Presentation "Economy of Japan" (grade 11) in geography - project, report. Agriculture in Japan - presentation Natural conditions and resources of Japan

Industry.

In recent decades, Japan has emerged as one of the leading economic powers and is the second largest national economic force in the world. Japan's population accounts for approximately 2.3% of the world's total, but generates about 16% of the gross world product (GWP) measured at current exchange rates and 7.7% based on the purchasing power of the yen. Its economic potential is equal to 61% of the American one, but in terms of production per capita it exceeds the American level. Japan accounts for 70% of East Asia's total output, and its gross domestic product (GDP), calculated at current exchange rates, is four times that of China. It has achieved high technical excellence, especially in certain areas of advanced technology. Japan's current position in the world economy is the result of its economic development in the second half of the last century. In 1938, it accounted for only 3% of the VMP.

Japan has developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries. Although Japan is the largest importer of raw materials for most of these industries, the country often ranks 1-2 in the world in terms of output of many industries. Moreover, industry is concentrated mainly within the Pacific industrial belt (almost 80% of industrial products are produced on 13% of the country's territory).

I. Metallurgy has recently undergone major changes. Instead of many outdated factories, powerful plants equipped with the latest technology have been built. Lacking its own raw material base, Japan relies on imports of iron ore and coking coal. Malaysia and Canada have been and remain major suppliers of iron ore. The main suppliers of coal are the USA, Australia; to a lesser extent – ​​India and Canada. Japan ranks second in the world in the production of refined copper, after the United States. Polymetallic ore deposits form the basis for the development of zinc and lead production.

II. Japan's energy sector is focused primarily on imported raw materials (mainly oil and petroleum products). Oil imports amount to more than 200 million tons (own production 0.5 million tons in 1997). The share of coal in consumption is decreasing, the share of natural gas in consumption is growing (imported in a reduced form). The role of hydropower and nuclear energy is growing. Japan has a powerful electric power industry. Over 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants (the largest are 4 million kW). A nuclear power plant has been under construction since the mid-60s. Currently, over 20 nuclear power plants operate using imported raw materials (more than 40 power units). They provide about 30% of the electricity. The country has built the most powerful nuclear power plants in the world (including Fukushima - 10 power units).

III. Japan's shipbuilding industry is very diverse: the world's largest supertankers and other vessels leave the slipways of the shipyards of Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Nagasaki and many other shipbuilding centers. Shipbuilding specializes in the construction of large-tonnage tankers and dry cargo ships. The total tonnage of ships built in Japan is 40% of the world's tonnage. The country firmly ranks first in the world in shipbuilding (2nd place – Republic of Korea). Shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises are located throughout the country. The main centers are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki).

IV. The production of non-ferrous metals is material and energy intensive. They belong to “ecologically dirty” industries, therefore a significant reorganization of the industry has been carried out. Over the last decade alone, the smelting of non-ferrous metals has decreased by 20 times. Conversion plants are located in almost all large industrial centers.

V. Mechanical engineering in Japan includes many industries (shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, general mechanical engineering, instrument engineering, radio electronics, aerospace industry). There are a number of large factories for heavy engineering, machine tools, and the production of equipment for the light and food industries. But the main industries were electronics, radio industry and transport engineering.

1) In recent years, Japan also ranks first in the world in terms of car production (13 million units per year) (industry products account for 20% of Japanese exports). The most important centers of the industry are Toyota (Nagasaki region), Yokohama, and Hiroshima.

2) The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt: in the Tokyo region - complex machine tool building, industrial robots; in Osaka - metal-intensive equipment (near the centers of ferrous metallurgy); in the Nagoya region - machine tool building, production of equipment for other industries.

3) Enterprises of the radio-electronic and electrical industry are guided by centers with a qualified workforce, a well-developed transport system, and a developed scientific and technical base. In the early 90s, Japan accounted for over 60% of the production of industrial robots, ½ of CNC machines and pure ceramic products, and from 60 to 90% of the production of certain types of microprocessors in the world. Japan maintains a leading position in the production of consumer electronics and electronic equipment. The country's share in the world production of color televisions (taking into account production at foreign enterprises of Japanese companies is more than 60%, video recorders - 90%, etc.). The products of knowledge-intensive industries account for about 15% of Japan's total industrial production. But in general, about 40% for mechanical engineering products.

Table 3.1

12 largest conglomerates (industrial and financial groups) in Japan (1999 data)

4) Oil refining and chemical industry enterprises gravitate towards the main centers of the Pacific industrial belt - in the Tokyo agglomeration of the Alan industrial belt. In the Tokyo agglomeration (Kawasaki, Chiba, Yokohama), in the Osaka and Nagoya areas, enterprises use imported raw materials. Japan ranks one of the first in the world in terms of development of the chemical industry.

5) Japan also has a developed pulp and paper industry.

6) Retains significant importance for the light and food industries. However, competition from developing countries is growing in many types of labor-intensive light industry production (due to the low cost of labor in other countries).

VI. Another important traditional branch of Japanese industry is fishing. Japan ranks among the first in the world in terms of fish catch. There are more than 3 thousand fishing ports in the country. The rich and diverse fauna of the coastal seas contributed to the development of not only fishing, but also Mari culture. Fish and seafood occupy a very large place in the Japanese diet. Pearl fishing is also developed.

A very important feature of Japanese industry is its extremely strong involvement in international economic relations.

Agriculture.

Japan's agriculture employs about 3% of the economically active population, and its share in the country's GNP is about 2%. Japanese agriculture is characterized by high levels of labor and land productivity, crop yields and animal productivity.

Agricultural production has a pronounced food orientation

Crop production provides the bulk of production (about 70%), but its share is decreasing. The country is forced to import feed and industrial crops from abroad. Pasture lands make up only 1.6% of the total area. But even these areas are falling out of agricultural use as imports of cheap meat and dairy products increase. New intensive livestock farming sectors are developing. Cultivated lands account for 13% of the country's territory. However, in some areas of Japan it is possible to obtain 2-3 harvests per year, so the sown area is larger than the cultivated area. Despite the fact that cultivated lands occupy a small share of the land fund, and their value per capita is very small (24 times less than the USA, 9 times less than France), Japan meets its food needs mainly due to our own production (about 70%). The demand for rice, vegetables, poultry, pork, and fruits is practically satisfied. However, the country is forced to import sugar, corn, cotton, and wool.

Japanese agriculture is characterized by small-scale farming. Most farms are small-scale. The largest farms are engaged in livestock farming. In addition to individual farms, there are firms and productive cooperatives. These are significant agricultural units.

The coastal lowlands of all the islands, including those in the Pacific industrial belt, are large agricultural areas where rice, vegetables, tea, tobacco are grown, and livestock farming is also intensively developed. Poultry and pig farms and vegetable gardens are located on all large plains and in natural areas of large agglomerations.

Transport

Transport. In the post-war period, road transport quickly took first place in terms of cargo and passenger transportation in Japan (52 and 60%, respectively). The rest is mostly accounted for by coastal shipping, the share of which is gradually decreasing. The importance of railway transport is declining even faster, especially after its privatization in the mid-80s. The volume of air transportation is also growing, but its share is still small. Japan ranks second in the world in terms of merchant fleet tonnage (almost 87 million gross registered tons in 1999), but 73% of this tonnage sails under “flags of convenience.” The size of the automobile fleet is 43 million passenger cars and 22 million trucks and buses (1998, second place in the world). Since the mid-90s, the main direction of development of the technical base of transport has been the qualitative improvement of transport infrastructure. Japan has created a dense network of highways, the main element of which are expressways that connect all cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people. A system of railway lines was built with an average train speed of more than 200 km/h. The country has several dozen large seaports (the largest is Chiba), a number of airports capable of receiving large airliners. In the 80s, all four main Japanese islands were connected by continuous transport routes (through a system of tunnels and bridges). The manifold increase in the volume and intensity of transport traffic in Japan, especially in the area of ​​the country's main transport axis passing through the Pacific industrial belt, required increasing the reliability and security of the communications system. Its improvement is achieved through the widespread introduction of electronic computing and information technology both into transport management systems and into the vehicles themselves.

Foreign economic relations

Japan is one of the world's largest trading powers. The economy is highly dependent on imports of fuel and industrial raw materials. But the structure of imports is changing significantly: the share of raw materials is decreasing and the share of finished products is increasing. The share of finished products from NIS Asia (including color televisions, video cassettes, VCRs, spare parts) is especially growing. The country also imports some types of modern machinery and equipment from economically developed countries.

In the export of finished industrial products (by value), 64% falls on machinery and equipment. Japan's international specialization on the world market is the trade in products of knowledge-intensive high-tech industries, such as the production of ultra-large integrated circuits and microprocessors, CNC machines and industrial robots.

The volume of Japan's foreign trade is constantly growing (760 billion dollars, 1997 - third place after the USA and Germany). Japan's main trading partners are economically developed countries, primarily the USA (30% of exports, 25% of imports), Germany, Australia, and Canada. Major partners are the Republic of Korea and China.

Trade volumes with the countries of Southeast Asia (29% of foreign turnover) and Europe are increasing. The largest oil suppliers to Japan are the Persian Gulf countries.

An important area of ​​Japan's foreign economic activity is export of capital. In terms of the volume of foreign investment, the country has become one of the leaders along with the USA and Great Britain. Moreover, the share of capital investment in the development of the country is growing. Japan invests its capital in trade, banking, loans and other services (about 50%), in the manufacturing and mining industries around the world. Acute foreign economic contradictions between Japan and the United States and Western European countries lead to a struggle for sources of raw materials, sales markets and areas for investment of capital. The scope of foreign entrepreneurship of Japanese firms is expanding. Moreover, along with the transfer of environmentally hazardous, energy- and material-intensive production abroad (through the construction of enterprises in developing countries), there is also a transfer to these countries of some engineering production - those whose development in Japan is becoming less respectable (transferred to where costs are lower for labor force).

Japanese firms are particularly active in NIS Asia - in the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. Enterprises in the textile, food, clothing, metallurgical, chemical industries, electronic and precision engineering industries created there with the participation of Japanese capital are becoming serious competitors of Japanese companies themselves (especially small and medium-sized ones) in the world and even in the domestic Japanese market.

All of Japan's largest industrial companies are multinational corporations, among the largest in the world. In the list of the 500 largest TNCs in the world, very high positions are occupied by: Toyota motor, Honda motor - in the automotive industry; Hitachi, Sony, NEC - in electronics; Toshiba, Fujitsu, Canon - in the production of computer equipment, etc.

One of the most important factors in Japan's economic development is its widespread participation in international technology trade. The export of technologies is dominated by licenses in the field of electrical and transport engineering, chemistry, and construction. Geographically speaking, Japanese technology exports in the 1980s were dominated by developing countries. The exchange of licenses for technological processes in the field of electrical engineering, chemical industry, etc. is especially active.

Internal differences

The peculiar natural, geographical and historical conditions of development led to the formation of a complex territorial structure of Japan and the emergence of significant differences between its regions. On the territory of Japan, morphologically heterogeneous parts stand out sharply. This is the developed Pacific industrial belt, located in the largest lowlands of Honshu and Northern Kyushu, and peripheral, relatively poorly developed areas occupying the west coast and northeast of Honshu, Hokkaido and Southern Japan - Shikoku, southern Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands.

The grid of economic regions that has developed in Japan mainly reflects these imbalances (Fig. 111.76). The most common is the concept of identifying ten economic regions - Kanto, Kinki, Tokai, Kyushu, Chugoku, Hokuriku. Tohoku, Hokkaido, Shikoku and Okinawa. The first four traditionally belong to areas of a high level of development, the next three - to an average level, and the rest - to underdeveloped areas. The allocation of districts is carried out along the boundaries of the main administrative units of Japan - prefectures (there are 47 prefectures in total, including the governorate of Hokkaido).

Kanto - a leading economic region occupying the country's largest lowland region, where less than 10% of Japan's territory is home to more than 30% of its population and produces more than 35% of national income. The socio-economic appearance of the region is determined primarily by the presence of the capital Tokyo and the largest urban agglomeration Keihin formed around it, in which powerful production, management, research and cultural potential is concentrated. Almost all sectors of the economy are developed in Kanto, but it stands out for its increased concentration of mechanical engineering, especially knowledge-intensive (radio-electronics, instrument making, aerospace), as well as industries targeting the large market of the capital region (printing, light). The region's agriculture, while occupying an insignificant place in the structure of its economy, provides Kanto with a leading position in food production in Japan. It specializes mainly in suburban forms. Kanto is of great importance as the focal point of Japan's entire transport system, where major highways connect the capital with the coastal and inland areas.

The second most important economic region of Japan is Kinki, which combines the features of the historical and cultural core of “old” Japan and a large industrial region. It houses enterprises of both traditional (textile, woodworking, shipbuilding) and the newest industries (radio electronics, modern chemistry, etc.). Compared to other developed areas, Kinki stands out for its increased share of metal-intensive general engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The most important role in the region is played by the second economic and cultural center of the country after Tokyo - Osaka, around which the powerful urban agglomeration of Hanshin has developed. The agglomeration includes several more notable industrial cities - Kobe, Amagasaki, Himeji, Sakai. The city of Kyoto is unique, the only one of the Japanese “millionaire” cities located outside the sea coast. For a long time the residence of Japanese emperors, the political, cultural and religious center of the country, it attracts a large number of tourists and pilgrims. Kyoto's industry has a diverse structure with a predominance of non-material-intensive industries that use skilled labor (traditional light, woodworking, modern electronics, precision engineering).

The Tokai region, located on the Pacific coast between Kanto and Kinki, ranks third in economic importance. The areas of industrial specialization in the region include transport engineering, petrochemicals, textiles and pulp and paper. The industrial zone is located around Ise Bay, on the coast of which are the center of the region - Nagoya and other industrial cities. Tokaj for a long time remained predominantly an agricultural area, with textile and woodworking enterprises being common industrial enterprises. In the pre-war years, military factories, mainly aviation ones, were built in Nagoya and some other cities, on the basis of which transport engineering developed after the war. Among the cities of the region, there are several centers of national importance, highly specialized in certain types of industrial production - Yokkaichi (oil refining and petrochemicals), Toyota (automotive industry). Tokaj retains its importance as an important agricultural area, distinguished by the production of some specific crops, in particular tea and citrus fruits.

Kyushu is characterized by uneven development of the northern and southern parts of the region. Northern Kyushu is the oldest Japanese industrial region, where the structure of production is still dominated by ferrous metallurgy, heavy industrial engineering, as well as some other “basic” industries - oil refining, cement production. Nagasaki is a major shipbuilding center with the largest shipbuilding plant in Japan. At the same time, Northern Kyushu remains an important agricultural region (in particular, the second most important rice-growing region in the country). In the south, which is still characterized by a certain isolation and traditionalism, the basis of the economy is agriculture, local industry, and recreational functions. In order to modernize the structure of the Kyushu economy, regional programs in recent years have been aimed at developing the most advanced industries (radio electronics, biotechnology, fine chemistry) in several actively created technopolises. The functions of the district's administrative center are concentrated in its largest city, Fukuoka.

The Chugoku region occupies the southwestern part of Honshu and is divided by a mountain range in the direction from northeast to southwest into two areas, which have the historical names San'yo and San'in. The southern one, Sanyo, which occupies the coast of the Inland Sea, has always been more developed. Due to its favorable economic and geographical position, many industrial enterprises were built there after the Second World War. Currently, Chugoku stands out for the country's highest share of products from material and energy-intensive industries - ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, chemical industry, as well as developed general, shipbuilding and automotive industries. A characteristic feature is the absence of a clearly defined center in the area, as well as a certain specialization of large industrial hubs: mechanical engineering is predominantly developed in Hiroshima, oil refining and chemistry in Kurashiki, and ferrous metallurgy in Fukuyama. In the south of Chugoku (in Ube, Tokuyama, etc.) one of the most powerful chemical industry complexes in Japan was formed. The Sanyo area is an important tourism area. San'in, facing the Sea of ​​Japan, remains relatively isolated, sparsely populated and less developed.

Hokuriku occupies the central part of the western coast of Honshu and some of the inland mountainous areas of this island. Unfavorable natural conditions (swampy coastal lowlands, lack of convenient bays for port construction, etc.) led to much less intensive development of the area compared to the eastern part of Honshu. The share of industry in the structure of Hokuriku's economy is noticeably lower than the national average; the most developed are general and electrical engineering, metalworking, traditional woodworking and textile industries. A number of nuclear power plants have been built in the south of the region, transmitting energy to the Kinki region, and cascades of hydroelectric power stations have been built in the mountains, also transmitting energy to the central regions of the country. Hokuriku is known for an important rice-producing area (Echigo Plain), as well as Japan's most significant oil and gas deposits. The most important city in the region is Niigata.

The Tohoku region, which occupies the northeast of Honshu, is distinguished in the national division of labor by agriculture, fishing, logging, mining and relatively poorly developed industry, aimed mainly at the processing of local resources. The region's population is relatively small and largely concentrated in the interior. Tohoku is seen as an important area for Japan's future development; its main city, Sendai, is already one of the fastest growing major cities in the country.

Hokkaido, which officially became part of Japan only in 1868, is the only region in the country that was developed in a planned manner, on the basis of organized colonization. The structure of the economy is reminiscent of Tohoku with even more pronounced forestry and agriculture, fishing, woodworking, pulp and paper and mining. The main city of the region, Sapporo, which is deprived of major industrial enterprises but performs important administrative functions, is rapidly developing.

Shikoku is a mountainous, sparsely populated area. Economically, the northern part of the island is more developed, where enterprises of basic industries are located in several industrial cities. However, in general, the industrial appearance of the area is formed by the food, pulp and paper and textile industries. Subtropical agriculture and mountain animal husbandry are developed. The most important cities are the prefectural centers of Matsuyama and Takamatsu.

Okinawa - The prefecture, located in the Ryukyu Islands, is only loosely classified as a district. It re-entered Japan in 1972 after the US occupation, but currently 12% of its territory is under American military bases. Infrastructure facilities for base maintenance, as well as tropical agriculture, have been developed.

Agriculture of Japan According to its structure, Japanese agriculture should be classified as diversified. It is based on agriculture, mainly the cultivation of rice and other grain crops, industrial crops and tea. Horticulture, horticulture, sericulture and animal husbandry play a significant role. In Japan, agriculture also includes forestry, fishing and marine activities. The country's cultivated area is 5.4 million hectares, and the sown area exceeds it due to the fact that in a number of areas 2-3 crops are harvested per year. More than half of the sown area is occupied by grains, about 25% by vegetables, the rest is occupied by forage grasses, industrial crops and mulberry trees. Rice occupies a dominant position in agriculture. At the same time, there is a decrease in wheat and barley harvests (low profitability and import competition). Vegetable growing mainly develops in the suburbs. As a rule, year-round in greenhouse soil. Sugar beets are cultivated in Hokkaido, and sugar cane in the south. Tea, citrus fruits, apples, pears, plums, peaches, persimmons (endemic to Japan), grapes, chestnuts, watermelons, melons, and pineapples in greenhouses are also grown. In southwest Honshu, large areas are devoted to strawberries. Livestock farming began to actively develop only after World War II. The cattle herd reaches 5 million heads (half are dairy cows). Pig farming is developing in the southern regions (about 7 million heads). The center of livestock farming is the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives are created. A peculiarity of Japanese livestock farming is that it is based on imported feed (a lot of corn is imported). Our own production provides no more than 1/3 of the feed. The country's forest area is about 25 million hectares. Historically, more than half of the forests are privately owned (including bamboo plantations). Most forest owners are small peasants with up to 1 hectare. forests. Large forest owners include members of the imperial family, monasteries, and temples that own the highest quality forests. Fishing is characterized by the dominance of large monopolistic companies. The main fishing objects include herring, cod, salmon, flounder, tuna, halibut, shark, saury, sardine, etc. Sea kale and shellfish are also caught. Japan's fishing fleet numbers several hundred thousand vessels (mostly small ones). About 1/3 of the catch comes from waters in the Hokkaido region. An important fishing area is the northeastern coast of Honshu. Aquaculture has become widespread: artificial breeding of fish in lagoons, mountain lakes and rice fields and breeding of pearl mussels.

Although the national economy is primarily based on industry, agriculture occupies an important place in it, providing the country with most of the food consumed. Largely due to limited land resources and post-war agrarian reform, the village is dominated by small landowners. The average farm size is less than 1.1 hectares. The importance of agricultural production as a potential job opportunity declined sharply after World War II.

Japan is one of the largest importing countries of agricultural products in the world. With only 15% of the country's land available for agriculture and a population of 130 million, Japan is heavily dependent on agricultural and food processing exports. The country imports large volumes of soybeans, wheat, corn, meat and meat products, other food products, vegetables, and fruits. It fully satisfies its own needs only for seafood, some of which it exports.

On average, one farm accounts for 1.47 hectares or 14,700 m2. Japanese farms are relatively small, but Japanese farmers work hard to make the most of their limited acreage, so the land is farmed very efficiently.

Japanese farmers use tractors, pickup trucks, electric cultivators, rice planters and combines to help them increase their productivity. Using intensive farming methods, fertilizers, sophisticated machinery and carefully refined technology, farmers are able to produce half of all the fruits and vegetables consumed in Japan, while still maintaining some of the farm's acreage for livestock. So Japanese agriculture provides a significant portion of the food consumed.

Modern technology has made new farming methods possible. Part of the crop in Japan is grown hydroponically, that is, without soil - just in water. The use of genetic engineering makes it possible to obtain harvests that are richer and safer for human health.

Japanese farmers grow a variety of plant crops, as well as livestock and poultry. These are grains - rice and wheat; vegetables - potatoes, radishes and cabbage; fruits - tangerines, oranges, melons and pears; Livestock products - beef, poultry, pork, milk and eggs.

Most of the non-arable land is forested - about 68%. So, forestry is an important part of the Japanese economy. Japan is an island country and must carefully use its natural resources: 41% of its forests are new forests.

For many centuries, logging has been an important business activity in Japan. Already starting from the 8th century, wooden palaces and temples were built in Kyoto and other cities. But today the demand for wood is so great, not only for construction, but also for the production of paper, furniture and other consumer goods, that Japan imports 76.4% of wood.

Rice is grown throughout Japan, with the exception of the north of Hokkaido, mainly on irrigated lands. Rice productivity reaches 50 centners/hectare. The gross rice harvest reaches 10 million tons. In addition to rice, wheat, barley, and corn are grown from grain crops, but in small quantities. Vegetable growing, especially suburban farming, has become widespread in Japan. Common industrial crops include tea, tobacco, sugar beets, and in the south - sugar cane.

Livestock farming is poorly developed because the Japanese consume little meat and dairy products. Recently, the nutritional structure of the Japanese has been changing, which is leading to an increase in demand for livestock products. Livestock farming is actively developing. Meat production is about 4 million tons, and milk production is 8 million tons. A characteristic feature of Japanese livestock farming is the lack of its own food supply. A significant portion of feed is imported. Our own production provides no more than 1/3 of livestock feed needs. Japan's agriculture provides only 3/4 of the country's food supply.

Japan is firmly ranked first in the world in seafood production. This became possible thanks to the balanced management of ocean, sea and coastal fisheries, and intensive fish farming in fresh water bodies.

Ocean and sea fish catches in Japan remain at the level of 8 million tons. Coastal fisheries produce 2 million tons of fish annually. Another over 200 thousand tons. annually obtained from fish farming in inland waters.

Seafood is the main product that satisfies the population's protein needs, although its share in the diet has decreased due to an increase in the share of meat. Japanese imports of fish and seafood in recent years range from 2.0 to 2.4 million tons. The bulk of imports are made up of valuable, high-tasting fish species.

Coastal fishing is carried out by residents of coastal villages; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of world fishing; fish and seafood are produced here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

Climate Features

The geographical location of the country has a decisive influence on the way of life of the population. Japan is an island state. Nature has decreed that three climatic zones are arranged in a very limited area: the sea coast, lowland areas and mountainous areas. Japanese agriculture was formed and developed under these conditions. The country is located in a temperate climate zone, which is characterized by high humidity, which is explained by the proximity of the ocean. Due to this, intensive growth of vegetation takes place here. Or - as biologists put it - biomass.

Landscape specifics

The country lacks natural pastures, which are typical for many continental regions. All areas suitable for these purposes are overgrown with shrubs and then trees in the shortest possible time. It is very difficult to artificially maintain pastures and pastures in working condition. Such activities require significant labor costs. This explains the fact that Japanese agriculture does not have developed livestock farming. Over a long historical period, the people living here have developed a special diet. The need for proteins is satisfied through seafood.

Japanese agriculture is based on small-scale farming. It has long been estimated that the country's total agricultural land area is very modest when compared with Argentina or China. So, in 2000 it was six million hectares. A typical peasant farm cultivates (approximately) 1 hectare. The main focus is on rice cultivation. Almost three quarters of farms are engaged in the production of this product. It is grown in irrigated fields. It should be noted that its yield is very high and reaches fifty centners per hectare.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the country finally entered the world community of developed countries. And Japanese agriculture began to intensively absorb the experience of developed countries. A variety of plants began to be imported here - from fruit trees to vegetables. All effective techniques and technologies were used in strict accordance with the instructions. New professions have appeared in agriculture. However, the vast majority of innovations did not take root in local conditions. Fruit trees either began to rot or were completely destroyed by insects. At the same time, significant changes have occurred in methods of land cultivation and seed selection.

Integration into the global market

For many centuries, the selection of the most productive varieties of rice took place here. Modern information technologies in agriculture have put this process on a systematic basis. Today, every peasant has the opportunity to use the seeds most suitable for his plot. The level of mechanization of soil cultivation is very high. Experts note that the widespread use of mechanisms significantly increases the cost of agricultural products. At the same time, the country provides itself with food only 75%. The missing volumes are supplied from abroad.

Being an island state (its territory is slightly larger than the Arkhangelsk region), the country does not have significant mineral reserves. Ore, coal, gas and oil are imported from abroad. The state is very interested in the construction of a gas pipeline from Sakhalin and the supply of Russian gas.

The territory of Japan is a powerful subduction zone (strong earthquakes). Here, at the Japan Trench, three lithospheric plates collide: Pacific, Philippine and Eurasian. This causes high seismic activity on the Japanese and Kuril Islands, which also does not contribute to economic development.

However, the Land of the Rising Sun occupies a leading position among the developed economies of the world in the production of steel, automobiles, electronics and shipbuilding. Fishing and seafood production are developed. Biofuel is produced from rice straw on a high-tech basis. Gross domestic product is approaching $4.5 trillion (per capita - about $30 thousand). The Japanese yen is included in the IMF's five reserve currencies. The country's economy is at the forefront of the 6th technological order. The modernization of its economy was carried out here in (1960-1970).

Japan has one of the highest population densities in the world. Almost all of it is concentrated in the coastal lowlands and river valleys. The agglomerations formed around the largest cities - Tokyo, Osaka, Nogoya - form the huge Tokaido metropolis with an average population density of 800-1000 people/km 2 .

The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the state, but 55% of food (calorie equivalent) is imported. There is a network of Shinkansen and expressways.

Export structure: transport vehicles, cars, motorcycles, electronics, electrical engineering, chemicals. Import structure: machinery and equipment, fuel, food, chemicals, raw materials.

At the end of the 20th century, Japan's foreign exchange reserves grew rapidly. The government introduced a system of measures to liberalize the export of Japanese capital abroad. Now it is the most powerful banking center and international lender. Its share of international loans increased from 5% in 1980 to 20.6% in 1990. Export of capital is the main form of foreign economic activity. Most Japanese capital works in the United States (42.2%), in Asia (24.2%), Western Europe (15.3%), and Latin America (9.3%).

As of 2007, Japan ranked 19th in terms of GDP to hours worked. According to the Big Mac Index, Japanese workers earn the highest hourly wages in the world. Japan has a low unemployment rate, but in 2009 it began to rise and amounted to 5.1%. Leading companies are Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi. In addition, the country is home to several of the largest banks, as well as the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which ranks second in the world in terms of market capitalization. In 2012, 326 Japanese companies were on the Forbes 3000, representing 16.3% of the list.

Recently, Japan's relations with Russia have been improving. At the end of February this year, an impressive delegation of Russian businessmen, headed by the Minister of Industry and Trade D. Manturov, arrived in Tokyo for a joint forum. 300 domestic companies and 70 Japanese were represented at the event. In connection with the weakening of the ruble, putting aside the “excessive caution” inherent in entrepreneurs of the Land of the Rising Sun, they became keenly interested in acquiring Russian assets that had fallen in price.

Moreover, not only gas, oil and metals, but also value-added products are of interest. In addition to the enterprises already operating in the Russian Federation with Japanese capital, businessmen are ready to build new ones in the fields of electronics, pharmaceuticals, waste processing and machine tool building. The advanced industrial technology of this highly developed country will definitely help the progress of our economy.

The modernization of the entire economy was carried out here in the 1960-1970s. The organizer of the Japanese miracle was the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan. Specialists from this ministry, after analyzing the international economic situation and internal potential, identified “industries of the future.” This term designated sectors of the economy and enterprises that had prospects for growth and competitiveness. Development plans were created for all these enterprises, and their implementation was accompanied by credit and tax preferences. This Ministry created favorable conditions for the development of scientific research. New industries that emerged received protection from international competition and had access to government subsidies. The growth of population education and the development of industrial training were stimulated.

However, even now, being the fourth industrial power in the world, Japan remains one of the most economically closed developed countries. Nobel laureate J. Galbraith wrote that “all the countries that have industrialized recently: Japan, Taiwan, Brazil, Iran could not have done this without intensive government intervention and support.”

With Japan's emergence as an economic superpower, the fate of agriculture, despite favorable agro-climatic conditions, was under threat. The rural population, thinned after the war, has been reduced to three million families, of which less than two are rice farmers. Half of the peasants are over 65 years old. As people say, “farming has become the occupation of grandparents.”

The traditional respect for the work of the farmer, and above all the rice grower, is not accidental. Since time immemorial, rice has been not only the basis of the diet, but also a key factor in the formation of national character. Japanese civilization knew practically neither hunting nor cattle breeding. Its origins are irrigated agriculture, the cultivation of rice on hillsides turned into terraced terraces.

It is beyond the power of one family to create and maintain such an irrigation system. This requires the joint work of the rural community. It is in the extremely labor-intensive rice growing that the spirit of collectivism inherent in the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun is rooted, the willingness to put the common good above personal gain (which gave rise to a system of lifelong employment unique to this country). Rice cultivation in Japan is equated to a cult and is regarded as heroism.

Despite low wages, farmers managed to stabilize rice harvests at 8 million tons. Less than two million peasant farms not only fully provide the country's 127 million inhabitants with the main food crop - rice, but also produce almost two-thirds of the vegetables, meat, and eggs consumed by the people. Japan's gross agricultural output is $80 billion. But the country produces only 39 percent of the food it needs. People started talking about this figure that stunned everyone after switching to the method accepted in international practice: comparing domestic and imported food products not by cost, but by the number of calories.

In the 60s, the same figure was almost 80 percent, and now for the first time it has fallen below 40. In terms of food security, Japan is at the bottom of the list of developed countries. For comparison: Australia – 237%, Canada – 145%, USA – 128%, France – 122%, Russia – 80%.

For an archipelago country surrounded by seas, the issue of food security is of vital importance. Therefore, the Japanese government has formulated a strategic goal: to raise the level of food self-sufficiency to 50 percent by 2020.

Japan is a country of long-livers, and this is due to the presence in the diet of a large amount of fish with Q3 fatty acids. But in the post-war years, the consumption of animal fats and “fast food” products from McDonald’s proliferated throughout the country increased. As a result, the country moved from 1st to a place in the second ten of the list in terms of average life expectancy. Fatty “burgers” turned out to be especially harmful to the people who created the most exquisite, truly medicinal cuisine.

The current situation is the result of the fact that the traditional diet of the Japanese has changed dramatically. Previously, the basis of nutrition was rice, vegetables, seafood, and fish. Nowadays, meat consumption has increased 9 times. Milk appeared in the diet. At the same time, rice consumption was halved - from 120 to 60 kilograms per person per year.

Bread also appeared in the traditional diet. And now, in addition to 8 million tons of domestic rice, up to 5 million tons of wheat have to be imported annually. And for the needs of livestock and poultry farming, about 20 million tons of corn and soybeans must be imported for fodder.

In terms of rice yield (65 centners per hectare), the Land of the Rising Sun ranks third in the world. But its cost cannot compete with the large grain production of American, Australian or Canadian farmers. The land holdings of most peasants are little more than one and a half hectares. Therefore, it is advisable to switch from rice to more profitable crops. Following the example of Israel, grow melons, strawberries or kiwis under film. And buy grain at low prices on the world market.

However, in this matter, Tokyo is guided not by commercial gain, but by the interests of food security. The government contracts the entire harvest at a price that is profitable for farmers. And then sells the rice to domestic consumers for much less than what was paid for it. The authorities proceed from the fact that the production of a staple food crop cannot be stopped and resumed at the touch of a button. Let's remember our reforms of the 90s. If an entire generation of rice farmers goes bankrupt, in the event of an international crisis and a naval blockade, the country will no longer be able to feed itself.

The Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (1999 Act) obliged the government to regularly adopt basic plans for food, agriculture and rural development. The first such plan was adopted in 2000. The total area of ​​agricultural land is small - 6 million hectares (13% of the territory), but a significant part of the sown areas produces two, and in some areas, three harvests per year. The sectoral structure of agriculture is dominated by crop production, the main crop being rice. But they also cultivate wheat, soybeans, and vegetables.

About 78% of peasant farms grow only rice without the use of pesticides, using organic farming methods. This is due to a system of government measures that stimulate the cultivation of this crop, often at the expense of others. The cost of rice in Japan is significantly higher than the price. The reason for this is small farming, oversaturation with technology and its irrational use. In terms of the number and power of tractors per unit area, Japan ranks first in the world.

Only on the island of Hokkaido does labor productivity in agriculture approach European levels, which is largely explained by the spread of large landholdings there (up to 15 hectares). The fishing industry is of primary importance for providing the population with food and a number of industries with raw materials.

Japan firmly ranks first in the world in seafood production. This became possible thanks to the balanced management of ocean, sea and coastal fisheries, and intensive fish farming in fresh water bodies. Ocean and sea fish catches in Japan remain at the level of 8 million tons. Coastal fisheries produce 2 million tons of fish annually. Another over 200 thousand tons are obtained annually from fish farming in inland waters. The country has a large network of ports that receive and process fish, including from Russia. The largest of them are Kushiro, Hachinohe, Teshi, Wakkanai, etc.

Fishing and seafood processing has been a traditional sector of the Japanese economy since Neolithic times. On average, a Japanese resident consumes 168 kg of fish annually, which is the highest among countries in the world. The coastal waters of the Japanese archipelago are rich in fish, edible algae and other marine resources. For a long time, the most lucrative fishing spot was the Sanriku Sea in northeastern Honshu, where the cold Kuril Current meets the warm Kuroshio Current. However, due to the accident at the nearby Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in 2011, fish and seafood fishing in this area was temporarily stopped. Another place rich in fish is the northern and southern parts of the Western Pacific Ocean.

The main catches are fish of the mackerel family (14%), tuna (8%), anchovies (8%), scallops (7%), saury (5%), fish of the salmon family (5%), squid (5%), pollock (4%) and horse mackerel (4%). Other species caught include crabs, flounder, pagr, etc. Fishing is carried out in coastal and remote waters. Under international law, Japanese fishermen have the right to fish only in Japanese territorial waters and the Japanese exclusive economic zone with a radius of 370 km in the Pacific Ocean.

Japan is the world leader in importing fish and seafood. It imports 20% of all the world's fish exported by other countries. Japanese imports of fish and seafood began to grow following the establishment of international restrictions regarding territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. These restrictions made it impossible for Japanese fishermen to fish in the distant waters of the Pacific Ocean.

Since 1995, Japan has imported more fishery products from overseas than it produces or grows itself. The Japanese spend the most money on importing shrimp, and buy foreign tuna the most. The main international suppliers of fish and seafood to Japan are the world leaders in the field of fishing - China, Peru, Chile, USA, Indonesia.

Poultry farming is also developed in Japan. In the post-war years, large industrial dairy complexes appeared in the country, but most of the hay and other feed was imported.

The World Trade Organization has relentlessly criticized Tokyo authorities for subsidizing farmers and imposing tariffs on rice imports that are seven times the world price. In addition, the Japanese prefer domestic, short-grain rice. But under pressure from the WTO, Japan is forced to import 86% of the wheat and almost all the soybeans consumed in the country from abroad.

And yet, the Japanese government’s focus on strengthening food security and energetic measures of state support for domestic agriculture, in our opinion, can serve as an instructive example for Russia.

Zaltsman V.A., Ph.D.

Chelyabinsk region

Territorial structure of the Japanese economy 1. Population density in Asia Additional description: The illumination of a territory depends not so much on population density as on the level of urbanization. Urban areas have brighter lighting than rural areas. Dark territories are areas with unfavorable natural conditions: mountains, deserts, tropical forests, polar regions. Source: Contents Image Technological parameters of the image

Territorial structure of the Japanese economy 2. Eastern part of the island of Honshu Spacecraft: no data Spatial resolution (initial): ~220 m Geographic center of the image: 35° 51 N, 139° 36 W Spectral channels: no data Device: no data Date: no data Additional description: The image is synthesized in pseudo-colors. Brown shades represent open areas of the area. Green tones – vegetation cover. Gray tones – urban areas. Source: Contents Contents Image Image Technological parameters of the image

Territorial structure of the Japanese economy 3. Western part of the island of Honshu Spacecraft: no data Spatial resolution (initial): ~150 m Geographic center of the image: 35° 05 N, 133° 46 W Spectral channels: no data Device: no data Date: no data Additional description: The image is synthesized in pseudo-colors. Brown shades represent open areas of the area. Green tones – vegetation cover. Gray tones – urban areas.

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JAPAN Topic: "Economy of Japan" Teacher: Gerpsumer Elena Anatolyevna MBOU "Novoselskaya Secondary School" Burlinsky district of the Altai Territory

From samurai to robots...

OBJECTIVES: -to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the sectoral and territorial structure of the Japanese economy; -continue to develop the skills of independent work with the text of the textbook, with maps and additional literature; - to cultivate geographical culture, broaden the horizons of students; -continue to develop a communication culture.

Form of government and government in Japan - Constitutional monarchy. Before the adoption of the 1947 Constitution, it was an Absolute Monarchy. Currently, the country's Emperor Akihito is a symbol of the state and the unity of the nation. According to the government structure, Japan is a unitary state consisting of 46 prefectures and provinces.

Inheritance of title. He has no heir. But there is a daughter, so the issue of inheritance through the female line is now being considered in Japan. All trends point to the fact that the issue will be resolved positively. The majority in parliament and the cabinet are in favor of changing laws in favor of the princess

Main industries: pp. 244-245 - mechanical engineering. - ferrous metallurgy. - chemical industry. The share of the iron and steel and chemical industries is beginning to decline as environmental problems arise. There is a decrease in the import of raw materials. There has been a shift towards knowledge-intensive industries.

Electric power industry of Japan Location of nuclear power plants

Fuel and energy complex The fuel and energy industry is characterized by the development of nuclear energy and an increase in the share of coal in thermal power plants. Nuclear power plants – 30%, hydroelectric power stations – 60% of all electricity. A big role is played by non-traditional energy sources and the use of hydroelectric power stations.

Mechanical engineering is a leading industry. In terms of the share of mechanical engineering products in exports, Japan ranks first in the world (64%) Automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding, machine tool manufacturing, robotics, consumer electronics, watch production. Japan ranks first in the world in the production of cars, industrial robots and marine vessels.

Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture in Japan is highly intensive. The structure of agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crop is rice. Gardening and horticulture are developed. Cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming have developed.

An important industry is fishing. Japan ranks first in terms of fish catch. There are more than three thousand fishing ports in the country. Intensive use of marine resources has led to the development of mariculture

transport The transport system is characterized by a high level of development. In Japan, almost all types of transport have developed, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of transportation volumes, Japan surpasses the countries of Western Europe. A special feature of transport is its high level of technical equipment: an automated transport control system; monorail high-speed railways are widely used.

Mainline "Shinkansen" - "New Line" Its length is about 1100 km. The average speed of trains is 200 km per hour or more. Distance Tokyo-Osaka (515 km) the Hikari express train travels in 2 hours 15 minutes.

The Seto-Ohashi Bridge connects the islands of Honshu and Shikoku.

International economic relations Japan's share in the world economy exceeds 1/10. In terms of total exports, Japan ranks 3rd in the world after the USA and Germany. Industrial goods account for 98%, machinery and equipment – ​​75%. Export of cars – 5.7 million, their main market was and remains the USA. The rest of the exports are sent to Western Europe. Recently, the share of fuel and raw materials has decreased, but the share of machinery and equipment has increased. The country is increasingly reoriented from the export of goods to the export of capital. Japanese direct investment is directed to North America, Europe and Asian countries.

Why did Japan become a leader in the world economy? -Insignificant costs for weapons. -Purchase of patents, licenses, their rapid implementation into production. -Use of high technology. -State regulation of the economy. -Highly qualified workers. -Features of the Japanese mentality are hard work and enthusiasm. -Export orientation of the economy. -Unique control system.

Why is Japan called "the country with two faces"? (p.248 p.4) Front side – Pacific belt. This is the socio-economic core of the country - the main industrial areas of Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kitakyushu, most thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, and industrial enterprises. The back side is the peripheral zone. This is the island of Hokkaido and the mountainous forest areas of the island of Honshu - timber harvesting, minerals, hydropower, livestock breeding.

The economic power of the state after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the devastating earthquake in 2011, did not decrease in this amazing country, where people, in defiance of nature, which did not give them either minerals or land, reached such economic heights. But the Japanese way of life remains the same. The same rituals and traditions as before are important.

One of the traditional activities is origami. Japanese crane. Sadako Sasaki

Peace Museum established in Hiroshima

caused primarily by island isolation. Southern Ryukyu Islands - tropical fauna is relatively poor in mammals, dominated by animals leading an arboreal lifestyle. There are many monkeys: macaques, gibbons, thin-bodied monkeys. Unusually many bats. Martens are common, there are many squirrels and flying squirrels, sixwings, Japanese deer, black hare, and bluebirds. The central islands of the Japanese archipelago are much richer in fauna. Mainland animals are found here: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, squirrel, deer, gigantic salamander, Japanese macaques, Japanese black bear... But I note that the central islands are poor in rodents, there are few songbirds and there are no representatives of the cat family. Northern island of Hokkaido - northern forms predominate here: brown bear, ermine, weasel, Siberian sable, various insects. There are 270 species of mammals, about 800 species of birds, 110 species of reptiles in the country; in the seas washing Japan there are more than 600 species of fish, over 1000 species of mollusks, among birds in Japan there are storks, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, tits, swallows, Japanese crane, starling hawk... There are many seabirds off the sea coast: cormorant, guillemot , skua.

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The presentation on the topic “Japanese Economy” (grade 11) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 24 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Natural resources. Agriculture. Economy of Japan. Industry of Japan. Automotive industry in Japan.

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Natural resources

Japan is a country rich in forests and cares about its ecological condition, so their forests are well-groomed and cut down very carefully and in volumes controlled by science. Over 2/3 of Japan's territory is occupied by forests and shrubs; a significant part of the forests, over 1/3 - artificial plantings. Coniferous species account for 50% of the total timber reserves and 37% of the total forest area. In total, the flora of Japan contains over 700 species of trees and shrubs and about 300 species of herbs. Numerous representatives of the ancient pre-Quaternary flora have been preserved - ferns, horsetails, etc. Coniferous forests of spruce and fir predominate on the island of Hokkaido. In the southern regions of Japan, coniferous forests are gradually being replaced by deciduous broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, ash, linden, chestnut, etc.

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Cultivable land, 13% of the country's total area, is mainly devoted to rice and some crops - from potatoes in the north to sugarcane in the south. Japan's natural conditions are generally favorable for agriculture. The soil cover of Japan is very diverse: in the south, red soils and yellow soils predominate; on the island of Honshu, the slopes of local low mountains are covered with developed podzolic and brown forest soils, with sufficient fertilization of which, the coastal plains with their fertile alluvial soils have long been developed by farmers. In the lowlands there are swampy soils.

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Japan's soil resources are very limited, with more than one-third of its soils classified as poor. Nevertheless, the total area of ​​cultivated land is 16% of the entire territory. Japan is one of the few countries in the world that has fully developed its land resources. Virgin land remains only on the island of Hokkaido; on the remaining islands, the Japanese are expanding the territories of cities and suburban farms, draining swampy shores and river deltas, filling up lagoons and shallow areas of the seas; this is how, for example, the Tokyo airport was built. Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by hills and mountains; The Kanto and Tokyo lowlands are located in separate sections along the coast. On the island of Hokkaido, the main ridges are a continuation of the mountain ranges of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, stretching from north to south and northeast to southwest.

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The country has a dense network of short, full-flowing predominantly mountain rivers (large ones: Shinano, Tone, Ishikori). The rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin have winter-spring floods, and the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin have summer floods; There are floods, especially as a result of typhoons. The waters of many rivers are used for irrigation; there are thousands of small and large reservoirs in the country. Flat areas of large rivers are accessible to shallow-draft vessels; the largest is Lake Biwa, with an area of ​​716 sq. km. Japan has a typical coastal landscape with bays and islands, beautiful shores covered with vegetation.

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The fauna of Japan is characterized by some interesting features, caused primarily by island isolation. Southern Ryukyu Islands - tropical fauna is relatively poor in mammals, dominated by animals leading an arboreal lifestyle. There are many monkeys: macaques, gibbons, thin-bodied monkeys. Unusually many bats. Martens are common, there are many squirrels and flying squirrels, sixwings, Japanese deer, black hare, and bluebirds. The central islands of the Japanese archipelago are much richer in fauna. Mainland animals are found here: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, squirrel, deer, gigantic salamander, Japanese macaques, Japanese black bear... But I note that the central islands are poor in rodents, there are few songbirds and there are no representatives of the cat family. Northern island of Hokkaido - northern forms predominate here: brown bear, ermine, weasel, Siberian sable, various insects. There are 270 species of mammals, about 800 species of birds, 110 species of reptiles in the country; in the seas washing Japan there are more than 600 species of fish, over 1000 species of mollusks, among birds in Japan there are storks, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, tits, swallows, Japanese crane, starling hawk... There are many seabirds off the sea coast: cormorant, guillemot , skua

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As one of the main importers of raw materials, Japan has its own mineral resources; they are quite diverse, but the deposits are mostly small and difficult to develop. Despite the fact that deposits of coal, sulfur and natural gas are relatively large, the high capital intensity of development makes imports quite cheap, much more profitable, as evidenced by the gradual closure of mines in the country.

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Achievements of Japanese engineers: robot chef.

The Japanese have long been known for their desire to robotize literally everything and everyone. No one in the country can be surprised by a robot-nurse, a robot-teacher or even a robot-driver. Now there's a new addition - the robot chef Fua-Men

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Agriculture.

Japan's agricultural specialization differs markedly from other developed countries: the share of crop production is twice as large as the share of livestock production. But despite this, the country does not have enough of its own grain; Japan is forced to import grain crops from its closest neighbors: China, Korea. The Japanese organization of agriculture is known all over the world as quite backward, this is caused by a number of reasons: the predominance of dwarf peasant farms of small-scale commercial type, limited capital investments aimed at improving land, the weakness of the agricultural technical base, and the enslaving debt of peasants. Recently, land productivity has decreased slightly.

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Japan's fishing fleet numbers tens of thousands of vessels, and its fishing ports number hundreds and even thousands. Among the exotic crafts, I would like to mention pearl mining on the southern coast of Honshu; more than 500 million pearl shells are mined here every year. Previously, shells removed from the bottom were used to search for natural pearls, which, of course, were very rare. Now they are used for artificial cultivation of pearls on special plantations. Over time, there have been trends toward a depletion of national fish resources; therefore, artificial breeding of marine animals has become widespread (in 1980, 32 species of fish, 15 species of crustaceans, 21 species of mollusks, etc., etc.) were raised here. Japan holds first place in world using aquaculture technology that originated in the 8th century. The most diverse types of aquaculture have been developed here, and artificial spawning grounds and fish pastures have been created.

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Coastal fishing is carried out by residents of coastal villages; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of world fishing; fish and seafood are produced here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

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Industry of Japan.

Recently, a course has been taken towards the preferential development of knowledge-intensive industries, with some restraint on energy-intensive and material-intensive industries. New industries include electronic, precision and complex instrument making, optics, production of cameras, medicines, and scientific and laboratory equipment. For quite a long time, the country's energy base was coal, water, and wood. Fuel imports played an additional role. Thermal power plants are the basis of the Japanese electric power industry.

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Japan's fuel and energy base is very limited. Its own coal resources provide no more than 1/2 of its needs; there are very few good coking coals. The amount of oil produced in a year is equivalent to that in the USA in half a day; there are few iron and manganese ores, no bauxite and many other types of mineral raw materials. Despite the fact that 4/5 of energy is produced from imported raw materials, the country has a highly developed energy economy. The petroleum refining and petrochemical industry has grown from oil production, with plants located in many cities in the urbanized belt of the islands of Honshu and Kyushu.

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Automotive industry.

After the First World War, the automotive industry in Japan was mainly occupied with copying American designs and technologies. By the mid-30s. A law was passed in the country according to which all enterprises located in Japan became the property of Japan. As a result, American companies were forced to curtail their activities in Japan. Japan's automobile industry was falling further and further behind the global level. The technological gap widened sharply during the war years, when foreign experience became completely unavailable.

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After the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, during the years of occupation, the development of the automobile industry was artificially slowed down by the introduction of various kinds of prohibitions and restrictions, in particular on production, by the headquarters of the occupation forces. And although in 1949 they were removed, and automobile industry enterprises were removed from the list of those subject to dismantling and removal for reparations, nevertheless, the end of the 40s. is regarded as a period of struggle for the survival of the Japanese automobile industry. In addition, the import of foreign cars caused considerable damage to the industry at that time. It was officially banned until 1949, but cars were imported by Americans.

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In the first six months of 2009, 273 companies related to the automotive industry, such as those involved in supplying parts or selling cars, went bankrupt in Japan. This is a 50% increase compared to the same period in 2009. The volume of debts of bankrupt Japanese companies doubled and amounted to $1.1 billion. In almost half of the cases, we were talking about companies that operated in the retail and wholesale car sales market. They were unable to obtain loans to finance further activities. The most bankruptcies - 52 - were registered in those prefectures where Toyota Motor, Suzuki and large auto parts manufacturers are located. At the same time, the Japanese automobile market began to gradually recover from the crisis, but has not yet fully recovered.