What types of standards exist in the Russian Federation. Topic: state standardization system, types of standards used in the Russian Federation. During the reform

• Types of standards used in the Russian Federation

• Depending on the purpose and content of the established requirements (standardization aspect), on the type of specific standardization object, the following types of standards are developed in the Russian Federation:

• Fundamental;

• For products and services;

• To work (processes;

• On control methods.

Fundamental Standard

• ND having a wide scope or containing general provisions for a specific area.

• In a broad sense, the fundamental standard has objects of cross-industry significance:

• state standardization system,

• design documentation system,

• units,

• terms of cross-industry significance (quality management, reliability, packaging, etc.)

• O general organizational and technical provisions for carrying out work in a certain area.

• For example, GOST R 1.0-92 "GSS RF. Procedure for developing state standards."

Fundamental general technical standards establish

• scientific and technical terms repeatedly used in science, technology, and production;

• symbols of various standardization objects - codes, labels, symbols (for example, GOST 14192 "Marking of cargo");

• requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of various types of documentation (for example, GOST R 1.5 “Requirements for the construction and content of standards”;

Product standards are set

• requirements for a group of homogeneous products (services) or specific products (services).

• Product standards may establish requirements to all possible and necessary aspects of standardization of this type, as well as to those that are most relevant for practice.

Aspects

• classification;

• main parameters or dimensions,

• general technical requirements;

• acceptance rules;

• labeling, packaging, transportation, storage;

• safety of products for life, health and property during their production, circulation and consumption;

• requirements for methods and means of control;

• to the conditions of technically efficient and safe disposal (disposal or destruction).

Service Standards

• IN they establish requirements for:

• Main indicators of service quality;

• Indicators of the level of efficiency and time of service provision;

• Complexity and conditions (regime, hygiene, comfort, culture);

• To the conditions of repeated, incl. free, preferential provision of services.

Work standards (processes)

• establish requirements for the performance of various types of work at individual stages of the life cycle (service):

• Development;

• Manufacturing;

• Storage;

• Transportation;

• Exploitation;

• Disposal.

Standards for control methods

• (testing, measuring, monitoring) provide comprehensive verification of all mandatory requirements

• The methods established in the standards must be objective, accurate and provide reproducible results.

For each method, depending on the specifics of its implementation, the following is established:

• Testing tools and auxiliary devices;

• The procedure for preparing for testing;

• Test procedure;

• Rules for processing test results;

• Permissible test error.

Standards can be

• narrow purpose - checking one quality indicator (testing the vapor permeability of natural leather),

• wide purpose - checking a set of indicators (testing silk and semi-silk piece products).

Administrative reform

• IN progress of the reform:

• The current legislation is being reviewed and modernized. In the field of technical regulation, the legal basis for reform is the Law of the Russian Federation "On technical regulation" ;

• government governing bodies are being reorganized. In accordance with Decree No. 314, the Government of the Russian Federation was reorganized;

• The functions of government bodies are being revised. Redundant functions are eliminated.

Development of Russian standards based on international CALS standards

• N The scientific and technical council (NTS) of Gosstandart adopted the recommendation "to consider IN Attention to CALS technologies and standards is due to the development of new areas of science and technology:

• Computer-aided design and production management;

• Computers for storing and processing information;

• New means of communication, etc.

International CALS - community (club)

• In order to “speak the same language”, in order to determine the rules, the International CALS - community (club) was organized.

• It seeks the best standards that can be effectively applied in the market and organizes the use of actual standards in practice.

"International Society of Logistics Engineers"

• Russia has organized research centers for CALS - Applied Logistics technologies and is joining the international CALS club. The translation of relevant international standards and the development of national standards on their basis are intensified, using domestic reserves in this area.

Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”

• regulates the relations arising between Consumers and Manufacturers, performers, sellers when selling goods (performing work, providing services);
• establishes the rights of Consumers to purchase goods of appropriate quality and safe for the life and health of consumers;
• guarantees receipt of information about goods (works, services) and their Manufacturers (performers, sellers);
• provides education, state and public protection of the interests of Consumers, and also determines the mechanism for the implementation of these rights.

D To ensure the rights of the Consumer

• For safe products, the state determines a list of mandatory requirements for products, the fulfillment of which by the Manufacturer (or Seller) is obliged confirm .

• Currently, most of these mandatory requirements are specified in standards, and as they develop technical regulations will be fixed by laws of direct action. Government authorities supervise and control compliance with these requirements.

ISO Standards Catalog

• The ISO standards catalog includes over 5,500 international standards: on average, more than 500 are adopted per year.

• ISO cooperates with more than 500 international organizations, including all UN specialized agencies.

ISO's range of activities

• ISO covers a wide range of human activities - from the dimensional characteristics of screw threads to the critical characteristics of environmental management systems.

• ISO's five priority areas:

• -quality;

• - information Technology;

• - cooperation with other organizations in working on international standards;

• - environment.

Quality problems in ISO

• Quality problems in ISO are addressed by TC 176 “Quality Management and Quality Assurance”, organized in 1979. and led by Canada.

Quality management

• The main trendsetters in the field of quality management and quality assurance are four countries (Great Britain, Canada, France and the Netherlands), whose products enjoy well-deserved recognition in the world market.

• In addition to the countries noted, the USA, Germany, Sweden, Japan, Australia, etc. take an active part in the work of ISO/TC 176.

• Many delegates of committee members are employees of well-known industrial companies (such as IBM, ITT, Kodak, Philips, etc.).

Fundamental Standard- a standard that has a wide scope and/or contains general provisions for a specific area.

The fundamental standard can be applied directly as standard or serve as a basis for the development of other standards and other regulatory or technical documents.

There are two subtypes of standards - organizational and methodological and general technical.

At standardization organizational, methodological and general technical objects, provisions are established to ensure technical unity in the development, production, operation of products and provision of services, for example: organization of standardization work; development and production of products; rules for the preparation of technical, managerial, information and bibliographic documentation; general rules product quality assurance and other general technical rules.

Fundamental organizational and methodological standards establish general organizational and technical provisions for carrying out work in a certain area (for example, GOST R 1.2-2004 “Standardization in Russian Federation. Rules for development, approval, updating and cancellation").

Fundamental general technical standards establish: scientific and technical terms repeatedly used in science, technology, and production; symbols various standardization objects - codes, labels, symbols (for example, GOST 14192-96 “Marking of cargo”); requirements for ensuring the uniformity of measurements (GOST R 8.000-2000 “State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements”), etc.

Product standard- a standard that specifies the requirements that a product or group of similar products must satisfy in order to ensure that it is fit for its intended purpose.

The following main subtypes of standards are developed for products: 1. general standard technical specifications; 2. standard technical specifications. In the first case, the standard contains general requirements for groups of homogeneous products, in the second - for specific products. These standards generally include the following sections: classification, basic parameters and (or) dimensions; are common technical requirements; acceptance rules; labeling, packaging, transportation, storage. For groups of homogeneous products, narrow-purpose standards can be developed: standards of technical requirements; acceptance rules standards; standards for labeling, packaging, transportation and storage rules.

Process Standards establish requirements for the performance of various types of work at individual stages life cycle products (services) - development, manufacturing, storage, transportation, operation, disposal to ensure their technical unity and optimality.

Standards for work (processes) must contain safety requirements for life and health of the population and protection of the natural environment during technological operations.

At the present stage, standards for management processes within support systems are becoming of great importance quality of products (services)- management of documentation, product purchases, personnel training, etc. This refers to standards for quality management systems.

Standards for control methods must first of all ensure a comprehensive verification of all mandatory requirements for the quality of products (services). The control methods established in the standards must be objective, accurate and provide reproducible results. The fulfillment of these conditions largely depends on the availability in the standard of information about the measurement error and other characteristics provided for by a set of standards made on the basis international standards ISO.

For each method, depending on the specifics of its implementation, the following is established:

• testing tools and auxiliary devices;
• procedure for preparing for testing;
• test procedure;
• rules for processing test results;
• rules for recording test results;
• permissible test error.

Standards can be of a narrow purpose - checking one quality indicator (for example, a standard for a method for determining the vapor permeability of pure wool and half-woolen fabrics) or general purpose- checking a set of indicators (standard for testing methods for silk and semi-silk piece products).

Practice mandatory certification necessitated the development of mixed standards - standards for products and control methods, in particular standards for safety requirements for products (services) and safety control methods. Example: GOST 25779 “Toys. General safety requirements and control methods."

Service standard establishes the requirements that must be met by a group of homogeneous services (tourist services, transport services) or specific services (classification of hotels, freight transportation) in order to ensure that the service corresponds to its purpose.

Standard for Terms and Definitions- a standard that establishes terms to which definitions are given that contain necessary and sufficient characteristics of the concept. Terminological standards fulfill one of the main tasks of standardization - ensuring mutual understanding between all parties interested in the object of standardization.

Terminological standards fulfill one of the main tasks of standardization - ensuring mutual understanding between all parties interested in the object of standardization.

The standards represent regulations, containing norms, rules and characteristics, that is, requirements for goods, works, services. The following types of standards are in effect on the territory of the Russian Federation: state standards (GOSTs); industry standards (OSTs); enterprise standards; standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and others public associations. In addition, international (regional) standards, rules, norms and recommendations for standardization are applied in the Russian Federation.

State standards are developed for products, works and services that have intersectoral significance and should not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation. State standards contain safety requirements; on technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of products; basic consumer (operational) characteristics of products, methods of their control, requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation, storage, use, disposal and other information. The requirements established by state standards are mandatory if they relate to ensuring the safety of products, works, services, technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of products, unity of methods for their control and unity of labeling. Other requirements may be mandatory state standards, if this is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. State standards are adopted by the Gosstandart of Russia and put into effect after their state registration. The same body carries out the official publication of newly introduced, replaced, or canceled state standards.

Industry standards are developed for products, works, services of industry significance and are adopted by the relevant government agencies management within their competence. They must not violate the mandatory requirements of state standards.

Enterprise standards can be developed and approved by enterprises independently, and they also should not conflict with the mandatory requirements of state standards. Enterprise standards are subject to mandatory compliance by other business entities if reference is made to these standards in the agreement for the development, production and supply of products, the performance of work and the provision of services.

Standards of scientific, technical, engineering and other societies are developed and applied by them for the dynamic dissemination and use of research and development results obtained in various fields of knowledge. Information about accepted standards industries, industries public organizations sent to the bodies of the State Standard of Russia.

The concept of “type of standard” defines the content depending on its purpose. The state standardization system establishes the following types of standards:

1. Fundamental

2. Standards for products and services

3. Work standards (processes)

4 Standard for control methods (test methods, measurement methods)

Developed in order to ensure mutual understanding, unity of approaches and interrelation between the activities of science and production. These standards establish norms, requirements, rules that are considered as general and should contribute to the solution of problems common to science and production.

Fundamental standards may establish scientific and technical terminology that is widely used in science and industry.

Product standards establish requirements either for a specific type of product or for a group of homogeneous products; depending on this, they are divided into 2 types:

Specification standard. Containing requirements for specific products. These standards cover the production, supply, operation, repair and disposal of products. These standards should not contradict the standards of general technical conditions and contain additional (compared to the standards of general technical conditions) requirements for products.

Standards of general technical conditions.

Standards that contain general requirements for groups of homogeneous products. They contain boundaries such as:

1 Classification

2 Main parameters (dimensions)

3 General quality requirements

4 Labeling requirements

5 Safety requirements for human life and property, and for environment.

These standards also contain requirements for product acceptance, methods of control, transportation and storage. They establish requirements for specific types of work that are carried out at different stages of existence (design, production, supply, operation, repair, disposal). Work standards must contain requirements for health and safety at all stages of the product life cycle. Designed to provide comprehensive control of all mandatory product quality requirements.

§7 State control and supervision for compliance with state standards.

In accordance with the Law “On Standardization”, state control and supervision of compliance by entities economic activity mandatory requirements of state standards. These requirements include the requirement to ensure the safety of people's lives, their property, the environment, as well as other requirements specified in the laws. In content, control and supervision are identical; the difference lies in the powers of the entities that exercise supervision or control. If violations of the mandatory requirements of state standards are detected, an inspection report is drawn up, which is the basis for issuing orders and making a decision to impose a fine. If business entities fail to comply with the received instructions, state inspectors send necessary materials to court in the prescribed manner.