12. In exceptional cases, the following may be established:

1) temporary bans or temporary quantitative restrictions on exports to prevent or reduce a critical shortage in the domestic market of food or other goods that are essential for the internal market of the Union;

2) prohibitions or quantitative restrictions on exports and imports necessary in connection with the application of standards or rules for the classification, sorting and sale of goods in international trade;

3) restrictions on the import of aquatic biological resources when imported in any form, if necessary:

restrict the production or sale of similar goods originating in the territory of the Union;

limit the production or sale of goods originating in the territory of the Union, which can be directly replaced by imported goods, if there is no significant production of a similar product in the Union;

remove from the market a temporary surplus of a similar product originating in the territory of the Union by providing this surplus to certain groups of consumers free of charge or at prices below market prices;

remove from the market a temporary surplus of a product originating in the territory of the Union, which can be directly replaced by an imported product, if there is no significant production of a similar product in the Union, by making this surplus available to certain groups of consumers free of charge or at prices below market prices.

13. When the Commission introduces quantitative restrictions on the territory of the Union, export and (or) import quotas are applied.

Quantitative restrictions apply:

when exporting - only in relation to goods originating from the territories of the Member States;

when importing - only in relation to goods originating from third countries.

Quantitative restrictions do not apply to imports of goods from the territory of any third country or exports of goods destined for the territory of any third country, unless such quantitative restrictions apply to imports from all third countries or exports to all third countries. This provision does not prevent compliance with the obligations of Member States under international treaties.

14. Bans or quantitative restrictions on exports can be introduced only in relation to goods included in the list of goods that are essential for the internal market of the Union and in respect of which, in exceptional cases, temporary bans or quantitative restrictions on exports can be introduced, approved by the Commission on the basis of proposals member states.

15. When introducing, in accordance with subparagraph 1 of paragraph 12 of this Protocol, a ban or quantitative restriction on the export of agricultural goods that are essential for the internal market of the Union, the Commission:

takes into account the consequences of a ban or quantitative restriction on the food security of third countries importing such agricultural products from the territory of the Union;

informs the Committee on agriculture World trade organization on the nature and duration of application of a ban or quantitative restriction on exports;

at the request of any importing country, organize consultations or provide all necessary information on issues relevant to the measure under consideration.

In this paragraph, an importing country is understood as a country in whose imports the share of agricultural goods originating from the territories of the Member States, the export of which is planned to be prohibited or quantitatively restricted, is at least 5 percent.

16. The Commission distributes the volume of export and (or) import quotas between member states and determines the method for distributing shares of export and (or) import quotas among participants foreign trade activities member states, and also, if necessary, distributes the volume of import quotas between third countries.

The distribution of volumes of export and (or) import quotas between the Member States is carried out by the Commission depending on the tasks that are expected to be solved by introducing quantitative restrictions, taking into account the proposals of the Member States and based on the volumes of production and (or) consumption of goods in each of the States. members.

17. When making a decision on the application of export and (or) import quotas, the commission:

1) establishes export and (or) import quotas for a certain period (regardless of whether they will be distributed among third countries);

2) informs all interested third countries about the volume of the import quota allocated to them (if the import quota is distributed among third countries);

18. The distribution of import quotas between third countries is carried out, as a rule, by the Commission based on consultations with all significant suppliers from third countries.

At the same time, significant suppliers from third countries are understood as suppliers having a share of 5 percent or more in the import of a given product into the territory of the Union.

19. If the distribution of import quotas cannot be carried out on the basis of the results of consultations with all significant suppliers from third countries, the Commission’s decision on the distribution of quotas between third countries is taken taking into account the volume of supplies of goods from these countries during the previous period.

20. The Commission shall not impose any conditions or formalities which may prevent any third country from making full use of the import quota allocated to it, provided that delivery of the product concerned is made during the period in which the import quota is in force.

21. The selection of the previous period for determining the volume of supplies of goods in respect of which export and (or) import quotas are introduced is carried out by the Commission. In this case, as a rule, for such a period any previous 3 years are taken for which information is available reflecting the actual volumes of exports and (or) imports. If it is not possible to select a previous period, export and (or) import quotas are distributed based on an assessment of the most probable distribution of actual volumes of exports and (or) imports.

Introduction

Export is an integral part of any economy. Net exports should be understood as the excess of exports of consumer goods over imports. Most countries strive for their exports to prevail over imports. However, on a global scale, the sum of the excess of exports over imports for some countries is equal to the sum of the excess of imports over exports for others.

This desire is, first of all, explained by the desire of countries not to increase external debt: if net exports have a positive value, then this country becomes a creditor relative to other countries, if negative, this country has an external debt.

The predominance of net exports or imports in long term in principle, it is impossible, since no one will dare to continuously trade on debt for a long time. The use of gold reserves should be considered as a barter exchange, which is equivalent to the sale of gold as a commodity for export.

The transformation of a national currency into a convertible international currency is possible for any rich country that trades freely with many countries of the world and does not create unnecessary customs barriers that protect its producers. In this case, other countries trade with each other using the currencies of rich countries.

Net exports arise in conditions of successful competition of a given country in foreign markets and, naturally, is accompanied by some expansion of markets for goods of industrial and personal consumption (sometimes due to dumping prices), which is associated with additional net investment benefits.

With negative net exports (the excess of imports over exports), which arose for the first time, an additional volume of consumer goods enters the domestic market in a given period, on the purchase of which the consumption sector spends part of its income. This means that only the remaining part of her income will be spent on the entire volume of consumer goods produced during this period in the production sector (and fully paid for in the consumption sector). This leads to deflation.

The purpose of my work is to analyze the conditions of modern Russian exports.

The main objectives are:

Define key concepts export trade;

Analyze Current state export situation in the country;

And assess future prospects for export development.

Export

Basic Concepts

The word "export" comes from the Latin "exporto", which literal translation means “to send goods and services from a country’s port” Encyclopedia “Wikipedia” [electronic resource]: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export. In other words, export means the export abroad of goods, technologies, services sold to a foreign buyer or intended for sale on a foreign market. Export is the main element of the trade sphere: as a rule, the word “export” means paid export, i.e. sale in order to obtain foreign currency, which is spent, in particular, on the import of goods and services necessary for the country. The equivalent concept of export is import.

The basic rule that works in exports says that the “cheaper” the ruble is relative to other currencies, the more profitable exports are and the more unprofitable imports are. Therefore, the state’s task is to maintain an optimal balance between them, focusing on the economic situation and the needs of the country.

Depending on the type of product intended for sale on the foreign market, there are two types of exports: visible and invisible. “Visible export” refers to the export of goods from the country, and “invisible” refers to the export of services. “Invisible exports” include foreign investments, tourism, insurance, consulting support foreign partners, patent-licensing and other activities other than commodity exports Lopatnikov L. I. . Economic and mathematical dictionary: Dictionary of modern economic science. -- 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Delo, 2003. - 520 p..

According to international foreign practice, merchandise exports, in turn, are also divided into several types depending on the origin and purpose of the goods:

Export finished products fully meets the buyer's requirements;

Export of finished products with pre-sale finishing in the buyer’s country;

Export of goods (raw materials or semi-finished products) for processing abroad under customs control with subsequent return;

Re-export, which refers to the removal from a country of goods previously imported into it for resale to other countries. Re-export can be carried out both in relation to goods in an unchanged form, and after their minor external processing - cleaning, sorting, repackaging. Most often, the items of re-export are six, leather, rubber, non-ferrous metals, food products, etc.;

Temporary export abroad with subsequent return of domestic goods to exhibitions, fairs, auctions, etc.;

Export of foreign goods temporarily imported for exhibitions, fairs, auctions, etc.;

Intra-company deliveries - export of products in the order of direct production links;

Export of products in the order of direct production links between enterprises V.V. Semenikhin: Export and import of goods, services, intellectual property - Eksmo, 2009.-38p..

Export restrictions

The export of goods occurs with the participation of customs authorities, both in the exporting country and in the importing country. And despite the fact that the emergence of online stores small retail trade has led to a significant reduction in the importance of customs barriers in many countries due to the low level of individual value of the goods offered, even the export of these inexpensive goods is subject to legal restrictions imposed by the country of export.

Export restrictions refer to restrictions on the export of goods to a particular country by a government. N. N. Shishkoedova. Export and import: Accounting, taxation, legal aspect - ROSBUKH, GrossMedia, 2011 - 169 p. Moreover, the restriction can be a quantitative or total ban.

Such restrictions may be imposed in the following cases:

Shortage of goods in the domestic market;

The need for anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic market;

Government boycott of the country;

The need to limit the spread of military or dual technologies.

In Russia, control and introduction of export restrictions is carried out Federal service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC of Russia), which, being a federal executive body, implements state policy in particular regarding exports and performs control functions.

With regard to exports, the main powers of this service are:

Carrying out export control in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and orders of the Ministry of Defense;

Development of a list of goods (works, services), information and results of intellectual activity subject to export control;

Organization and conduct of state examination foreign economic transactions in relation to export products that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction, their delivery vehicles and other types of weapons and military equipment;

commodity export foreign trade

Organization and issuance of state accreditation in accordance with the legislation to organizations that have created in-house export control programs;

Participation in the preparation of proposals to introduce restrictions and (or) a ban on the export of products, based on the national interests and international obligations of the Russian Federation.

The essence of export restrictions

Definition 1

An export restriction is a restriction on the export (export) of a product or a certain quantity of a product to a specific country or countries, established by the government.

These restrictions may be imposed in the following cases:

• shortage of goods in the domestic market,
• anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic market,
• boycotting the country
• limitation of military or dual technologies

In addition, there is the concept of voluntary export restrictions. This method is a non-tariff regulation foreign trade. The method is an agreement between the exporting and importing countries, which is concluded on its own initiative or under pressure from the importing country. Under this agreement, the export of certain goods is restricted (a quota for the export of goods is established)

An example of a voluntary restriction is the US agreement with Japan, which has been signed since the late 1950s. The initiator was the US government. This agreement was signed to reduce competition among Japanese car exporters. Much later, such agreements were signed in trade with the EU and other states. So Japan voluntarily limited the export of its televisions to the countries of Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and the EU countries, South Korea, and South Africa. And the EU has limited the import of pipes and tubing into the United States.

Restrictions may be introduced under threat of sanctions. For example, the Russian government introduced export quotas for silicon carbide and textile goods to EU countries, and restrictions also affected aluminum. Such restrictions are divided into the following types:

1. officially established restrictions at the level of intergovernmental agreements between countries,
2. informal agreements that are concluded between producers in the exporting country and the importing country,
3. a multilateral agreement based on voluntary export restrictions.

Thus, within the framework of the GATT, these agreements are classified as illegitimate “gray zone” measures. And among WTO participants an agreement was signed that prohibits voluntary export restrictions. Voluntary exports in Russia are regulated in the provisions of the “Procedure for quotas and licensing of supplies of goods for export in accordance with international obligations Russian Federation", which were adopted in March 1995.

Export restrictions in Russia

In Russia, export restrictions apply to:

1. archaeological heritage (mammoth tusks, etc.),
2. objects of artistic and historical heritage (paintings by famous artists, musical instruments and etc.),
3. export of environmental protection items (tiger skins, horns, etc.),
4. movement of restricted items across the border international convention(dangerous infections, plutonium, etc.),
5. cattle hides

The involvement of small and medium-sized enterprises in export activities is expanding, which contributes to its diversification in brand, product and geographical terms. Today, the share of SMEs in the total number of exporters (without individual entrepreneurs) reaches 35–40%, in total exports of goods – 6% (2016).

One can notice the growth of Russian exports, as well as the number of exporting firms among small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs), the degree of product and geographic diversification of exports is increasing, and positive changes are taking place in the international specialization of the country. The growth in exports of goods in real terms (at constant prices) reached 6.9% in 2017 (which is almost three times higher than the world average), including for mechanical and technical products the increase was 8.4%, according to industrial products high degree processing (the same machine-technical products, plus products light industry, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetic products, other, mainly finished, industrial products) – 14.7%.

Note 1

For production development Russian government uses measures to restrict imports, but this greatly affects price increases and reduces competition.

Many Russian companies interested in importing from the USA. However, recently, due to sanctions, the Russian government is introducing more and more measures against goods from the United States. Therefore, entrepreneurs entering the world market often use various schemes to circumvent government requirements.

US Export Restrictions

Export restrictions in the United States are divided into classes according to lists of countries. Thus, in relation to China, Pakistan, India and Russia, the export of microprocessors with a performance of no more than 12,000 Mtops is allowed

US government policy includes protecting the domestic market from foreign competition. High customs tariffs and barriers are introduced. Voluntary export restrictions are a relatively recent method of trade barrier. They are used to avoid more stringent restrictions that the US government may impose. Trade barriers are protectionist duties, quotas, restrictions. This leads to higher prices due to lack of competition, but domestic producers benefit from higher prices.

Modern manufacturers have abandoned the use of quantitative restrictions in foreign trade policy. The role of this type of restriction is mainly played by a measure of voluntary export restriction. Formally, they are introduced voluntarily, but in fact they are forced to be introduced by importing countries. In particular, this is practiced by the USA. Recently, as a result of competition, voluntary export restriction agreements apply not only to old industry, but also for high-tech production.

The practice of anti-dumping process actively continues in modern times. But voluntary export restrictions are not a type of anti-doping obligation, as they are accepted not by the exporter, but by the authorities of the exporting state.