Presentation on psychology on the topic "sensation and perception." Presentation: Sensation and perception Classification of main types of perception

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Constancy is the independence of an image from the conditions of perception, manifested in its immutability: shape, color and size are perceived as constant, despite the fact that the signals coming from these objects to the senses are continuously changing. Gregory R. The world remains stable despite the fact that our eyes move.

Why does the world remain stable when our eyes move? According to the afferent theory, movement signals coming from the retina are inhibited by signals coming from the eye muscles (afferent). According to the efferent theory, retinal movement signals are inhibited by command signals that control eye movements themselves, signals (efferent) that are in turn regulated by the brain's internal closed-loop system.

Objectivity - an object is perceived as a separate physical body isolated in space and time. Vase of Ruby. In this picture, the background can be either black or white. It depends on what a person perceives – a vase or two profiles. Figure and ground are interchangeable: a figure can turn into a background, and a background into a figure.

Principles underlying the organization of perception. ABC A. the brain recognizes a face from several strokes using the fill-in-the-blank principle; B. signs are grouped into columns based on the principle of similarity; S. here 3 groups of squares are perceived, according to the principle of proximity.

Rules for grouping parts into a holistic image: Rule of common fate: many elements moving at the same speed and along the same trajectory are perceived holistically. Rule of Similarity: The more similar parts of a painting are to each other in some perceived quality, the more likely they are to be perceived as being placed together. Proximity Rule: In any field containing several objects, those that are closest to each other can be visually perceived holistically as one object.

Generalization is the attribution of each image to a certain class of objects that has a name. Classification ensures the reliability of correct recognition of an object, regardless of its individual characteristics and distortions that do not take the object outside the class. This property allows not only to perceive objects, but also to predict some properties that are not directly perceived. See J. Brunner. Perception as a process of categorization. Perceptual readiness.

Perception as a process of categorization. Stages of the categorization process 1. Primary categorization 2. Search for features 3. Confirmatory verification 4. Completion verification Perception is a decision-making process based on the use of distinctive features. The properties of the stimuli make it possible to classify them into the appropriate category. Categories differ in their readiness. Perceptual preparedness minimizes environmental surprise and maximizes success in object recognition.

All of the considered properties of perception are not innate and are formed during a person’s life. Visual acuity in an infant reaches the same level as in an adult only at the end of the first year of life. From 4 months of age, the child distinguishes colors: blue, green, yellow and red, but gives preference to blue and red. Gibson and Walk used the “visual cliff” to show that children have depth perception from early childhood. Constancy of perception reaches the level of perception of an adult only by the age of 10. In a 2-3 year old child, the perceived magnitude decreases with the distance of objects.

Active eye movement experiments by Held and Hein on kittens: visual stimulation by itself is not sufficient for the development of perception, active movement is necessary; experiments by Held and Hein on kittens: a study of eye movements during visual perception: a person examines an object not along a random trajectory, but as if sequentially touches with his gaze the most significant elements of the figure; study of eye movements during visual perception:

Feedback Stratton's experiments with distortion glasses. If the subject is not given the opportunity to practically interact with the environment while wearing glasses, then his perception is either not rebuilt at all or only slightly. But if a person actively interacts with surrounding objects, then the undistorted perception of the world is restored.

Minimum information. Studies on isolating subjects from stimuli (sensory and perceptual deprivation). With sensory deprivation, there is a loss of constancy of perception, impaired color vision, distortion of the perception of shape, etc. This indicates that normal perception requires a certain flow of signals from the external environment. PERCEPTION IS NOT RELIED TO PASSIVE RECEPTION OF INFORMATION See perception in conditions of sensory deficit

Perception under conditions of sensory deficit Observations of the perception of astronauts (in conditions of weightlessness). change in the perception of the position of one’s own body in space; significant errors in visual distance assessment; An increase in the resolution of vision and hearing in conditions of information deficiency can be explained not only by an increase in sensitivity, but also by the fact that the degree of accessibility of various hypotheses changes due to a violation of the ratio of the flow of information from the center and periphery towards the center. ? Illusions and hallucinations.

Structuring of the information received Man lives in a world of things and phenomena that are limited in space and time and are in certain connections with each other. Finding himself in conditions where the field of perception lacks the usual division and organization, a person cannot not only adequately and for a long time perceive such a surrounding world, but also experiences disturbances in other mental functions. ? Give examples

Perception is the process of forming, through active actions, a subjective image of an integral object that directly affects the analyzers. Unlike sensations, which reflect only individual properties of objects, in the image of perception the entire object, in the totality of its invariant properties, is represented as a unit of interaction. The image of perception appears as a result of the synthesis of sensations, the possibility of which, according to A.N. Leontiev, arose in phylogenesis in connection with the transition of living beings from a homogeneous, objectively unformed environment to an environment, objectively formed. Depending on the biological significance of the perceived object, either one or another quality may be leading, which determines which analyzer information will be considered a priority. In accordance with this, visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory perception are distinguished. In this case, a particularly important role in all types of perception is played by motor or kinesthetic sensations, which regulate the real relationship of the subject with the object according to the feedback principle. In particular, in visual perception, along with the actual visual sensations (color, light), kinesthetic sensations accompanying eye movements (accommodation, convergence and divergence, tracking) are also integrated. Leontiev phylogenesis visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, kinesthetic sensations, eye movements

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Perception is the reflection in the human mind of objects or phenomena with their direct impact on the senses. Unlike sensation, which reflects a separate property of the stimulus, perception reflects the object as a whole, in the totality of its properties. Perception is not reduced to the sum of individual sensations, but represents a qualitatively new stage of sensory cognition with its inherent characteristics. The most important features of perception are objectivity, integrity, structure, constancy and meaningfulness.

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Properties of perception

Subjectivity Integrity Structurality Constancy Meaningfulness Apperception

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Objectivity

The objectivity of perception is expressed in the so-called act of objectification, that is, in the attribution of information received from the external world to this world. Without such reference, perception cannot perform its orienting and regulatory function in human practical activity. Objectivity of perception is the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of individual sensations, but in the form of holistic images related to perceived objects.

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Integrity

Perception is a holistic image of an object, obtained by generalizing knowledge about the individual properties and qualities of objects. According to rzelulattam ilsseovadniy odongo anligysokgo unviertiset, not ieemt zanchneya, in kokam pryakde rsapozholeny bkuvy v solve. Galvone, so that you pre-avya and psloendya bkvuy blyi on mseta. osatlyne bkuvy mgout seldovt in ploonm bsepordyak, all-torn tkest chtaitsey without pobrelm Pichriony egoto is that we do not read kdauzh bkuvu separately and all solvo tslikeom.

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Structurality

Perception to a large extent does not correspond to our instantaneous sensations and is not a simple sum of them. We actually perceive a generalized structure abstracted from these sensations, which is formed over some time.

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Constancy

However, thanks to the property of constancy, which consists in the ability of the perceptual system (the perceptual system is a set of analyzers that provide a given act of perception) to compensate for these changes, we perceive surrounding objects as relatively constant in shape, size, color, etc. Size Color Form

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Meaningfulness

To consciously perceive an object means to mentally name it, that is, to attribute the perceived object to a certain group, class of objects, to generalize it in words.

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Apperception

The dependence of perception on the content of a person’s mental life, on the characteristics of his personality is called apperception.

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Munsterberg test

INSTRUCTIONS: Among the alphabetic text there are words. Your task is to look through line by line to find these words as quickly as possible. Underline the words you find.

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Sensation, sensory experience is a mental process that is a mental reflection of individual properties and states, internal or external stimuli and stimuli received in the form of signals through the sensory system, with the participation of the nervous system as a whole.

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The physiological basis of sensations are the processes of nervous excitation occurring in special nervous mechanisms called analyzers. The function of analyzers is to decompose complex influences emanating from the external or internal environment into individual elements. With their help, “the highest subtle analysis” (Pavlov) is carried out, which is necessary for the differentiated adaptation of the body to environmental conditions. Analyzers have a complex structure, in which receptors, pathways and central sections of the analyzers are distinguished.

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Patterns of sensation Patterns of sensation include thresholds of sensitivity, adaptation, interaction, contrast, and synesthesia. Sensitivity thresholds. Sensations arise when exposed to a stimulus of a certain intensity. The psychological characteristic of the relationship between the intensity of sensation and the strength of stimuli is expressed by the concept of the threshold of sensations, or the threshold of sensitivity. There is an inverse relationship between sensitivity (threshold) and the strength of the stimulus: the greater the force needed to produce a sensation, the lower a person’s sensitivity. Sensitivity thresholds are individual for each person.

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Adaptation is an adaptation of sensitivity to a constant stimulus, manifested in a decrease or increase in thresholds. In life, the phenomenon of adaptation is well known to everyone. The first minute a person enters the river, the water seems cold to him. Then the feeling of cold disappears, the water seems quite warm. This is observed in all types of sensitivity, except pain.

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The interaction of sensations is a change in the sensitivity of one analyzing system under the influence of the activities of another analyzing system. The general pattern of interaction between sensations is as follows: weak stimuli in one analyzer system increase the sensitivity of the other system, strong ones decrease it. Increasing sensitivity as a result of the interaction of analyzers, as well as systematic exercises, is called sensitization.

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Contrast of sensations. Contrast is a change in the intensity and quality of sensations under the influence of a preceding or accompanying stimulus. With the simultaneous action of two stimuli, a simultaneous contrast occurs. The phenomenon of sequential contrast is widely known. After a cold one, a weak thermal stimulus seems hot. The feeling of sour increases sensitivity to sweets.

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Synesthesia is the excitation of sensations of one modality by sensations of another modality. The interaction of sensations that occurs in the central nuclei of the analyzer leads to the fact that a person under pressure, for example, from sounds, can experience color sensations; color can cause a feeling of cold. This mutual influence is called synesthesia.

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Perception is the process of reflecting in the human mind objects and phenomena of the real world in their integrity, in the totality of their various properties and parts, and with their direct impact on the senses. Sensations, motor components, an individual’s life experience, memory, thinking and speech, volitional efforts and attention, interests, goals and attitudes of a person take part in the formation of perception.

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Perception is based on two types of nerve connections: 1st - formed within the same analyzer; 2nd - inter-analyzer. Thanks to the connections formed between analyzers, we reflect and perceive properties of objects or phenomena for which there are no specially adapted analyzers (for example, the size of an object, specific gravity, etc.).

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Properties of perception: Objectivity – an act of objectification, i.e. the relationship between information from the outside world and this world. Touch and movement play a decisive role. An object is perceived by us as a separate physical body isolated in space and time. This property is most clearly manifested in the mutual isolation of figure and background.

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PERCEPTION

Perception Perception (perception) is the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of reality in the totality of their various properties and parts with their direct impact on the senses.

The result of perception is: 1. Formation of a subjective image (a mental copy of the perceived object, space and time sequence of events, including the world as a whole) 2. Recognition of a previously familiar object (by comparing the actually perceived object with its ideal model, which is stored in long-term memory) Perception is a system of processes for receiving and processing information.

Classification of perception Type of perception according to the leading analyzer: - visual - auditory - tactile - olfactory - gustatory - kinesthetic

TYPES OF PERCEPTION BY FORM OF MENTAL ACTIVITY EXISTENCE OF MATTER BY STRUCTURE Intentional Unintentional Simultaneous Successive perception of Space perception of Time perception of Movements

Properties of perception 1. Meaningfulness and generality 2. Subjectivity of perception 3. Integrity of perception 4. Structurality of perception 5. Selectivity of attention 6. Constancy

Perception disorders Occur: - as a result of mental illness; - as a result of damage to the cerebral cortex. These include: -Agnosis -Hallucinations -Pseudohallucinations -Psychosensory disorders -Illusions

Agnosia Agnosia - occurs with organic damage to certain areas of the cerebral cortex. Agnosia is characterized by the fact that the patient sees, hears, etc., but against the background of relatively intact intelligence, he either does not identify the object or does not understand at all what he is dealing with. In mild cases, recognition of the perceived object occurs, but the period between its presentation and recognition increases several times compared to the norm. There are different types of agnosia: Visual Auditory Skin-kinesthetic

Symptoms of visual agnosia 1. Object agnosia - if the patient, correctly assessing individual elements of an object (or its image), cannot understand its meaning as a whole. 2. Facial agnosia - if he cannot distinguish human faces (or photographs). 3 Optical-spatial agnosia - if he is poorly oriented in the spatial features of the image. 4. Letter agnosia - if he, while copying letters correctly, cannot read them. 5. Color agnosia - if he distinguishes colors, but does not know which objects are painted in a given color, that is, he cannot remember the color of familiar objects. 6. Simultaneous agnosia - the patient can perceive only individual fragments of the image, and this defect is observed even when the visual fields are preserved.

Symptoms of auditory agnosia The auditory analyzer is divided into 2 subsystems - speech and non-speech hearing, each of which is processed by different hemispheres. Therefore, damage to the cortical representation of speech hearing (associated with the work of the left hemisphere) is considered not as agnosia, but as a prerequisite for speech disorders (aphasia). Auditory agnosia occurs when the right hemisphere is damaged, these include Simple object agnosia - the inability to understand the meaning and meaning of the simplest object sounds (pouring water, jingling keys) Amusia - loss of the ability to recognize and reproduce previously familiar melodies. Arrhythmia is the inability to reproduce simple rhythms.

Symptoms of cutaneous-kinesthetic agnosia When palpating with eyes closed, patients do not recognize the size and shape of an object, and also find it difficult to assess its functional purpose or do not recognize the object as a whole - tactile object agnosia. Impaired ability to determine by touch the quality of the material from which an object is made and the nature of its surface, although the patient describes the shape of this object correctly - tactile agnosia of the texture of the object. There are two forms of somatoagnosia (collapse of the body diagram): Disorder of recognition of body parts and their location in relation to each other, the appearance of a feeling of enlargement or reduction of a part of the body, doubling of a limb, its separation from the body - autotopagnosia. Lack of awareness or underestimation of defects caused by a pathological process (for example, paresis, paralysis), or ignoring the left half of the body when the right hemisphere of the brain is damaged is anozagnosia.

Hallucinations This is a type of perception disorder in which images and ideas that appear and are externalized have no basis in a real external stimulus (perception without an object). Because of their intensity, sensuality and specificity of spatio-temporal location, they become indistinguishable from reality for the patient.

Classification of hallucinations - According to the analyzer: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory - true and false - simple and complex Causes of hallucinations - mental illness, poisoning, high temperature, overwork, organic brain diseases, etc., all of them are united by disorders in the work of c.s.s. The mechanisms of hallucinations are poorly studied, but it is believed that in their structure there are always two disturbed components - perception itself and judgment about what is perceived.

Symptoms of hallucinations Visual hallucinations (a person sees something simple, for example, spots, zigzags, flashes of light or complex images that have an objective content such as people, unknown non-existent creatures, as well as entire scenes and panoramas unfolding before his eyes, like in a movie) . Auditory hallucinations (for example, a person hears voices, speech, or just individual sounds). Sounds can be loud or quiet, episodic or constant, indistinct or clear, belonging to familiar or unfamiliar people. Taste hallucinations (a person perceives a non-existent taste, for example, sweetness from chewing rubber, etc.). Olfactory hallucinations (a person perceives odors that do not exist in reality, for example, rotten meat, beautiful perfume of a woman, etc.). They are often associated with delusional ideas (for example, delusions of poisoning)

Visceral hallucinations (a person perceives certain objects inside his body). With these hallucinations, a person can see his own internal organs in a normal or altered form, and feel their movement inside the body. Vestibular hallucinations (a feeling of a body position in space that does not correspond to reality, for example, a feeling of flying). Complex hallucinations (sensations affecting several analyzers at the same time, for example, a feeling of a sweet taste from a spot sitting on a chair, etc.). Tactile (tactile) hallucinations (feeling of any touch on the skin, heat, cold, etc.). They can be located on or under the surface of the skin, and a person may feel objects, insects, animals, ropes, heat, cold, touch, moisture or grasping.

Pseudohallucinations Pseudohallucinations are most often projected inside the patient's body, mainly in his head (the “voice” sounds inside the head); Pseudohallucinations, first described by V. Kandinsky, have the following features: 1) independence from human will; 2) obsession, violence; 3) completeness, formality of pseudohallucinatory images. Even if pseudohallucinatory disorders are projected outside one’s own body (which happens much less frequently), then they lack the character of objective reality characteristic of true hallucinations and are completely unrelated to the real situation. Patients with true hallucinations are confident that those around them are experiencing the same experiences, while patients with pseudohallucinations consider their experiences to be purely personal.

Psychosensory disorders These are distortions of complex perceptions, different in structure, as a result of disturbances in sensory synthesis while maintaining sensations coming from the senses. Psychosensory disorders can occur: - with mental illnesses (epilepsy, schizophrenia); - with organic brain lesions; -in mentally normal people under the influence of intoxication; Psychosensory disorders are characterized by: distorted perception of metric, spatial (shape, size, localization) qualities of objects while generally recognizing them and maintaining a critical attitude towards them, as well as disorders of perception and assessment of time.

Psychosensory disorders include: 1. Metamorphopsia - distortion of the shape and size of surrounding objects, which may appear reduced, enlarged, distorted, close or distant. 2. Derealization - a painful feeling of unreality, illusoryness, alienation of the surrounding world to the patient. (déjà vu, zhemavu) 3. Disorders of time assessment - combined with a change in the perception of the real world. Time can (stop, slow down, speed up, stretch, etc. 4. Depersonalization is a systemic distortion of the perception of one’s own mental processes and one’s own body.

Illusions An erroneous, false perception of objects and phenomena that actually exist at the moment. Illusions can arise due to contradictions in the signs of perspective, depth, shape and size of perceived objects. Illusions are an unconscious phenomenon.

Classification of illusions: 1. Physical (mirages, refraction of objects at the boundary of two environments) 2. Physiological (feeling the movement of surrounding objects after the train stops) 3. Mental (caused by mood swings, ecstasy, increased effective tone (a bush in the dark is mistaken for a lurking person)

Illusions are a widespread phenomenon among healthy people, due to fatigue, exhaustion, suspicion of the environment or fear. They can occur as a result of mental illness or organic damage to the brain.

Conclusion Perception is a complex mental process, the work of which involves thinking, memory, emotions, feelings, experience, interests and attitudes of the perceiver. Perception disorders make it difficult for us to perceive the world around us in all its diversity, respond to what is happening in the world around us, adjust our behavior in accordance with changes in this world and cognize the surrounding reality