. Hunter did not pursue the goal of inventing a new knot, but tied it quite by accident. Since the name Hunter in English means "hunter", here this knot is called a hunting knot.

IV. TIGHTENED KNOTS

Self-tightening knot(Fig. 44). Of all the primitive nodes, this one is perhaps the most original, which is called “you can’t imagine it easier”. A pull commensurate with the strength of the cable can be applied to the root of the cable of this assembly, and it will hold securely. The greater the thrust, the stronger the free running end is pressed against the hose, the knot tightens itself. This is essentially simplest form strangleholds (see fig. 65).

This knot should be used with great care. Always remember that it is reliable only when it is tied around a log and a constant effort is applied to the root end. If this force is applied to the cable alternately, as if in jerks, then the running end may slip out from under the root end of the cable. It makes sense to use a self-tightening knot in cases where the load suspended from the root end is motionless and the direction of thrust to this end does not change.

With this knot it is convenient to hang bags of grain or cereals on the crossbar in warehouses in order to save them from rodents. Having loosened the running end of the cable, the suspended bag can be smoothly lowered to the ground or floor of the warehouse.

Self-tightening knot with half bayonet(Fig. 45). By adding one or two half bayonets to a self-tightening knot, we get a more reliable knot that can be used for various household needs.

cow knot(Fig. 46). Despite its prosaic name, this knot is considered a good sea knot. It holds without fail if a pull is applied to the cable. The cow knot is actually an incorrect (inverted) bayonet, working in a different capacity.

From time immemorial, this knot has been used on ships for attaching vyblek to the extreme shrouds with the help of a line, for temporarily attaching the cable to the eye during stretching for cage and trembling.

On the shore, in addition to the fact that cows (as well as goats) are really tied to a stake with this knot, it is used when pulling a rope for fences.

blind loop(Fig. 47). If the running and root ends of the cow knot (see Fig. 46) are connected together and traction is applied to both ends, then the knot thus obtained will already be called a blind loop. It is sometimes called a tag knot because it is very useful for tying keys together, for holding washers and other items that have a hole, and for wrapping around the neck of a bag when tying it.

Clove hitch(Fig. 48). This knot got its name due to the fact that on ships they have long been attached to the shrouds of the shrouds - transverse segments of a resinous cable that serve as steps for climbing the masts.

The vyblenochny knot consists of two half-bayonets tied in the same direction. This is a very reliable tightening knot that holds without fail as long as the pull is applied to both ends of the cable. It is extremely useful for attaching cables to smooth surfaces such as a mast, yardarm, boom, or just a log. In the days of the sailing fleet, in addition to its main purpose, the bleached knot was used to knit the root ends of the marsa-drayreps on the topmast.

There are two various ways knitting a vybleknot knot. The first method is used in cases where one of the ends of the object around which the knot is knitted is open and accessible (Fig. 48, a), the second, when the cable has to be carried directly around the object (Fig. 48, b).

The range of application of this node in everyday life is very wide. With it, you can attach a rope to a smooth post or crossbar, tie a bag, pull a rope between two posts, tie a bowstring to a bow, moor a boat behind a pile or a stake dug on the shore, attach twine to a thick cable.

The vyblenochny knot is very convenient for giving of the tool on height (for example, the hammer working on a mast). When weaving many types of fishing nets, the faded knots form the first row of knitting.

However, when using a bleached knot, you should always remember that it is reliable only with constant traction on a cable or rope. A variation of the bleached knot is the buoy knot, which serves to fasten the buoy to the trend of the Admiralty anchor. In the latter case, the running end of the cable must have a knob and be attached to the anchor spindle with a bout or benzelle.

Rice. 49. Retractable bayonet

retractable bayonet(Fig. 49). On sailing ships, this knot found even more use than the bleached one. This is due to the fact that it is even more perfect and more reliable than bleached. It can also be used in cases where the direction of the cable pull is at an acute angle to the log (yard, mast, etc.) or to the cable to which it is attached. The retractable bayonet holds even if the thrust is directed almost along the log.

Unlike the bleached knot, the retractable bayonet has not two, but three hoses covering the object: one on one side of the root end and two on the other.

When tying this knot, it is necessary to take into account in which direction the thrust for the root end will be directed, and depending on this, knit the knot. It is easy to remember: on which side the thrust is - there are two hoses. Once upon a time, a retractable bayonet in the navy was used to lift spars up if the cable had to be tied in their middle. They knitted the ends of proudes when climbing swarms of fox spirits. They also tied a block with a sweater to a yard and to fox-alcohol. The ends of the embossing of the spiers were fastened with a whistle also with the help of a retractable bayonet. When the boats stood near the side of the ship on a pendant, on a backboard or were towed, they were tied with painters to the can with the same retractable bayonet.

When using this knot in everyday life, one should not forget that, like the knotted knot, it is reliable only under load and does not like sharp weakening.

Fig. 50. "Constrictor"

"Constrictor"(Fig. 50). "Boa constrictor" is the Latin zoological name for the boa constrictor. Snakes such as the boa constrictor, python and anaconda are known to kill their prey by squeezing it with three loops of their body.

The knot, known worldwide by this name, is one of the most tightly tightened knots. At the same time, it is considered one of the most difficult knots to untie. As a rule, it is not even untied, it serves once. "Constrictor" tightens well if it is tied to round objects that do not have sharp corners; in this case it is indispensable. This is a very useful and important node for our life. With it, you can, for example, tie a bag very tightly, the valve of a soccer ball chamber, compress a leaking rubber hose, tighten a rolled carpet, a bag, a wadded blanket, tie a bully's hand; put a tourniquet on the wounded limb and much more. With the help of this amazing knot, you can lift the carcass of a dead bear without damaging its skin. To do this, you need to take a draek or a short, strong stick, put it into the mouth of the beast, by its fangs, and tie the mouth with a stick with a “constrictor”. Attach its ends to a hook or cargo pendant. Professional riggers use a "constrictor" to place temporary marks on the steel cable where it needs to be cut. In this way, they prevent the cable from self-unwinding until permanent wire marks are applied.

Rice. 51. Double constrictor

Double "constrictor"(Fig. 51). Although this knot is more complicated than the one just described, it tightens even more. He, like a single "constrictor", is considered an indispensable tightening knot in everyday life.

Python knot(Fig. 52). Just as a python is almost no different from a boa constrictor, so this knot does not differ much from a “constrictor”. In principle, they are similar. The Python knot is applicable for the same cases as the "constrictor". In addition, it can be very useful for tying two transverse rails (Fig. 52, b). Their connection with this knot will be much stronger than on nails.

For example, it is convenient to tie the wooden slats of a kite with a python knot. It can be used in the construction of a wicker fence, when one rope needs to be tied to another at a right angle.

miner's knot(Fig. 53). This knot is simple, original and reliable. Under constant load, it holds up well. Apparently, it got its name due to the fact that it was used in mines. And although it is not considered a sea knot, it can be successfully used both on land and at sea.

picket knot(Fig. 54). This node is somewhat reminiscent of a bleached one, although its scheme is different. It can be used for the same purposes. Obviously, it got its name from the fact that they tied a cable to the risers when pickets were made.

hafel knot(Fig. 55). The name itself already indicates that he is from the family of marine knots. In our time, it has already been forgotten, apparently because the need for it has disappeared. You can always use it in everyday life when it becomes necessary to quickly attach the cable to some cylindrical object.

fox knot(Fig. 56). On sailing ships, foxes were called additional sails, which were placed on each side of the direct sails on special spar trees - fox spirits. With this knot, the fox was laced with fasteners to the fox-rail. Although the fox knot is no longer used in the navy, it can be used to attach a cable to a round spar.

halyard knot(Fig. 57). On a sailing ship, straight sails, which were placed between the mars-ray and the lower yard, were called marseilles. Depending on which mast the sail belonged to, it was called "main topsail" on the main mast or "fore topsail" on the fore mast. The gear with which the yards of these sails were raised was called the main-marsa-fal and fore-marsa-fal. These tackles were attached to the yard with a halyard knot. Like the fox knot, the halyard knot is considered a reliable maritime knot. It can do a good job in our everyday life.

pike knot(Fig. 58). It, like the two previous nodes, serves to attach the cable to cylindrical objects. The pike knot is much simpler than the halyard knot.

camel knot(Fig. 59). If you need to tie a thin rope to another thicker rope for pulling at any angle, we recommend using this extension knot. When properly tied, it does not slip either to the left or to the right. It is always easy to untie it even if it gets wet and dragged on a lot.

Stop knot(Fig. 60). When performing various ship work on the deck, it sometimes becomes necessary to hold the cable under tension. This is done with another cable attached with a stop knot to the cable to be restrained. If the pull of the cable to be stopped is to the right, then the running end of the locking cable is placed on top of the cable with a hose to the left, another hose is made and the running end of the locking cable is led towards the first and second hoses, clamping them, and then to the right around the cable in a twist, making one or two more hoses, and in two or three places they put strong contractions or fix them “under themselves”.

swing knot(Fig. 61). When arranging a swing on your own, the choice of a cable and a knot with which this cable will be attached to the crossbar is of great importance. The reliability of your homemade structure mainly depends on this.
If you decide to make a swing in the country or in the courtyard of your house, do not look for another knot.

zigzag knot(Fig. 62). The name of the node is the best match to its shape. When knitting this knot, the running end passes, as it were, in zigzags in one direction or the other. The zigzag knot is very specific. It is mainly used for pulling and securing a high stack of cargo in an open box. truck equipped with high racks. If, for example, several hundred light boxes are to be transported on such a truck, then, first of all, they must be securely fastened. This can be done with a long rope using a zigzag knot. It is best to fasten the rope around the truck legs while holding a coil of it in your hand, otherwise you will have to drag the entire length of the rope each time.

paly knot(Fig. 63). This simple knot is very convenient for fastening the painter of a boat or boat to a fell, biteng or single bollard. In order to tie it correctly, the running end of the painter must be folded in half, the fell is surrounded on the side, the loop is passed under both ends and thrown over the fell.

Bit node(Fig. 64). It also serves for mooring small vessels for mooring on a biteng, pal or bollard. The running end of the painter or mooring line is wrapped around the biteng, then it is folded in half with a loop and passed under the root end. Here the loop is twisted once by 180 degrees and put on top of the biteng. This method of securing the mooring end is simple and quite reliable.

Rice. 65a - knot knitting scheme

Noose with half bayonets(Fig. 65). About a hundred years ago, in the sailing fleet, without this knot, the implementation of many shipboard works would have been simply unthinkable.

A noose with half-bayonets, along with a retractable bayonet, was used on ships to lift up spars - topmasts, yards, gaffs, etc. She tied logs in the water for towing, she was used to load cylindrical objects, loaded rails and telegraph poles. The same knot was used to fasten the root ends of the mars-sheets, mars-gits and other gear, where it was necessary to have the ends ready for a quick return. A noose without half-bayonets was often used to fasten the mooring line behind the coastal fell.

This knot, proven by centuries of experience at sea, has long been used ashore. It is widely used by lumberjacks. On many foreign languages the name of this node is "forest node" or "log node".

The garrote with half-bayonets is a reliable and very strong knot that tightens exceptionally tightly around the object being lifted. The running end of the cable must be passed over the root end inside the loop towards the object being clamped. After the loop is surrounded by the running end 3-4 times, it is taken out of the loop towards the far end, from which there will be a pull - At the same time, the noose is very easy and simple to untie when the pull on the cable stops.

To no risk for human life lift a tree trunk several tons or heavy metal pipe, it is not necessary to have any special rigging devices for the crane. You can perfectly manage with a vegetable cable of appropriate strength or steel. But for this you need to be able to properly tie this knot. It always needs to be knitted a little away from the middle of the log (pipe). Having brought the running end of the cable out of the loop that makes up the knot, it is pulled towards the end of the object being lifted, from which there will be traction, and two half bayonets are made. But, as a rule, two half-bayonets are made before the start of knitting the noose, since the root end of the tackle is already fixed (fig. 65, b). The slack in the cable between the choke and half bayonets must be taken out before lifting. Having lifted the object with a crane, it is better to deliver it to the place in one go, without lowering it to the ground. You should always remember that this knot must be checked before each lift (if it is carried out in two steps). It is also important in which direction to make half-bayonets on the log. They should be laid along the descent of the cable. Lifting heavy objects with a noose without half bayonets is considered dangerous.

V. NON-TIGHTENING HINGES

oak loop(Fig. 66). This is the simplest loop of all existing non-tightening loops. It is knitted with a simple knot at the end of the rope, folded in half. The oak loop is strong and secure, but greatly weakens the cable by bending it. Unlike the oak knot, it can be used on synthetic rope.
Its significant drawback is that the knot at the end of the cable is strongly tightened and the loop is very difficult to untie.

Vein loop(Fig. 67). If, by tying an oak loop, an additional hose is made with the running end folded in half, then you get a loop that will be a little easier to untie (hereinafter, the working loop is indicated in the diagrams with a cross). It is used for thin fishing lines.

Flemish loop(Fig. 68). Knotted in a figure-of-eight on a cable folded in half, it is a strong and easily untied loop at the end of the cable. The Flemish loop is suitable for knitting on both thick and thin cables. It almost does not weaken the strength of the cable. It is used for fastening the strings of musical instruments and for other purposes.

An additional knot at the end of the walking cable serves as a stopper, which, when pulled, does not allow it to slip out of the loop of the knot.

"Honda" is the American name for such a hinge. Until now, cowboys in Mexico and the southern states of the United States use it for knitting lasso.

eskimo loop(Fig. 70). The Eskimos used this loop to attach the bowstring to the bow. The official name for this loop is "Eskimo Bowstring Knot". It has an important property for this purpose: its size can be changed after the knot has already been tied.

When tensioned by the root end of the cable, the loop remains motionless.

fishing loop(Fig. 72). It is often called the English loop or the fisherman's fire. It can be tied both at the end and in the middle of the cable. When tightening, the knots need to be brought together. This loop is widely used by anglers. Sailors use it instead of a factory fire when a mooring cable breaks and in cases where it is necessary to securely fasten the cable to an object.

Burlatskaya loop(Fig. 73). English sailors call it a harness loop or a Pushkar knot. Apparently, the sailors borrowed it from gunners, who used this knot in cases where they had to harness additional horses or soldiers to the team on steep mountain roads or off-road. This loop can be made both at the end of the cable and in its middle.

Burlatskaya loop is designed for the application of traction in any direction. It ties easily and holds securely. True, before a load is applied to the loop, it should be tightly tightened with your hands, since with a sharp pull it tends to turn over and slides along the cable for some time. A few loops tied in this way will help to pull out a car stuck in the mud, allow you to climb to a height or go down a steep cliff.

Arbor knot(Fig. 76). People not familiar with nautical terminology may think that the name "arbor" comes from the verb "conversate" or from the noun "arbor". In our maritime language, the name of this node comes from the “arbor”, but not from the usual one, but from the marine arbor, which is a small wooden board - a platform that serves to lift a person onto the mast or lower overboard during painting or other work. This board with the help of cables is attached to the lifting cable with a special knot, which is called the gazebo knot. Its second name is bowline. It comes from the English term "bowline", denoting tackle, which is used to pull the pointed leech of the lower straight sail. This tackle is knitted to the leech of the sail with The Bowline Knot, or simply Bowline.

It makes sense to dwell on this node in more detail. Indeed, it is admired by those who deal with cables and viscous knots. This is one of the oldest and most amazing knots ever invented by man. Archaeologists testify that the gazebo was known to the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians for 3000 years BC. In English marine technical literature, it is often referred to as the "King of Knots" (King of Knots). Not every sea node can be compared with it in the number of positive properties that it possesses. Given the scope of its application and excellent qualities, the gazebo is rightfully awarded the royal title in a huge dynasty of marine and non-marine knots. In appearance, it looks like a weaving knot, but its running end does not go into the loop of the other end, but into the loop of its root end.

The arbor knot, despite its amazing compactness, simultaneously contains elements of a simple knot, half-bayonet, weaving and straight knots. The elements of all these nodes in a certain combination give the gazebo node the right to be called universal. It is surprisingly easy to knit, even with strong traction it never tightens “tightly”, does not spoil the cable, never slides along the cable, does not untie itself, but it is easy to untie it when necessary.

The main purpose of the gazebo knot is to tie a person with a cable under the armpits as a means of insurance when climbing to a height, lowering overboard or in a smoky room during a fire on board a ship. You can insert a gazebo into the non-tightening loop of this knot. A loop tied with a gazebo knot on the mooring line reliably serves as a fire. This knot can be successfully used to tie two cables of any diameter or to tie a thick vegetable cable with a steel one (in this case, the cables are connected by loops, and the knots are knitted at their root ends). Of all the ways of tying two cables from different materials (for example, hemp and steel, dacron and manila), connecting with two arbor knots with loops will be the most reliable. In addition, a reliable tightening loop can be made from the gazebo (see Fig. 85). It can be used for mooring and for attaching the cable to the hook. The gazebo knot can also be safely used to temporarily shorten the cable or when it is required to exclude a worn piece of cable from work by tying the knot so that this piece falls on the loop.

There are many ways to knit a gazebo knot. The reader is offered the most rational and most simple.

Double gazebo(Fig. 77). This knot, which has two non-stretching loops, is used instead of a gazebo for lifting a person to a height, for lifting or lowering a person who has lost consciousness, and in other cases. When knitting a knot, one of the loops is made almost half the size of the other. A person sits in one loop, the second loop wraps around his torso under the armpits. This allows him, having risen to a height, to work with both hands.

In marine practice, there are several ways to tie a double bow knot. Let's explain the simplest one. The knot is knitted with a cable folded in half. After entering the running end (in the form of a loop) into the small loop of the knot, the goth end needs to be pulled out a little and, wrapped around the large loop, placed in the upper part of the knot. Holding the root of the cable with one hand, pull the right side of the large double loop with the other hand. After that, the knot will tighten and be ready for use.

boatswain knot(Fig. 78). This ancient maritime knot is sometimes called the "Spanish pavilion". It, like the double gazebo, serves to lift a person up or to lower him from a height.

French top knot(Fig. 79). The loops of this knot on the tops of the masts of sailing ships served to fasten the backstays, which were tied into them with a clew knot. The free ends of the knot were tied with a straight knot and thus received a third loop, which was used to fasten the stay. One knot simultaneously fastened three pieces of standing rigging.

Top node(Fig. 80). It was also used on the tops of the masts of sailing ships instead of yokes with butts (forged rings with staples) for fastening backstays and stays. This knot was used for fastening temporary guys when installing masts and driving piles.

Rice. 81. "Southern Cross"

"South Cross"(Fig. 81). Such a romantic name was given to this knot by sailors of the distant past. It is sometimes referred to as the "sea cross". In essence, this is also a top knot, but of a different knitting method and principle. If you stretch out three loops of the knot, then it will turn out to be a cross in shape (hence the name). This node was used earlier for the same purposes as the top node.

VI. TIGHTENING HINGES

Running simple knot(Fig. 82). This is the simplest knot that forms a tightening loop. When pulling at the root end, the loop is tightened, but it can be increased in size by pulling the running end away from the loop. A knot can be tied anywhere on the rope. With it, you can tighten a bag, tie a bale, attach a cable to something, moor a boat behind a pile.

sliding figure eight(Fig. 83). Based on the figure-eight principle, this knot belongs to the category of reliable, highly tightened loops. It has the property of smoothly and evenly tightening when pulling at the root end.

Sliding blind loop(Fig. 84). This simple and durable knot can be used in everyday life for tightening various bales and bundles during their packing. Knitting a knot is extremely simple and does not require any comments.

running bowline(Fig. 85) - this is the same gazebo knot with a small loop into which the root end is passed. It is based on the lasso principle. The running bowline works flawlessly. In maritime affairs, it is used to catch floating logs and driftwood, they are looking for and raising Admiralty anchors left at the bottom.

Silk knot(Fig. 86). This knot is borrowed from the uncomplicated technique of birders. Snares made from horsehair or the thinnest nylon line with such a knot work flawlessly. The silk knot is considered one of the most smoothly and easily tightened knots.

scaffold knot(Fig. 87). The name of the node indicates its purpose. This is one of the ancient knots developed by the centuries-old practice of the death penalty by hanging. However, despite its gloomy purpose, it can be successfully used for many other purposes, for example, for temporarily attaching a cable to various objects.

Rice. 88. Tightening noose

Tightening noose(Fig. 88). Like the previous one, this knot is also called the scaffold, or “hanging” knot. But despite this, it also finds other uses in maritime affairs. It is used for temporary fastening of a cable for objects floating in the water or for throwing and fastening a cable for any object on the shore. This knot has an advantage even over such a good knot as a garrote with half bayonets (see Fig. 65), in that the running end of the cable cannot slip out of the loop, and therefore a tightening garrote is considered more reliable.

On sailboats, this knot was used to fasten the root ends of the mars-sheets and mars-git and other gear in those cases when it was necessary to have these ends ready for recoil.

To tie this knot, the cable is laid in the form of two loops of the same size. Both loops are surrounded several times with the running end of the cable, after which this end is passed into the loop facing the root of the cable, and, pulling out the extreme loop, they are clamped in it. A tightening noose can always be easily untied by pulling on the root of the cable.

This gloomy knot can be used well in maritime affairs in two ways. Firstly, according to the scheme of its knitting, it is convenient to store the cable in the form of a compact bay. By making this knot without a loop at the running end of the throwing end, you will get excellent lightness. If you find it not heavy enough, dip it in water before use.

"Drunken" knot(Fig. 89). In this section of knots there are knots with two tightening loops. When pulling simultaneously on the running and root ends, the loops are tightened. From time immemorial, this knot in Rus' was called “drunk”: apparently, it was used to pacify excessively roaming people, putting loops on the wrists behind the back and tying the ends on the chest.

shackle knot(Fig. 90). It is very similar to the "drunk" knot. Its name in English means "handcuffs". A node can serve the same purpose. Despite the external similarity, these are two different nodes (see Fig. 90 and 89). In any case, without untying them and removing the ends from the central loop, it is impossible to turn one knot into another. Some sailors call this knot a double top knot, as it is sometimes used similarly to a top knot (see fig. 80).

VII. QUICK RELEASE KNOTS

Untying simple knot(Fig. 91). This knot serves well as a simple stopper, which can be quickly given away even under cable tension. When jerking the running end, it will instantly untie. It can be used in all cases when you need to temporarily fix something in such a way that at any moment you can release the rope.

Untying running simple knot(Fig. 93). A running simple knot (see Fig. 82) can be easily turned into a quick untied knot without changing its function, i.e. using it as a running, and not as a quickly untied knot. To do this, you need to enter the running end, folded in half, into its loop. In this case, it will have two properties at once - it will tighten and quickly untie if you pull on the running end sticking out of the loop. With the help of this knot, you can moor the boat beyond the coastal fell in such a way that, if necessary, the painter can be given away without leaving the boat by pulling on the running end, left long enough. This is a very common knot. In any case, all over the world, it is they who tie horses by the bridle to a leash. So that the knot does not accidentally untie, the end of the bridle is pushed into the loop (Fig. 93. b).

reef knot(Fig. 94). It got its name from the word “reef-shtert” - a small end of the cable tied into the sail cloth, with which they “took reefs”, that is, they tied the part of the sail matched to the lower luff of the sail or to the boom in order to reduce its area in strong wind. On large sailing ships with direct armament, reefs were taken with the help of reef seasons - the flat ends of the cable, with which the upper luff of the sail was tied to the reef leer. The reefers were connected in such a way that at any moment, if necessary, they could be untied or, as the sailors say, “tear apart”. For this purpose, a reef knot was used. It is very similar to a straight knot and is knitted in the manner shown in fig. 25, except that when knitting the second half-knot, its running end is threaded into the loop folded in half. When jerking the running end, the knot is instantly untied.

In maritime affairs, this knot is used for tying the pins of canvas covers of lifeboats, winches, compasses and other devices on the upper navigation open bridge.

This knot is known colloquially as the "one-bow knot". He is familiar to everyone, many tie their shoelaces with them. In principle, this is a simple and useful node.

double reef knot(Fig. 95). Sometimes it is called a file knot. But sailors almost never use it: a reef knot is enough for a temporary bunch of shters and other ends. In the dictionary of Vladimir Dahl, it is called "loop knot" and "burdock (bow)". Often it is also called a byte node. It is knitted in the same way as a straight knot, but in the second half-knot, the running ends of the cable are tied doubled. It is an indispensable knot for tying shoelaces, rope, bows around the neck and bows in the hair, as well as on bundles and boxes.

Kalmyk knot(Fig. 97). It is one of the practical and reliable knots. Its name speaks of how it appeared in our country. And although the Kalmyk steppes are not associated with the sea and ships, it has long been used in the navy. Foreign sailors do not know him, and, oddly enough, he does not appear in any of the many manuals on knitting knots published abroad.

In practice, this beautiful knot is knitted almost instantly as follows. Get the running end of the cable behind the object and take it, slightly stepping back from the end, from above with your left hand with your thumb towards you. With your right hand, place the root end over the left fist, in which the running end is already clamped, and make the root of the cable complete a turn around it. Then, with the movement of the left hand, move the root end under the root of the large loop while carrying the running end around the same part of the cable and then intercepting the running end with the fingers of the left hand. After that, gently pull the running end in the form of a loop through the root end hose located on the left hand (by dropping the hose) so that the running end does not straighten out, and tighten the knot with the root end.

The Kalmyk knot securely holds and quickly unties if you pull on the running end. It is used for temporary fastening of the throwing end to the mooring line when the latter is fed from the ship to the berth. It is used to attach the reins to the bridle, as well as to tie the horse in the stable. If a running end that is not folded in half is passed into the loop of the Kalmyk knot, then the knot will not be quickly untied. In this form, it is called the Cossack knot.

Untie self-tightening knot(Fig. 98).

If you skip the running end folded in a loop into the loop of this knot, then the knot will still retain its main property, but if desired, it can be quickly untied. To do this, you just need to pull the running end.

Boat knot(Fig. 99). It is used when towing boats and during their stay under fire at the side of the ship only in those cases when there are people in them. First, the running end of the painter is passed into the bow boat eye, then under the first can, then it is carried from above around the second can, the end is brought out above the cable and again led under the can, then the end of the painter is folded in the form of a loop and led under the hose made on top of the can. The boat knot is easily untied by pulling the running end of the painter lying on the can.

mill knot(Fig. 100). Among the many ingenious knots for tying bags, this knot is considered one of the most common. In principle, this is the same figure eight, in the second loop of which a doubled running end is missed. The knot is very convenient in that it can be tightly tightened and quickly untied by pulling on the running end.

"Wet" half bayonet(Fig. 101). Many knots, when wet, are difficult to untie. It often happens that in the literal sense of the word, the ends have to be cut. It was for this situation that the sailors came up with a knot called the “wet half-bayonet”. It is used for fastening painters and mooring lines for bollards, bollards and bitengs. It is designed for strong traction and fast recoil. No matter how much the knot is tightened and at the same time wet, it can always be quickly given away.

Courier knot(Fig. 102). It serves the same purpose as a wet half bayonet. After one run around the fell, the running end is passed in a figure of eight around the root end, then it is folded in half and inserted in the form of a loop between the loops of the figure eight and the root end. This knot does not untie as quickly as the previous one.

bucket knot(Fig. 103). Imagine that a climber needs to descend a rope from a height down. He walks alone, and he has only one rope, which he still needs. What to do in order to take the rope with you when descending from a height? Very simple: you need to fasten the rope with a bucket knot, go down along its root end and, with a jerk for the long running end, untie the knot tied at the top. With this "remotely untied" knot, you can lower, for example, a bucket of water from the window of the house, put it on the ground and raise the rope up again.

pirate knot (Fig. 104). The principle of this node is the same as that of the bucket. The only difference is that the loop is drawn differently. These two original knots can be successfully used by climbers, firefighters and builders.

VIII. SPECIAL SEA KNOTS

Shack knot(Fig. 105). When the necessary sling is not at hand, the load is lifted by a crane or an arrow on the hook, using an ordinary steel or vegetable cable. At the same time, they use a hook knot. There is a lot of wisdom in this simple knot. When the root end is loaded, the running end of the cable is pressed against the inside of the hook neck, and a loop tightened around its back holds both ends. Putting the cable on the hook, you need to carefully make sure that the root end of the cable must pass over the chassis. So that the hook knot does not get poisoned when the load is stopped, the running end is seized with a temporary fight to the root one.

Using the principle of the hook knot, it is possible to lift a bag on the hook without a cable if its neck can be wrapped once around the back of the hook

Shack knot with a hose(Fig. 106). When lifting a load on the hook using a rope tied with a hook knot, the thickness of the rope should be taken into account. If the cable is thick enough in relation to the hook, it can be laid with a single hook knot and safely lift the load. A thin cable laid with a single hook knot can slide off the back of the hook, and if it is thin in relation to the hook, it is laid with a hook knot (see Fig. 106). This greatly increases the reliability of lifting the load.

"Cat's Paw"(Fig. 107). The name of this knot got into the Russian maritime language from English. In this language, it is called "The Cars Paw", which should be translated as "cat's paw". But due to some misunderstanding, this knot has long been called "cat's paws", although in English the noun "Paw"<лапа) стоит в единственном числе, а не во множественном (Paws). Действительно, завязанный узел похож на лапу кошки. Этот узел применяют в тех случаях, когда строп нужно прикрепить к гаку с таким расчетом, чтобы не было лишней слабины. Чтобы завязать этот узел, петлю стропа кладут сверху на два его конца – получаются две небольшие петли, каждую из которых одновременно перекручивают наружу несколько раз в зависимости от того, на сколько нужно уменьшить строп. Потом петли сближают и надевают на гак. «Кошачья лапа» не зажимается намертво, и узел легко снять с гака, если на строп нет нагрузки.

barrel knot(Fig. 108). This knot is used when there is no special sling or device for lifting full and open drums in a vertical position. On the middle part of the cable with which they intend to lift the barrel, a half-knot is knitted. The half-loops of the knot are spread apart and cover the middle part of the barrel with them. The lower part of the loop runs along the center of the bottom of the barrel, the free ends of the cable are connected with a straight knot, and if the cable is already fixed at one end, then with a gazebo. The barrel assembly is used when loading various types of containers that have a cylindrical shape. In everyday life, they can quickly tie a can or a tank without a handle.

bag knot(Fig. 109). In the fleets of different countries, sailors kept their personal belongings in different ways - in bags, lockers and "suitcases". For example, according to the tradition of the Royal Navy of Great Britain, sailors' clothes were stored exclusively in canvas bags 3 feet long with a round bottom diameter of 1 foot. Sailors of the British merchant fleet were allowed to have wooden lockers in the cockpit measuring approximately 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 feet. In the Russian Imperial Navy, large and small "suitcases" made of gray canvas No. 6 were used to store personal belongings of sailors. The large one was 2 feet 9 inches long, 1 foot 2 inches wide and 1 foot high. The small one was 1 foot 2 inches long, 1 foot wide and 9 inches high. Both had four to seven eyelets and a canvas flap. Canvas bags of English military sailors had 12 eyelets, which were tightened with a piece of line. To carry the bags, the sailors attached a piece of shtet to them, with which they tied them with a bag knot.

Welding knot(Fig. 110). Used in rigging, this knot got its name from the word "piling", which means an iron or wooden straight or slightly curved conical nail used to punch cable strands, align hand-sewn eyelets, seal crengels, as well as perform other work with cables and canvas. For those who work with cables, the fusion knot is very important. It is used when tightening a line or shki-mushgar during the imposition of a cage or benzel hoses, which are laid on a pile (or drake) with this knot.

(In this case, the pile serves as a lever.) They also used it when they wrapped the wall-shrouds around the windlass on Mars.

In addition, the welding knot is convenient for temporary fastening of any thin plant cable to various tools that have a handle when they need to be transferred to workers on the mast or overboard. The fusion knot tightly clasps the transferred object, and the latter can be easily pulled out of it. With the help of such a knot, it is possible to attach mooring lines and bellows to poles and bitengs, it is convenient to attach a rope fence to stakes and poles, and to make walkways.

amphora knot(Fig. 111). For the inhabitants of the ancient Mediterranean, the amphora was a universal vessel. Olive oil, olives, wine, grain, flour, etc. were stored and transported in amphoras. The bottom of this vessel, as you know, is pointed, so it was impossible to put it on the ground: the amphorae were buried with the tip in the sand. When transporting amphoras by sea, their fragile handles often broke off, which made it difficult to carry the amphoras. It was then that the ancient Greeks came up with the amphora knot, which allowed them to conveniently carry these vessels without the risk of losing their valuable contents. This knot is not simple, it is difficult to knit, in several stages, but with its help you can make an excellent rope handle for carrying a bottle, a jug, and in general any vessel with a small protrusion on the neck.

Gints knot(Fig. 112). Sailors call gins small hoists, based between a block tied into some kind of tackle and another fixed block. To tie the tackle of the block into another tackle, a ginz knot was used. On sailing ships, the ginz knot was used, for example, when tying the running end of the bram-halyard or when tying the running ends of the topenants of the lower yards into the slings of the gins blocks. To do this, the code end of the bram-fal was wrapped around the upper part of the sling of the gints block twice and, having directed the bram-fal vertically over the running end, a toggle or pile was threaded between the sling and the bram-fal. This method of attaching the cable to a sling or thimble is simple, reliable and can be used in the middle of the cable. It can be recommended to modern riggers and builders.

Peg ("lamb's leg")(Fig. 113). In the English maritime language, this knot is called "Sheepshank", which means "sheep's thigh". The knot got its name from the British due to the outward resemblance of its shape to a leg of lamb. In domestic manuals on maritime affairs, it does not have any name of its own, it is simply called a "knot for shortening the cable."

The famous Russian sea captain V.V. Bakhtin in his “Explanatory Marine Dictionary”, published in St. Petersburg in 1S94, calls this knot a “peg”. Maybe it's not worth violating the traditions of the old Russian marine terminology and returning the node to its former name?

In the days of sail dominance at sea, when the length of the rigging on each vessel was literally measured in miles, it was often necessary to shorten the tackle for a while so that the slack in the cables did not get underfoot on the deck. Most often, it was necessary to make pegs at wall-backstays and forduns or bram-backstays and forduns;

when the topmast or topmast is lowered. The shortening of the cables for a while was done in other cases. By tradition, sailors cut the cable under exceptional circumstances. And if, for example, a ship requires 25 meters of cable for some work, and there is a free piece 40 meters long at hand, then they will not cut it, but shorten it to 25, making it the usual “lamb leg” in one of two ways (Fig. 113, i, b). For greater reliability, so that the knot does not accidentally untie when the load is temporarily removed, the ends of its loops can be fixed with a pile knot (Fig. 113, a).

The "peg" knot is used not only to shorten the length of the cable for a while. It is also used in cases where, during a critical operation with a cable (such as lifting a heavy weight), there are doubts about its strength: for example, one strand is frayed in one place or the cable is notched. To exclude this place from work and not subject it to stress, a peg is knitted. The principle of the peg is that the place of the cable, crossed out in fig. 113, d, does not participate in the work of the cable, which is tied with this knot. In this place, under load, the cable can be safely cut, and it will still hold the load for which it is designed for strength. When using this useful knot, one must not forget that it is strong and reliable only under load, and as soon as the latter is removed, there is a danger that the knot will fall apart. Therefore, before each use of a cable with a tied peg, the knot should be checked or, when knitting a knot, attach loops to the root ends with contractions.

olympic knot(Fig. 114). It was called Olympic because it is obtained from five rings. This is an old marine knot from the “golden age of sail” - the heyday of tea, opium and woolen clippers. In maritime English, the name of this knot is very sentimental - "Two hearts beating as one." Despite the apparent bulkiness of the knot at first glance, it fits no more difficult than the top one (see Fig. 80). The Olympic knot is reliable and specifically meets its intended purpose - to shorten the cable for a while.

Rice. 115. "Monkey chain"

"Monkey chain"(Fig. 115) The purpose of this node is the same - to shorten the cable for a while. Unlike the peg and the Olympic knot, it has the advantage that the cable tied with it does not interfere with work with its loops and can even be taken to the spire. Before you put a load on the cable tied with this knot, you need to put a pile or toggle into the last link of the “chain” or pass the running end through it: otherwise the knot will instantly untie.

It is knitted on thin cables with three fingers of one hand. This is done in the following way. Stepping back about 10 centimeters from the edge of the running end of the cable, make a loop with a diameter of 5–6 centimeters. Holding the cable crossing on the loop with the fingers of your left hand, insert three fingers of your right hand into the loop - thumb, index and middle. Grab the root end of the cable through the loop with the tips of your index and thumb, pull it in the form of a loop into the loop into which you inserted three fingers, drag it inward a little, leaving at this time the middle finger in the previous loop so that the loops are the same size. As soon as you pull out the next loop, pass all three fingers into it and again hook the root end of the cable with two fingers from it, leaving one in the loop, etc. Knitting each link of the "monkey chain" takes no more than a second, while the cable is shortened four times (out of 4 meters of cable, 1 meter of the "chain" is obtained). The property of the "monkey chain" to untie quickly, smoothly and consistently is often used to perform various tricks in the circus.

Luchnikov's loop(Fig. 116). Some knot connoisseurs call it the "Turkish knot". This is one of the oldest and most amazing knots ever invented by man. It has a specific purpose - to regulate the tension of the bowstring.

As you know, the bowstring of almost any bow never remains equally stretched. It, especially if a retinue of animal tendons, strips of skin or plant fibers, can lengthen or shorten for various reasons, for example, from air humidity and its temperature. The bow itself can also change properties, whether it is made of wood or animal horns. The bow lay overnight on the damp ground - the bowstring stretched, the hunter sat with the bow by the fire - the bowstring weakened, etc. In a word, it often had to be adjusted, and this was done not so much by bending the bow itself, but by means of a special additional core from one end of the bow.

Crab noose, or lingering fire(Fig. 117). The peculiarity of this knot is that it can work in two qualities: a tightening loop or a non-tightening loop. If the ends of the crab knot at the points marked with the letters A and B are sharply and strongly pulled in different directions indicated by the arrows, the knot ceases to be tightened. Taking the shape shown in the third position from the right in the figure, the knot is no longer tightened, its loop becomes permanent.

capstan loop(Fig. 118). By its principle, this knot is the same as the previous crab knot. With a strong jerk at the ends indicated by the letters A and B, the knot changes its characteristics and turns from a tightening loop into a non-tightening loop.

The French word "capstan", which once got into our maritime language and at one time was used in the navy, denotes the term "spire" - a vertical single or double gate for choosing an anchor rope and mooring lines. Apparently, this knot was used on cables when working with a capstan.

IX. KNOTS FOR FISHING GEAR

blind knot(Fig. 119). If a non-tightening loop is made at the end of the leash; the easiest and most reliable way to attach a fishing hook to it is to thread its end into the eye of the hook and throw it over the hook, forming a blind loop. This method is good for cotton lines and thin polyamide resins. It can also be used if the loop is made of soft wire. In this way it is convenient to tie sinkers to the fishing line

bayonet knot(Fig. 120). One of the easiest ways to tie a fishing hook to a fishing line is the use of two half bayonets made on the shank of the hook. It should not be used on synthetic fishing line, as it slides with strong traction.

Fishing Eight(Fig. 122). This is an even more secure way to attach line to an eye hook. He gives a full guarantee that the hook will not come off.

turtle knot(Fig. 123). Why it was called that is hard to say. After all, sea turtles are caught with a net or hit with a harpoon. This knot is very easy to knit and is good for cotton lines. Tied with a slippery synthetic vein, it can come loose.

California knot(Fig. 124). It was invented about thirty years ago by amateur anglers in California for tying hooks, swivels and weights to nylon fishing line. It is relatively simple, quite reliable, but not very compact.

Step knot(Fig. 125). Many anglers prefer eyeless hooks due to the fact that they are usually forged and, in their opinion, more durable, but it is more difficult to attach line to such a hook than to one that has an eye. The most reliable for this purpose is a stepped assembly. It is somewhat reminiscent of a tightening noose (see Fig. 88).

grip knot(Fig. 126). This knot is half of the snake knot (see fig. 34) used to tie two synthetic cables together. It is suitable for any fishing line and is a very reliable knot.

shark knot(Fig. 127). When knitting this knot, before inserting the running end into the loop, you need to bring the hoses made around the root and running ends together and tighten them tightly. This complex knot is designed exclusively for synthetic lines and is very durable.

salmon knot(Fig. 128). Before tightening, it must be thrown onto the shank of the hook. The salmon knot is one of the strongest. It securely holds on any fishing line.

Tuna knot(Fig. 129). It differs from other knots in that two loops wrap around the eye of the hook at the same time (as in a blind loop). Although it is difficult to knit, it is considered the best of all fishing knots designed for synthetic line.

Lead based on a simple knot(Fig. 130). The ability to quickly and reliably tie leashes to the fishing line is an important matter for every angler. This knot is recommended for quick change of transverse leashes.

First you need to tie a simple knot on the fishing line, without tightening it to the end. Draw a cross leash with hooks at each end into the middle of the half-knot, around the loop and back into the middle of the half-knot, as shown in the diagram. After equalizing the length of both leashes, tighten the knot. If you want to tie only one leader to the fishing line, tie a figure eight at the opposite end and pull the leader all the way until the eight rests on a simple knot.

Leash based on a running knot(Fig. 131). To tie a cross leash to the fishing line in this way, tie a running simple knot in the right place on the fishing line, but do not tighten it all the way. Tie a figure eight at the end of the leash and pass this end into the loop of the running knot. After tightening the last knot, as shown in Fig. 131, you will securely attach the leash to the fishing line.

Leash based on a snake knot(Fig. 132). This is a more complicated, but also more reliable way of tying a transverse leash to a fishing line. Before tightening the snake knot made on the fishing line, insert the end of the leash with the figure eight tied into its middle. When tightening the snake knot, both parts of it will converge and securely clamp the leash in front of the eight.

roller assembly(Fig. 133). To tie this knot on the fishing line, you first need to make a simple knot and insert the running end of the leash into it. The latter must be fixed like a multiple eight (see Fig. 7) around the fishing line and the root end of the leash. Such fastening is quite reliable and easy.

X. DECORATIVE KNOTS

Strict, symmetrical, and often ornate and very complex in form, knot patterns have long been used in applied art to create heraldic signs, coats of arms, emblems, company signs, seals and vignettes. Schemes of knots were often taken by tailors for galloons and decoration of ceremonial uniforms and ladies' ball gowns. Many patterns of tied but not tightened knots are used for finishing the product by lace makers and embroiderers, as well as when weaving macrame. The most common ornaments are schemes of straight, Flemish, flat and top knots already familiar to the reader, which symbolize navigation and service at sea.

In addition to the listed knots, many other beautiful knots can be used in applied art. However, in this chapter we give only six. This is explained by the fact that the theme of the book is knots that are knitted with an unbraided cable, and diagrams and drawings of all kinds of knobs, musings, splashes, fires and braids would take it beyond the scope of this topic. After all, the author's task was to show knitting and the use of knots that are knitted with a cable without using its individual components - such as strands, strands and heels.

Here are six knots that, in addition to their practical purpose, can be used in everyday life as decorative knots for various work with cables.

royal knot(Fig. 134). In principle, this is a reliable stopper knot, like a figure eight, stevedoring, yufers, etc.

The royal knot tied on a thick cord is decorative and can be used to tie the ends of cords around curtains, curtains, curtains, etc.

Three-loop knot(Fig. 135). This is also a working knot-stopper, which can be successfully applied in the maritime business. Its extremely symmetrical scheme has long attracted the attention of artists and applied art graphic artists. This is a good ornament for all kinds of decorative artwork.

Four-loop knot(Fig. 136). The symmetry and a certain ornateness of this knot make it possible to attribute it to the category of purely decorative knots. It serves the artists in choosing the ornament for the decorative finish.

cord knot(Fig. 137). A correctly tied and evenly tightened cord knot looks very impressive on the cords of curtains, curtains and curtains. It can be used at the end of the electrical switch cord.

Turkish knot(Fig. 138). To properly tie this knot, you need to stock up on some patience. The knot is quite complicated, but it looks beautiful on a thick cable, especially if it is doubly tied. Can be applied to already mentioned cords.

Triple braided knot(Fig. 139). By knitting, it is one of the simplest knots, but it requires a lot of attention. It looks better if tied with a thick, dense cord. Can be used to shorten curtain cords, blinds and curtains.