Consumption by country of the world. Oil reserves, production and consumption by country. largest coal consuming countries

Last week, Bloomberg published a ranking of countries based on the degree of depravity of their inhabitants. The propensity of citizens to an immoral lifestyle was determined based on a set of data on the amount of alcohol, cigarettes, various drugs consumed and losses from gambling as a percentage of GDP. Zambia turned out to be the most innocent country in the world, but Russia was among the ten most vicious. You can find out which countries made up her company on this list from our selection.

(Total 10 photos)

The Czech Republic turned out to be the most vicious country in the world. Moreover, it was “let down” by the population’s love not so much for beer and absinthe (the Czech Republic is only in 4th place in terms of alcohol consumption), but for drugs - here the Czechs ended up in second place after successfully avoiding getting into the US top ten. Oddly enough, the Czech Republic ranks 1st in the world in cannabis consumption. At the same time, Holland did not even enter the top ten leaders in this indicator.

2. Slovenia

Slovenia, it seems, ended up on this list completely by accident. This country is not in the lead (or even in the top three) in any of the indicators. Apparently, the people of Slovenia adhere to the principle of “a little bit of everything,” which is why they ended up in second place as the most vicious countries in the world.

3. Australia

Australians are the most addicted to ecstasy in the world. Australia is also third in the world in terms of gambling losses and amphetamine use.

4. Armenia

Armenia is on this list mainly because of the gambling habits of its residents. In terms of gambling losses as a percentage of GDP, the country is in second place and second only to the Philippines.

5. Bulgaria

Bulgaria turned out to be the most smoking country in the world. This is an average of 2,822 cigarettes per year per adult resident of the country.

6. Spain

This beautiful country, known throughout the world for its wine, is discredited by the inhabitants’ addiction not to it, but to cocaine - here the Spaniards have the maximum rate. We suspect that the island of Ibiza, famous for its nightclubs, plays a significant role in this story. What is noteworthy is that Colombia, known as one of the main producers and suppliers of cocaine in the world, according to Bloomberg, practically does not use it itself.

7. Bosnia and Herzegovina

Residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina drink the least alcohol of any country on this list. And according to Bloomberg, people drink the least in the world in Lebanon. Bosnia and Herzegovina's place on this list was mainly due to its residents' addiction to smoking and gambling.

Did you think that Russia was tarnished in the eyes of Bloomberg analysts by its addiction to vodka? - not at all! Our country ranks modestly 6th in the world in alcohol consumption, 3rd in cigarette consumption and 2nd after the United States in opioid consumption. But in Russia, according to Bloomberg, there are now virtually no losses from gambling - here, along with El Salvador and Guatemala, we have the lowest rate in the world.

9. Belarus

It would seem, what could be vicious in totalitarian Belarus? It turns out that Belarusians drink a lot - according to Bloomberg - more than anyone else in the world! In the top three for this indicator, they were accompanied by residents of Ukraine and Estonia.

10. Greece

Greece has become the second largest country in the world in terms of cigarette consumption. In other vicious categories, its performance is not very remarkable.

Coal as an energy source has been used in industry and energy for more than a century, during which time its share in the global energy balance has fluctuated significantly. The development of the world's coal mining industry and the prospects for coal as an energy source directly depend on the dynamics of demand in the future. In this article we will briefly get acquainted with the state of affairs on the global coal market, the dynamics of supply and demand, prices, as well as the structure of production and coal consumption by country and the production volumes of some large companies.

As with most minerals, coal production and consumption are geographically distributed differently, and the leaders in production are not always the leaders in consumption. The map below shows the main coal-producing countries.

Production volumes in 2015 10 largest coal-mining countries

A similar map, only this time for coal consumption, looks like this:

There are some differences.

Top 10 coal consuming countries

This demand structure challenges the idea of ​​coal as a cheap and environmentally unfriendly fuel exclusively for developing countries. Coal has a high share in the energy balance of the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Poland and Australia, and so far only the United States can boast of a really fast pace of displacement of this type of fuel, thanks to cheap shale gas.

The diagram below shows the total volumes of coal production and consumption over the past 10 years. The discrepancy between the growth of demand and supply after 2008 is clearly visible, which three years later resulted in the beginning of a protracted downward trend in prices, which has not yet been completely broken. However, already based on the results of 2015, it can be seen that consumption exceeded production, this is a positive signal for the market.

Nominal growth in consumption of any fuel is the norm; it is much more interesting to see how things are going with the share of coal in the energy balance in the world. To do this, we will use data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), which, unfortunately, in its 2015 report offers the years 1971 and 2013 for comparison, which, however, does not make the picture less relevant and representative:

It is interesting to note that the agency provides similar information for OECD countries; the share of coal in the energy balance of developed countries decreased over the same period of time from 22.6% to 19.3%. A sharp decline in coal prices may make adjustments, if not to the structure of the energy balance, then, in any case, to the dynamics of the decline in the share of coal.

The share of coal in electricity generation in the world is also growing; over the past 45 years it has grown by 8%.

Does the fact that coal's share has grown in both the energy mix and electricity generation mean that this energy source is still a key energy source for global energy, or is the growth in the second half of the 20th century due mainly to explosive or simply rapid development several large developing countries, such as China, India, Brazil, South Africa, and previously South Korea and other Asia-Pacific countries? The high role of coal in their energy balances also affected global indicators. This is evidenced by differences in global dynamics and dynamics across OECD countries. Now that China has set a course to reduce coal consumption due to environmental problems, its share will, at best, not decrease in the coming years.

One of the most powerful factors influencing demand is price, so price dynamics will determine how much more cost-effective a fuel source coal becomes. Cheapness is one of the reasons why coal is preferred to gas, oil and other energy sources.

If we compare the dynamics of coal prices with the dynamics of oil prices, the discrepancy after 2007 is clearly visible, as well as a more rapid decline in coal prices after 2011. Demand for it also depends on how lower the price of coal is, since the cost of oil is often tied to the cost of natural gas - the main competitor of coal in the energy market.

According to Conomy's forecast, coal price dynamics in the coming years will look like this:

This forecast is quite conservative, however, coal prices are very volatile and can change no less dynamically than oil prices (as can be seen from the comparison of these prices above). Thus, in July 2016, according to the website www.indexmundi.com, coal prices increased by 18.62%. Of course, this is most likely an isolated surge in demand, but the downward trend of recent years is most likely broken.

A peculiarity of the analysis of coal mining companies in the world is that there are many players in the industry for whom coal mining is not their core or only main activity. This makes it difficult to compare them financial indicators. In addition, not all coal mining companies are traded on the stock exchange and, accordingly, properly disclose information. Thus, to fully cover the industry even individual country difficult, not to mention the whole world as a whole.

For comparison, it is advisable to take several large public companies from different countries, for which coal mining is the main activity.

As can be seen from the table, among the selected companies there are practically no transnational ones. Production volumes for 2015 can be seen below:

Interestingly, China Shenhua, China's largest coal mining company, produces only about 8% of the country's coal. In addition to several large companies, there are thousands of small ones operating in China, which are under the jurisdiction of city and rural administrations. However, such fragmentation of production is not uncommon for the industry. Thus, the largest public company in Russia in terms of production accounts for only 3% of coal production. The situation is similar in the USA and India.

The dynamics of the stock prices of the companies in question are interesting; more precisely, it is interesting that despite their focus on the same asset and its price, the companies show quite different behavior in their quotes. In the case of the gold mining industry, the dynamics were more uniform. This is partly explained by the larger share of transportation costs, the different structure of manufactured products, which, unlike gold, is heterogeneous, the geography of activity and the influence of exchange rates, in other words, greater variability in the structure of companies' activities.

The main problem of the global coal mining industry is that developed countries, even despite the still high share of coal in the energy balance, are trying to reduce its consumption, since it causes significant harm to the environment. Declining trends in coal consumption can be seen in two of the three largest markets - China and the USA. The reasons for this are varied.

Reducing coal consumption in China is part of the government's program. China alone uses almost half of the world's coal production, which causes significant harm to the environment. The explosive growth of what is now the world's largest economy was largely due to the availability of such a cheap source of fuel. China does not plan to completely abandon coal, and this is impossible even in a few decades, but it plans to reduce its share in the energy balance, and subsequently the volume of consumption in absolute terms. Of course, the coal mining industry reacted extremely negatively to these plans.

As for the United States, here coal is being replaced by increasingly cheaper shale gas, which is much more environmentally friendly (if you do not take into account the extraction process). The decline in oil and gas prices as a result of the shale revolution could not but affect coal in this regard.

The Indian market is very promising in terms of consumption growth, but its volume is still much inferior to the Chinese market, and therefore it cannot compensate for the decline in consumption in the Middle Kingdom, especially against the backdrop of a slowdown. economic growth in other, smaller coal-consuming countries. All this makes the prospects for demand growth vague.

As for production, a significant decrease in 2015 returned the supply/demand ratio to normal levels, which stabilized prices. However, these prices are still low, and coal mining companies, gradually getting used to the new reality, are beginning to increase production plans even in such conditions. However, so far everything is not so bad, and among the large mining countries in 2015, production increased only in Russia and India. In the first case, this is explained by currency devaluation, in the second, by the presence of steadily growing domestic demand.

There are two opposing opinions regarding the current situation in the global coal mining industry and its prospects. The first is that against the backdrop of a growing share of renewable energy sources in the global energy balance, as well as cheaper alternative fuel sources to coal, the price decline is serious and long-term, and the current decline in demand and production volumes is the beginning of a long trend of restructuring the global energy sector. The second view is less gloomy for coal miners, and is that current prices, like other energy prices, are a reaction to the slowdown in the global economy, and growth is inevitable over time. The truth, perhaps, is somewhere in the middle; the following is quite objective. A fall in prices below current levels will call into question the feasibility of coal mining, the world's second largest energy source. The prospect is unlikely, and therefore those who adhere to the second of the points of view described above have every reason to invest in the industry now, when it is far from its former highs.

In the next article we will look in detail financial results selected coal mining companies and compare their key indicators.

Global proven oil reserves (as of 2015) amount to 1657.4 billion barrels. The largest oil reserves - 18.0% of all world reserves - are located in Venezuela. Proven oil reserves in this country amount to 298.4 billion barrels. Saudi Arabia is the second largest country in the world with oil reserves. The volume of its proven reserves is about 268.3 billion barrels of oil (16.2% of the world's total). Proven oil reserves in Russia account for approximately 4.8% of the world's reserves - about 80.0 billion barrels, in the USA - 36.52 billion barrels (2.2% of the world's total).

Oil reserves in countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels

Oil production and consumption by country

The world leader in oil production is Russia - 10.11 million barrels per day, Saudi Arabia is in second place - 9.735 million barrels per day. The world leader in oil consumption is the United States - 19.0 million barrels per day, China is in second place - 10.12 million barrels per day.

Oil production by country (as of 2015), barrels/day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Oil consumption by countries of the world (as of 2015), barrels/day

data http://www.globalfirepower.com/

Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) expect global oil demand to increase by 1.4 million barrels per day in 2016 to 96.1 million barrels per day. In 2017, global demand is forecast to reach 97.4 million barrels per day.

World oil exports and imports

The leaders in oil imports are currently the United States - 7.4 million barrels per day and China - about 6.7 million barrels per day. The leaders in exports are Saudi Arabia - 7.2 million barrels per day and Russia - 4.9 million barrels per day.

Export volume by country in 2015

OPEC data

Import volume by country in 2015

OPEC data

How many years will oil reserves last?

Oil is a non-renewable resource. Proven oil reserves (as of 2015) are approximately 224 billion tons (1657.4 billion barrels), estimated - 40-200 billion tons (300-1500 billion barrels).

By the beginning of 1973, the world's proven oil reserves were estimated at 77 billion tons (570 billion barrels). Thus, proven reserves have been growing in the past (oil consumption is also growing - over the past 40 years it has grown from 20.0 to 32.4 billion barrels per year). However, since 1984, the annual volume of world oil production has exceeded the volume of explored oil reserves.

World oil production in 2015 was about 4.4 billion tons per year, or 32.7 billion barrels per year. Thus, at the current rate of consumption, proven oil reserves will last for about 50 years, and estimated reserves will last for another 10-50 years.

US oil market

As of 2015, the US imported approximately 39% of its total oil consumption and produced 61% independently. The main countries exporting oil to the US are Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico, Nigeria, Iraq, Norway, Angola and the UK. Approximately 30% of oil imported into the United States and 15% of total oil consumption in the United States is oil of Arab origin.

According to experts, strategic oil reserves in the United States currently amount to more than 695 million barrels, and commercial oil reserves are about 520 million barrels. For comparison, Japan's strategic oil reserves are about 300 million barrels, and Germany's are about 200 million barrels.

US oil production from unconventional sources increased approximately fivefold between 2008 and 2012, reaching almost 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 2012. By the beginning of 2016, the 7 largest swimming pools shale oil were already producing about 5.0 million barrels daily. Average share Shale oil, or as it is often called, light oil from tight formations, accounted for 36% of total oil production in 2016 (compared to 16% in 2012).

Conventional crude oil production in the United States (including condensate) amounted to 8.6 million barrels per day in 2015, which is 1.0 million barrels per day less than in 2012. The total volume of oil production in the United States, including shale, in 2015 amounted to more than 13.5 million barrels per day. Much of the increase in recent years has been driven by increased oil production in North Dakota, Texas and New Mexico, where hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling technologies have been used to produce oil from shale formations.

In percentage terms (up 16.2% from the previous year), 2014 was the best year in more than six decades. Annual increases in oil production regularly exceeded 15% in the first half of the 20th century, but these changes were smaller in in absolute terms, because production levels were significantly lower than they are now. US oil production rose in each of the previous six years. This trend followed the period from 1985 to 2008, in which oil production fell in every year (except for one year). US oil production growth stalled in 2015 due to a sharp drop in oil prices in the second half of 2014.

According to the latest IEA estimates, conventional oil production in the United States in 2016 will be 8.61 million barrels per day, in 2017 - 8.2 million barrels per day. US oil demand in 2016 will average 19.6 million barrels per day. Forecast average price for oil for 2016 was increased to $43.57 per barrel, for 2017 - to $52.15 per barrel.

Despite the high development of civilization, among the most drinking countries in the world in 2018, states with low level life. From this we can conclude that financial well-being does not play a decisive role in this matter. Every year the number of people with a morbid addiction to alcoholic beverages around the world is only growing.

The TOP 10 countries for strong drink lovers include developed European countries, but Russia, contrary to the stereotype, has noticeably moved away from the “prize” places. It’s sad that the age of people who try alcohol for the first time barely reaches 15 years, and after 16, the average rate of alcohol consumption by a young person per year is 6.2 liters. After analyzing research from the World Health Organization, we have compiled a list of the most drinking countries in the world 2018.

10. Ukraine

On Ukraine There are 12.8 liters of alcohol per person per year. The country's alcohol market is very poorly regulated, so the number of young people addicted to alcohol is increasing. The national drink is gorilka, whose history begins
from the 12th century. Gorilka (vodka) and beer are the most popular alcohols, with wine in third place. Ukrainians prefer to drink wines from domestic producers, mainly because of the affordable price compared to European brands. Global brand of Ukrainian alcoholic products– “Nemirov” and “Khortitsa”.

9.Belgium

The country is famous for its beer. Some varieties date back more than IV centuries. It is not surprising that the country was included in the ranking of the most drinking countries. The share of income that citizens spend on alcohol is 2.9%. For example, the average for the European Union is 1.6%. Alcohol consumption per person in Belgium is 13.2 liters.

8.Bulgaria

The eighth place in the ranking is taken by a country that is very popular among tourists. In Bulgaria, beaches occupy a significant area of ​​the country. The country has one of the most low prices on alcohol and one of the lowest excise taxes. Perhaps if a country counted all the alcohol produced by its citizens, the country would rank higher. Alcohol consumption in Bulgaria is 13.6 liters per person.

7.Croatia

Back in 2016, the country occupied 4 places in the ranking, with a value of 12.8 liters. In 2018, the figure increased by more than 5% and amounted to 13.6 liters. Liqueur is one of the country's national drinks. Wine is very popular in the country; the share of consumption of this drink is 44.8%.

List of countries with largest share alcohol costs from average wages.

6. Czech Republic

The national drink is Becherovka. Inhabitant Czech Republic on average drinks 13.7 liters per year. strong drink. There is almost 160 liters of beer. per person Beer in this country is part of the culture; it has been brewed here for many centuries. The world-famous Czech brands Velkopopovicky Kozel, Radegast and Pilsner are classic beer varieties. There are many pubs here that sell draft beer, and in Prague there is a restaurant that is more than five centuries old! Here you will try Czech cuisine, various types of beer (dark, light, coffee, banana) and feel the atmosphere of the old Czech Republic. The state is actively investing in the wine industry. Czech wines are called Moravian because most of the vineyards grow in Moravia.

5.Romania

Famous for its beer and wine. The country has such factories as Murfatlar, Cotnari, Dragasani. The country is one of the largest wine exporters. The total alcohol consumption in the country is 13.7 liters. Beer in the country accounts for 50% of consumption, wine 28.9%.

4. Russia

At the end of 2018, alcohol consumption by the population decreased slightly, but the country still entered the top five most drinkers in the world. The average Russian drinks 13.9 liters per year. alcohol. Women consume half as much – 6.8 liters. The national drink is vodka. IN Russia greater preference is given to vodka and beer; the purely Russian habit of choosing “white” has spread to other post-Soviet states, such as Moldova, Belarus, Kazakhstan, etc. It is in these countries that a person is more inclined, when drinking alcohol, to reach a state of extreme intoxication, like as quickly as possible. Russia's inclusion in the ranking of the most drinking countries is largely due to the relatively low cost of alcohol, compared to Europe - $4 per half liter, and the low standard of living. Recently, the number of Russians who prefer wine to other alcoholic beverages has increased.

3. Moldova

The country is dominated by the consumption of strong alcoholic beverages; their share is 64.5%, which is one of the highest rates in the world. For example, in Russia the share of strong alcohol accounts for 51%. 15.9 liters is the average alcohol consumption in Moldova.

2. Belarus

Belarus- the most drinking country in the world in 2016-2017. In 2018, it lost its “leadership” to Lithuania. Here, each resident drinks on average 16.4 liters. alcohol per year. The indicator decreased by 1 liter compared to 2016-2017 data. Moreover, 47% of people prefer strong drinks, only 17% prefer beer, 32% prefer other alcohol, and very little wine – 4%. Women also like to drink, on average 7 liters. in year. These figures are official, but the real ones are presumably much higher, since data on moonshine brewing in conservative Belarus could not be obtained.

1.Lithuania

Lithuania was named the most drinking country in 2018. At the end of 2018, alcohol consumption in Lithuania amounted to 18.2 liters per person. The share of costs for alcohol is 4.2%. According to this parameter, the country is among the top three “leaders”

In the country, beer and strong alcohol are predominantly consumed, 46.5% and 34.1%, respectively. Against the backdrop of a significant increase in alcohol consumption, the country's authorities are taking measures aimed at reducing the sale of alcoholic beverages. Excise taxes on alcohol were sharply increased, and temporary restrictions on sales were introduced.

The table shows per capita alcohol consumption in the 10 countries with the highest levels.